The AMS dates of the carbonized organics on eight Neolithic and Bronze Age potsherds found in Est... more The AMS dates of the carbonized organics on eight Neolithic and Bronze Age potsherds found in Estonia are presented and interpreted considering the previous dates of textileimpressed pottery, ceramic typology and textile history. New dates confirmed the earlier supposition that making textile impressions on clay vessels (of the Late Combed Ware and Early Textile Ceramics) started already at the end of the Neolithic, yet the new results dated the appearance of the phenomenon to c. 2700 cal BC, which is approximately 1000 years earlier than hitherto assumed. By the beginning of the Late Bronze Age around 1100 cal BC, the ceramics, often termed Textile Ceramics, had formed on the present-day territory of Estonia. The textile impressions on the surfaces of the vessels have been made using fabric woven in different techniques. The sherds analysed bear the impressions of textiles made in tabby and repp weave, the latter indicating the use of the loom for weaving the fabric. The impression observable on one of the potsherds presumably originates from fabric produced in needle-netting technique. On esitatud kaheksa Eesti alalt leitud neoliitilise ja pronksiaegse savinõukillu kõrbekihist tehtud AMS-dateeringud ja tõlgendatud neid tekstiilijäljenditega keraamika senistest dateeringutest, keraamikatüpoloogiast ja tekstiiliajaloost lähtuvalt. Uued dateeringud kinnitavad varasemat oletust, et tekstiilijäljendeid hakati savinõudele (hiline kammkeraamika ja varane tekstiilkeraamika) tegema juba neoliitikumi lõpul, täpsustades selle algusajaks u 2700 aastat eKr, mis on ligi 1000 aastat seni arvatust varem. Noorema pronksiaja alguseks, u 1100 aastat eKr, oli Eesti alal välja kujunenud keraamika, mida nimetatakse sageli tekstiilkeraamikaks. Tekstiilijäljendid on kantud nõude pinnale erinevates tehnikates valmistatud riidega. Analüüsitud kildudel esineb labases koes ja ripsis tehtud tekstiilide jäljendeid, kusjuures viimased osutavad kangakudumisele kangaspuudel. Ühel killul esinev vajutis pärineb arvatavasti nõeltehnikas tehtud riidest.
The use of marine mammal bone as a raw material in the manufacturing of gaming pieces in the Scan... more The use of marine mammal bone as a raw material in the manufacturing of gaming pieces in the Scandinavian late Iron Age has been observed and discussed in recent years. New empirical studies have created a chronology as well as a typology showing how the design of the gaming pieces is tightly connected to different choices of raw material; from antler in the Roman and Migration periods, to whale bone in the sixth century, and walrus in the tenth century. Macroscopic examination can, however, rarely go beyond determining that the material is ‘cetacean bone’. The following article presents the taxonomic identifications of 68 samples of whale bone gaming pieces, determined using Zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry analysis. The results demonstrate the consistent use of bones fromBalaenidaesp. most probably the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). This paper presents strong evidence for active, large-scale hunting of whales in Scandinavia, starting in the sixth century. The...
H ronična opstruktivna bolest pluća je ozbiljna bolest pluća koja otežava disanje. Karakteriše se... more H ronična opstruktivna bolest pluća je ozbiljna bolest pluća koja otežava disanje. Karakteriše se ograničenjem protoka vazduha u disajnim putevima. Ograničenje protoka vazduha je progresivno i često udruženo sa zapaljenskom reakcijom pluća na štetne čestice ili gasove [1]. Prema podacima Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije ova bolest je peti najčešći uzrok smrti u svijetu sa tedencijom stalnog porasta [1,2,3]. Prevalenca ove bolesti danas se procjenjuje na 5 do 10% kod osoba starijih od 40 godina. Više od 90% pacijenata sa HOBP dijagnostikuje se u slabo razvijenim i srednje razvijenim zemljama svijeta [1,2,3]. Raniji dijagnostički entiteti kao što su hronični bronhitis ili emfizem pluća više nisu u upotrebi, već su uključeni u spektar HOBP-a. S obzirom na trendove izjednačavanja pušenja kod muškaraca i žena, danas se ova bolest javlja u gotovo jednakim omjerima kod oba pola [1,4,5]. Plućne bolesti znatno utiču na kvalitet života oboljelih [5], koji je uglavnom povezan sa načinom na koji pacijenti percipiraju svoju bolest [6]. Uvjerenja o bolesti mogu se odraziti na proces dijagnostikovanja [7], kao i na ishod i fizičko funkcionisanje kod različitih hroničnih stanja [8-12]. Prema Leventhalovom modelu samoregulacije bolesti [13], oboljeli organizuju svoje ideje oko 8 tema nazvanih
Isotopic proveniencing of all individuals from the ship and boat burials at Salme, Estonia, is th... more Isotopic proveniencing of all individuals from the ship and boat burials at Salme, Estonia, is the subject of this study of the interred human remains from around AD 750, at the beginning of the Viking period. The isotopic results indicate that the majority of these individuals came from a region with higher strontium isotopic ratios than those found in Estonia. There were five individuals, buried in Salme II-the ship burial with 34 individuals who exhibited lower strontium isotope ratios that might have come from the Swedish island of Gotland or several other possible places. The combination of isotopic signals and archaeological information suggests that the majority of buried individuals (those with higher strontium isotope ratios) came from the Mälaren Valley in east-central Sweden.
