The effect of organic matter during soil/water interaction is still a debated issue on the contro... more The effect of organic matter during soil/water interaction is still a debated issue on the controls of chemical weathering in a tropical environment. In order to study this effect in detail, we focused on the weathering processes occurring in a small tropical watershed (Nsimi-Zoetélé, South Cameroon). This site offers an unique opportunity to study weathering mechanisms in a lateritic system within a small basin by coupling soil and water chemistry.
Stable Zn isotopes fractionation was studied in main biogeochemical compartments of a pristine la... more Stable Zn isotopes fractionation was studied in main biogeochemical compartments of a pristine larch forest of Central Siberia developed over continuous permafrost basalt rocks. Two north-and south-oriented watershed slopes having distinctly different vegetation biomass and active layer depth were used as natural proxy for predicting possible future climate changes occurring in this region. In addition, peat bog zone exhibiting totally different vegetation, hydrology and soil temperature regime has been studied. The isotopic composition of soil profile from Central Siberia is rather constant with a δ 66 Zn value around 0.2‰ close to the value of various basalts. Zn isotopic composition in mosses (Sphagnum fuscum and Pleurozium schreberi) exhibits differences between surface layers presenting values from 0.14 to 0.2‰ and bottom layers presenting significantly higher values (0.5 -0.7‰) than the underlain mineral surface. The humification of both dead moss and larch needles leads to retain the fraction where Zn bound most strongly thus releasing the lighter isotopes in solution and preserving the heavy isotopes in the humification products, in general accord with previous experimental and modeling works [GCA 75:7632-7643, 2011]. The larch (Larix gmelinii) from North and South-facing slopes is enriched in heavy isotopes compared to soil reservoir while larch from Sphagnum peatbog is enriched in light isotopes. This difference may result from stronger complexation of Zn by organic ligands and humification products in the peat bog compared to mineral surfaces in North-and South-facing slope. During the course of the growing period, Zn followed the behavior of macronutrients with a decrease of concentration from June to September. During this period, an enrichment of larch needles by heavier Zn isotopes is observed in the various habitats. We suggest that the increase of the depth of rooting zone, and the decrease of DOC and Zn concentration in soil solution from the root uptake zone with progressively thawing soil could provoke heavy isotopes to become more available for the larch roots at the end of the vegetative season compared to the beginning of the season, because the decrease of DOC will facilitate the uptake of heavy isotope as it will be less retained in strong organic complexes.
Keywords suspended sediment Amazon River Nd-Sr isotopic composition erosion flux This study repor... more Keywords suspended sediment Amazon River Nd-Sr isotopic composition erosion flux This study reports daily water discharge and suspended sediment load concentrations and Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic systematics and major and trace elements concentrations of twelve monthly sampled suspended load sediments of the Solimões and Madeira rivers, the two major Andean tributaries of the Amazon, during the year 2004. As observed in other long-term monitoring studies of Amazon Rivers, the maximum of suspended sediment load occurs before or during the rising water period (i.e. during the rainy season). In 2004, the Solimões River exported ∼ 289 × 10 6 tonnes of suspended sediments and the Madeira River 294 × 10 6 tonnes which correspond to erosion rates of 129 and 214 T/km 2 /yr for the Solimoes and Madeira rivers basins, respectively. Both the Solimoes and Madeira suspended sediments are enriched in LREE over HREE and exhibit similar MREE enrichment; the difference being that the Madeira sediments are more fractionated than the Solimoes ones. When plotted in Al 2 O 3 -CaO + Na 2 O-K 2 O diagram, the suspended sediments of the Solimoes and Madeira rivers exhibit two different weathering trends which suggests that these sediments evolved along two different trends starting from felsic rocks with different chemical compositions. The Nd isotopic compositions (εNd) of the Solimoes