Ship burials are a well-known feature of Scandinavian Viking Age archaeology, but the discovery o... more Ship burials are a well-known feature of Scandinavian Viking Age archaeology, but the discovery of 41 individuals buried in two ships in Estonia belongs to the Pre-Viking period and is the first of its kind in Europe. The two crews met a violent end around AD 750, and were buried with a variety of richly decorated weapons, tools, gaming pieces and animal bones. The rich grave goods suggest that this was a diplomatic delegation protected by a cohort of elite warriors. They were armed with swords of Scandinavian design, possibly from the Stockholm-Mälaren region, and stable isotope analysis is consistent with that being the probable homeland of the crew.
In 2008 and 2010, two partly destroyed ship burials were discovered near Salme on the island of S... more In 2008 and 2010, two partly destroyed ship burials were discovered near Salme on the island of Saaremaa. During the archaeological excavations, at least 41 wholly or partially preserved skeletons were discovered, and a large number of artefacts were found, including a dozen singlesided antler combs. On the basis of the finds, as well as radiocarbon dating, the ship burials were dated to the PreViking Period, while both the isotopic and archaeological evidence point towards central Sweden as the most probable origin of the buried individuals. The combs from Salme have features that are generally consistent with the 8th century, with the closest parallels coming from the Mälar region of central Sweden. According to ZooMS and aDNA analyses, they are made of elk (Alces alces) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) antler. Elk inhabited the Mälar region, but reindeer antler had its origin in more northern regions. Most combs were clearly manufactured with great skill, and finished with care...
Isotopic proveniencing of all individuals from the ship and boat burials at Salme, Estonia, is th... more Isotopic proveniencing of all individuals from the ship and boat burials at Salme, Estonia, is the subject of this study of the interred human remains from around AD 750, at the beginning of the Viking period. The isotopic results indicate that the majority of these individuals came from a region with higher strontium isotopic ratios than those found in Estonia. There were five individuals, buried in Salme II-the ship burial with 34 individuals who exhibited lower strontium isotope ratios that might have come from the Swedish island of Gotland or several other possible places. The combination of isotopic signals and archaeological information suggests that the majority of buried individuals (those with higher strontium isotope ratios) came from the Mälaren Valley in east-central Sweden.
The Viking maritime expansion from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) marks one of the swi... more The Viking maritime expansion from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) marks one of the swiftest and most far-flung cultural transformations in global history. During this time (c. 750 to 1050 CE), the Vikings reached most of western Eurasia, Greenland, and North America, and left a cultural legacy that persists till today. To understand the genetic structure and influence of the Viking expansion, we sequenced the genomes of 442 ancient humans from across Europe and Greenland ranging from the Bronze Age (c. 2400 BC) to the early Modern period (c. 1600 CE), with particular emphasis on the Viking Age. We find that the period preceding the Viking Age was accompanied by foreign gene flow into Scandinavia from the south and east: spreading from Denmark and eastern Sweden to the rest of Scandinavia. Despite the close linguistic similarities of modern Scandinavian languages, we observe genetic structure within Scandinavia, suggesting that regional population differences were already present 1,000 years ago. We find evidence for a majority of Danish Viking presence in England, Swedish Viking presence in the Baltic, and Norwegian Viking presence in Ireland, Iceland, and Greenland. Additionally, we see substantial foreign European ancestry entering Scandinavia during the Viking Age. We also find that several of the members of the only archaeologically well-attested Viking expedition were close family members. By comparing Viking Scandinavian genomes with present-day Scandinavian genomes, we find that pigmentation-associated loci have undergone strong population differentiation during the last millennia. Finally, we are able to trace the allele frequency dynamics of positively selected loci with unprecedented detail, including the lactase persistence allele and various alleles associated with the immune response. We conclude that the Viking diaspora was characterized by substantial foreign engagement: distinct Viking populations influenced the genomic makeup of different regions of Europe, while Scandinavia also experienced increased contact with the rest of the continent. .
The smithy site of Käku, dated to the 14th-17th century CE, contains four different smithies buil... more The smithy site of Käku, dated to the 14th-17th century CE, contains four different smithies built on top of each other. Finds from the site contain evidence from iron forging, casting and forging of copper alloys, and bone working. Metallographic analysis of iron blooms and bars from the smithy site has proved to be a valuable source of information for understanding the variety of activities performed at the site. The iron processing ranged from primary forging of iron blooms into bars, the manufacture of artefacts like knives, and the recycling of old cutting tools into bars which could be reused to produce new items. As smithies are quite rare sites to be excavated, the information obtained from Käku helps to shed light on the activities performed in the rural smithies and determine the rural smiths' role in the iron processing chain in the Late Medieval and Early Modern period.
Ship burials are a well-known feature of Scandinavian Viking Age archaeology, but the discovery o... more Ship burials are a well-known feature of Scandinavian Viking Age archaeology, but the discovery of 41 individuals buried in two ships in Estonia belongs to the Pre-Viking period and is the first of its kind in Europe. The two crews met a violent end around AD 750, and were buried with a variety of richly decorated weapons, tools, gaming pieces and animal bones. The rich grave goods suggest that this was a diplomatic delegation protected by a cohort of elite warriors. They were armed with swords of Scandinavian design, possibly from the Stockholm-Mälaren region, and stable isotope analysis is consistent with that being the probable homeland of the crew.
The article discusses the problem of maces of the 12th-13th centuries on the basis of archaeologi... more The article discusses the problem of maces of the 12th-13th centuries on the basis of archaeological finds, written sources and medieval works of art. The three faceted maceheads, found in Estonia are the main subject of the survey. Maces have been also regarded as symbols indicating high social status. In the 19th-early 20th century similar metal polyhedrons were used as terminal weights of steelyards. It is possible that such objects were used for the same purpose already in the Middle Ages.
The AMS dates of the carbonized organics on eight Neolithic and Bronze Age potsherds found in Est... more The AMS dates of the carbonized organics on eight Neolithic and Bronze Age potsherds found in Estonia are presented and interpreted considering the previous dates of textileimpressed pottery, ceramic typology and textile history. New dates confirmed the earlier supposition that making textile impressions on clay vessels (of the Late Combed Ware and Early Textile Ceramics) started already at the end of the Neolithic, yet the new results dated the appearance of the phenomenon to c. 2700 cal BC, which is approximately 1000 years earlier than hitherto assumed. By the beginning of the Late Bronze Age around 1100 cal BC, the ceramics, often termed Textile Ceramics, had formed on the present-day territory of Estonia. The textile impressions on the surfaces of the vessels have been made using fabric woven in different techniques. The sherds analysed bear the impressions of textiles made in tabby and repp weave, the latter indicating the use of the loom for weaving the fabric. The impression observable on one of the potsherds presumably originates from fabric produced in needle-netting technique. On esitatud kaheksa Eesti alalt leitud neoliitilise ja pronksiaegse savinõukillu kõrbekihist tehtud AMS-dateeringud ja tõlgendatud neid tekstiilijäljenditega keraamika senistest dateeringutest, keraamikatüpoloogiast ja tekstiiliajaloost lähtuvalt. Uued dateeringud kinnitavad varasemat oletust, et tekstiilijäljendeid hakati savinõudele (hiline kammkeraamika ja varane tekstiilkeraamika) tegema juba neoliitikumi lõpul, täpsustades selle algusajaks u 2700 aastat eKr, mis on ligi 1000 aastat seni arvatust varem. Noorema pronksiaja alguseks, u 1100 aastat eKr, oli Eesti alal välja kujunenud keraamika, mida nimetatakse sageli tekstiilkeraamikaks. Tekstiilijäljendid on kantud nõude pinnale erinevates tehnikates valmistatud riidega. Analüüsitud kildudel esineb labases koes ja ripsis tehtud tekstiilide jäljendeid, kusjuures viimased osutavad kangakudumisele kangaspuudel. Ühel killul esinev vajutis pärineb arvatavasti nõeltehnikas tehtud riidest.