sediments (− 8.9 to 9.9) are slightly more radiogenic than the corresponding values of the Madeira sediments (−10.8 to −12.1). The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotopic compositions of the Madeira sediments (0.728 to 0.740) are significantly more radiogenic than those of the Solimoes (0.713 to 0.717). Together with other major elements and REE evidences, these isotopic compositions suggest that the Solimoes sediments are more influenced by Andean volcanic arc detritus than the Madeira sediments that might be due to input of young basaltic products owing to strong volcanic activity in Ecuador. Mineralogical compositions as well as Nd isotopic compositions do not vary seasonally. Based on our data set and on previous published studies, we have calculated that the Nd suspended sediment flux dominates the Nd total flux (i.e., dissolved + suspended sediment) exported to the Atlantic Ocean by the Amazon River representing ∼ 98% of the Nd total flux and having a global εNd isotopic composition of −10.3. Contrary to Nd isotopic compositions, Sr isotopic compositions vary seasonally in both rivers. The explanation for this variation remains unclear. We suspect increasing physical weathering during the rainy season to be the main cause of this seasonal control in favouring landslides and river bank erosion that might induce input of more radiogenic sediments not easily mobilized during low water level. We calculated that the Sr isotopic composition of the dissolved load exported by the Amazon River to the Atlantic Ocean is not seasonally dependent and remain fairly constant (0.715-0.716) By contrast, the Sr isotopic composition of the suspended load is strongly affected by the seasonal variation varying from 0.714 in the dry season to 0.730 in the rainy season. Consequently the total Sr isotopic composition (dissolved + suspended sediment) is also seasonally controlled varying from 0.716 to 0.722. We finally suggest that large seasonally controlled Sr isotopic variations of great river is a phenomenon that has been underestimated in previous paleo-climatic and paleo-oceanic studies and should be taken into account in further studies.
The comparison between contemporary and long-term weathering has been carried out in the Small Ex... more The comparison between contemporary and long-term weathering has been carried out in the Small Experimental Watershed (SEW) of Nsimi, South Cameroon in order to quantify the export fluxes of major and trace elements and the residence time of the lateritic weathering cover. We focus on the hillside system composed of a thick lateritic weathering cover topped by a soil layer. This study is built on the recent improvements of the hillside hydrological functioning and on the analyses of major and trace elements.
This paper presents a hydrogeochemical modeling code HYDROS, which combines the multicomponent tr... more This paper presents a hydrogeochemical modeling code HYDROS, which combines the multicomponent transport model with equilibrium speciation module MINTEQA2. The processes of adsorption, aqueous speciation and mineral precipitation/dissolution are represented in the model. The numerical model uses a sequential iterative approach for solving the solute transport and the equilibrium geochemistry modules. Further the transport part is solved using an operator split approach wherein a finite volume method is used for solving the advective equations while a classical finite difference method is employed for solving the dispersive equations. The model performance is evaluated by comparing it with MINTOX for a literature problem. HYDROS is then applied to the case study of the transfer of transition metals with organic colloids in the swamp groundwater system of the experimental Nsimi watershed, representative of the humid tropical ecosystem of the South Cameroon Plateau. Field observations at the site swamp system suggest that the carbon is mainly transferred as organic colloids (i.e., dissolved organic carbon) produced by the slow biodegradation of the swamp organic matter. Using HYDROS, the behaviour of Al(III) and Fe(III) elements in the base flow system is simulated during inter rain events of a short rainy season (May-June 1996). The elemental time-series for Al, Fe, Cl, pH compare well with the simulation results. The colloids are found to have a strong impact on the mobilization and transfer of Al(III) and Fe(III), which are considered to have low mobility in weathering environment.