The use of marine mammal bone as a raw material in the manufacturing of gaming pieces in the Scan... more The use of marine mammal bone as a raw material in the manufacturing of gaming pieces in the Scandinavian late Iron Age has been observed and discussed in recent years. New empirical studies have created a chronology as well as a typology showing how the design of the gaming pieces is tightly connected to different choices of raw material; from antler in the Roman and Migration periods, to whale bone in the sixth century, and walrus in the tenth century. Macroscopic examination can, however, rarely go beyond determining that the material is ‘cetacean bone’. The following article presents the taxonomic identifications of 68 samples of whale bone gaming pieces, determined using Zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry analysis. The results demonstrate the consistent use of bones fromBalaenidaesp. most probably the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). This paper presents strong evidence for active, large-scale hunting of whales in Scandinavia, starting in the sixth century. The...
H ronična opstruktivna bolest pluća je ozbiljna bolest pluća koja otežava disanje. Karakteriše se... more H ronična opstruktivna bolest pluća je ozbiljna bolest pluća koja otežava disanje. Karakteriše se ograničenjem protoka vazduha u disajnim putevima. Ograničenje protoka vazduha je progresivno i često udruženo sa zapaljenskom reakcijom pluća na štetne čestice ili gasove [1]. Prema podacima Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije ova bolest je peti najčešći uzrok smrti u svijetu sa tedencijom stalnog porasta [1,2,3]. Prevalenca ove bolesti danas se procjenjuje na 5 do 10% kod osoba starijih od 40 godina. Više od 90% pacijenata sa HOBP dijagnostikuje se u slabo razvijenim i srednje razvijenim zemljama svijeta [1,2,3]. Raniji dijagnostički entiteti kao što su hronični bronhitis ili emfizem pluća više nisu u upotrebi, već su uključeni u spektar HOBP-a. S obzirom na trendove izjednačavanja pušenja kod muškaraca i žena, danas se ova bolest javlja u gotovo jednakim omjerima kod oba pola [1,4,5]. Plućne bolesti znatno utiču na kvalitet života oboljelih [5], koji je uglavnom povezan sa načinom na koji pacijenti percipiraju svoju bolest [6]. Uvjerenja o bolesti mogu se odraziti na proces dijagnostikovanja [7], kao i na ishod i fizičko funkcionisanje kod različitih hroničnih stanja [8-12]. Prema Leventhalovom modelu samoregulacije bolesti [13], oboljeli organizuju svoje ideje oko 8 tema nazvanih
Isotopic proveniencing of all individuals from the ship and boat burials at Salme, Estonia, is th... more Isotopic proveniencing of all individuals from the ship and boat burials at Salme, Estonia, is the subject of this study of the interred human remains from around AD 750, at the beginning of the Viking period. The isotopic results indicate that the majority of these individuals came from a region with higher strontium isotopic ratios than those found in Estonia. There were five individuals, buried in Salme II-the ship burial with 34 individuals who exhibited lower strontium isotope ratios that might have come from the Swedish island of Gotland or several other possible places. The combination of isotopic signals and archaeological information suggests that the majority of buried individuals (those with higher strontium isotope ratios) came from the Mälaren Valley in east-central Sweden.
Ship burials are a well-known feature of Scandinavian Viking Age archaeology, but the discovery o... more Ship burials are a well-known feature of Scandinavian Viking Age archaeology, but the discovery of 41 individuals buried in two ships in Estonia belongs to the Pre-Viking period and is the first of its kind in Europe. The two crews met a violent end around AD 750, and were buried with a variety of richly decorated weapons, tools, gaming pieces and animal bones. The rich grave goods suggest that this was a diplomatic delegation protected by a cohort of elite warriors. They were armed with swords of Scandinavian design, possibly from the Stockholm-Mälaren region, and stable isotope analysis is consistent with that being the probable homeland of the crew.
In 2008 and 2010, two partly destroyed ship burials were discovered near Salme on the island of S... more In 2008 and 2010, two partly destroyed ship burials were discovered near Salme on the island of Saaremaa. During the archaeological excavations, at least 41 wholly or partially preserved skeletons were discovered, and a large number of artefacts were found, including a dozen singlesided antler combs. On the basis of the finds, as well as radiocarbon dating, the ship burials were dated to the PreViking Period, while both the isotopic and archaeological evidence point towards central Sweden as the most probable origin of the buried individuals. The combs from Salme have features that are generally consistent with the 8th century, with the closest parallels coming from the Mälar region of central Sweden. According to ZooMS and aDNA analyses, they are made of elk (Alces alces) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) antler. Elk inhabited the Mälar region, but reindeer antler had its origin in more northern regions. Most combs were clearly manufactured with great skill, and finished with care...