The purpose of this paper is to forecast the role of riverine wetlands in the transfer of trace e... more The purpose of this paper is to forecast the role of riverine wetlands in the transfer of trace elements. One of the largest riverine wetlands in the world is the floodplain (várzea) of the Amazon River and its tributaries (Junk and Piedade, 1997). The central Amazon wetlands are constituted by a complex network of lakes and floodplains, named várzeas, that extend over more than 300,000 km 2 (Junk, W.J., The Amazon floodplain-a sink or source for organic carbon? In Transport of Carbon and Minerals in Major World Rivers,edited by E.T. Degens, S. Kempe, R. Herrera, SCOPE/UNEP; 267-283, 1985.) and are among the most productive ecosystems in the world due to the regular enrichment in nutrients by river waters In order to understand if the adjacent floodplain of Amazon River have a significant influence on the trace element concentrations and fluxes of the mainstem, the concentrations of selected elements (i.e., Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Mo, Rb, Sr, Ba, and U) have been measured in the Amazon River water (Manacapuru Station, Amazonas State, Brazil) and in lake waters and plants (leaves) from a várzea (Ilha de Marchantaria, Amazonas State, Brazil) during different periods of the hydrological cycle. Four plant species (two perennial species: Pseudobombax munguba and Salix humboldtiana, and two annual herbaceous plants: Echinochloa polystachya and Eichhornia crassipes) were selected to represent the ecological functioning of the site. Time series obtained for dissolved Mn and Cu (b0.20 Am) in Amazon River water could not be explained by tributary mixing or instream processes only. Therefore, the contribution of the waters transiting the floodplains should be considered. These results suggest that the chemical composition of the waters draining these floodplains is controlled by reactions occurring at sediment-water and plant-water interfaces. Trace elements concentrations in the plants (leaves) vary strongly with hydrological seasonality. Based on the concentration data and the biological productivity of floodplain ecosystems, a first order approximation of trace element storage (permanent or temporary) in the vegetation of these floodplains was made. It was found that floodplain-mainstem elemental fluxes make a significant 0048-9697/$ -see front matter D
In order to test the usefulness of stable zinc isotopes as an atmospheric source tracer, we analy... more In order to test the usefulness of stable zinc isotopes as an atmospheric source tracer, we analyzed the zinc isotopic composition of two sediment cores, taken at 1 km distance of the former zinc smelter in Lommel, Belgium. The peat bog lake sediments accumulate mainly atmospheric particles, have high organic matter contents (12–60 wt.%), are anoxic and highly contaminated with heavy metals
In this study, we assessed past and present influence of ancient mining activity on metal(loid) e... more In this study, we assessed past and present influence of ancient mining activity on metal(loid) enrichment in sediments of a former mining watershed (Gardon River, SE France), that is now industrialized and urbanized. A sedimentary archive and current sediments were characterized combining geochemical analyses, zinc isotopic analyses and sequential extractions. The archive was used to establish local geochemical background and recorded (i) increasing enrichment factors (EFs) for Pb, Zn, Cd, Tl, Hg, As and Sb throughout the industrial era, (ii) a contamination peak in 1976 attributed to a tailings dam failure, and (iii) current levels in 2002 and 2011 similar to those of 1969, except for Sb and Hg, reflecting a persisting contamination pattern. Inter-element relationships and spatial distribution of EF values of current sediments throughout the watershed suggested that both ancient and current contamination had a common origin for Pb, Zn, Cd, Tl and As related to the exploitation of Pb/Zn mineralization while old Sb mines and coal extraction area were the main sources for Sb and Hg respectively. This prevailing mining origin was reflected for Zn by a relatively uniform isotopic composition at δ(66)Zn=0.23 ± 0.03‰, although slight decrease from 0.23‰ to 0.18‰ was recorded from upstream to downstream sites along the river course in relation with the contribution of the lighter δ(66)Zn signature (~0.08‰) of acid mine drainage impacted tributaries. Results from sequential extractions revealed that the potential mobility of the studied metal(loid)s varied in the order Sb<Tl≈As<Zn<Pb<Cd, with an increase of the mobile pool for Cd, Pb, Zn and to a lesser extent for As and Tl associated to increased enrichment. Altogether, these results tend to demonstrate that ancient mining activity still contributes to metal enrichment in the sediments of the Gardon River and that some of these metals may be mobilized toward the water compartment.