Isotopic proveniencing of all individuals from the ship and boat burials at Salme, Estonia, is th... more Isotopic proveniencing of all individuals from the ship and boat burials at Salme, Estonia, is the subject of this study of the interred human remains from around AD 750, at the beginning of the Viking period. The isotopic results indicate that the majority of these individuals came from a region with higher strontium isotopic ratios than those found in Estonia. There were five individuals, buried in Salme II-the ship burial with 34 individuals who exhibited lower strontium isotope ratios that might have come from the Swedish island of Gotland or several other possible places. The combination of isotopic signals and archaeological information suggests that the majority of buried individuals (those with higher strontium isotope ratios) came from the Mälaren Valley in east-central Sweden.
The Viking maritime expansion from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) marks one of the swi... more The Viking maritime expansion from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) marks one of the swiftest and most far-flung cultural transformations in global history. During this time (c. 750 to 1050 CE), the Vikings reached most of western Eurasia, Greenland, and North America, and left a cultural legacy that persists till today. To understand the genetic structure and influence of the Viking expansion, we sequenced the genomes of 442 ancient humans from across Europe and Greenland ranging from the Bronze Age (c. 2400 BC) to the early Modern period (c. 1600 CE), with particular emphasis on the Viking Age. We find that the period preceding the Viking Age was accompanied by foreign gene flow into Scandinavia from the south and east: spreading from Denmark and eastern Sweden to the rest of Scandinavia. Despite the close linguistic similarities of modern Scandinavian languages, we observe genetic structure within Scandinavia, suggesting that regional population differences were already present 1,000 years ago. We find evidence for a majority of Danish Viking presence in England, Swedish Viking presence in the Baltic, and Norwegian Viking presence in Ireland, Iceland, and Greenland. Additionally, we see substantial foreign European ancestry entering Scandinavia during the Viking Age. We also find that several of the members of the only archaeologically well-attested Viking expedition were close family members. By comparing Viking Scandinavian genomes with present-day Scandinavian genomes, we find that pigmentation-associated loci have undergone strong population differentiation during the last millennia. Finally, we are able to trace the allele frequency dynamics of positively selected loci with unprecedented detail, including the lactase persistence allele and various alleles associated with the immune response. We conclude that the Viking diaspora was characterized by substantial foreign engagement: distinct Viking populations influenced the genomic makeup of different regions of Europe, while Scandinavia also experienced increased contact with the rest of the continent. .
The smithy site of Käku, dated to the 14th-17th century CE, contains four different smithies buil... more The smithy site of Käku, dated to the 14th-17th century CE, contains four different smithies built on top of each other. Finds from the site contain evidence from iron forging, casting and forging of copper alloys, and bone working. Metallographic analysis of iron blooms and bars from the smithy site has proved to be a valuable source of information for understanding the variety of activities performed at the site. The iron processing ranged from primary forging of iron blooms into bars, the manufacture of artefacts like knives, and the recycling of old cutting tools into bars which could be reused to produce new items. As smithies are quite rare sites to be excavated, the information obtained from Käku helps to shed light on the activities performed in the rural smithies and determine the rural smiths' role in the iron processing chain in the Late Medieval and Early Modern period.
Ship burials are a well-known feature of Scandinavian Viking Age archaeology, but the discovery o... more Ship burials are a well-known feature of Scandinavian Viking Age archaeology, but the discovery of 41 individuals buried in two ships in Estonia belongs to the Pre-Viking period and is the first of its kind in Europe. The two crews met a violent end around AD 750, and were buried with a variety of richly decorated weapons, tools, gaming pieces and animal bones. The rich grave goods suggest that this was a diplomatic delegation protected by a cohort of elite warriors. They were armed with swords of Scandinavian design, possibly from the Stockholm-Mälaren region, and stable isotope analysis is consistent with that being the probable homeland of the crew.
The article discusses the problem of maces of the 12th-13th centuries on the basis of archaeologi... more The article discusses the problem of maces of the 12th-13th centuries on the basis of archaeological finds, written sources and medieval works of art. The three faceted maceheads, found in Estonia are the main subject of the survey. Maces have been also regarded as symbols indicating high social status. In the 19th-early 20th century similar metal polyhedrons were used as terminal weights of steelyards. It is possible that such objects were used for the same purpose already in the Middle Ages.
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