The aim of this paper is to present a new database on the chemical composition of suspended matte... more The aim of this paper is to present a new database on the chemical composition of suspended matter in World Rivers, together with the associated elemental fluxes. There is a lack of any recent attempt in the literature to update the pioneering work of Martin and Meybeck [Martin, J.-M., Meybeck, M., 1979. Elemental mass balance of material carried by major world rivers. Mar. Chem. 7, 173-206.] and Martin and Whitfield [Martin, J.-M., Whitfield, M., 1983. The significance of the river input of chemical elements to the ocean. Trace metals in sea water Wong, Boyle, Bruland, Burton, Goldberg (Eds) Plenum Publishing Corporation.] regarding the worldwide average major and trace element chemistry of riverine particulate matter.
The knowledge of the biogeochemical cycle of chlorine (Cl)is important since this element is used... more The knowledge of the biogeochemical cycle of chlorine (Cl)is important since this element is used as a tracer of geochemical and hydrological processes in oceanic or continental environments. More specifically, Cl can be used to correct surface water composition from atmospheric contribution in order to calculate precise chemical weathering rates in watersheds. Beyond the problem of potential Cl sources in
We assessed the relative importance of dispersal and niche processes in structuring plant populat... more We assessed the relative importance of dispersal and niche processes in structuring plant populations at the seedling stage for 14 woody plant species (12 trees and 2 lianas) in an old-growth tropical forest of French Guiana. 2. We combined long-term data from a network of 160 stations, each comprising a seed trap and two to three neighbouring seedling plots, with fine-scale quantification of environmental variables. 3. For each species, we quantified seed limitation as the proportion of seed traps that were not reached by seeds, and establishment limitation as the proportion of stations where seeds arrived but where seedlings did not occur. All species showed strong seed limitation, whereas only one species showed significant establishment limitation. 4. We determined the proportion of variance in local seedling density explained by either seed density or environmental factors, and we assessed the effect of environment on seedling survival. 5. Although seeds showed considerable spatial clumping in all species, seed density explained a significant fraction of the variance in seedling density for only five species. Habitat preferences explained a significant fraction of the variance in seedling density for six species. Of the remaining species, four showed no significant relationship with either seed arrival or habitat conditions. 6. Environmental effects on local seedling abundance were weakly related to those on seedling survival. When seedling density was significantly correlated with a given environmental factor, survival was usually not correlated with that factor. Habitat association patterns might change over time, as environmental filtering operates. 7. Synthesis . Our results show that both seed arrival and habitat preferences contribute to explaining the abundance of tropical woody species at the seedling stage, but their relative importance showed important interspecific differences. Although our study was limited to a subset of woody species, they accounted for 27% of the individuals composing the seedling layer. Thus, our findings are likely to have important consequences in the structuring of the seedling community.
Soil, rock, plant and rainwater samples have been collected in the evergreen forest of Cameroon a... more Soil, rock, plant and rainwater samples have been collected in the evergreen forest of Cameroon and analyzed for their 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb ratios and Pb concentrations. Plant isotopic ratios exhibit the same values than the rains collected at the same site and higher values than the ones observed for surface soils (litter and 20 cm deep). The isotopic composition of
The study of biogeochemical and hydrological cycles in small experimental watersheds on silicate ... more The study of biogeochemical and hydrological cycles in small experimental watersheds on silicate rocks, common for the Temperate Zone, has not yet been widely applied to the tropics, especially humid areas. This paper presents an updated database for a six-year period for the small experimental watershed of the Mengong brook in the humid tropics (Nsimi, South Cameroon). This watershed is developed on Precambrian granitoids (North Congo shield) and consists of two convexo-concave lateritic hills surrounding a large flat swamp covered by hydromorphic soils rich in upward organic matter. Mineralogical and geochemical investigations were carried out in the protolith, the saprolite, the hillside lateritic soils, and the swamp hydromorphic soils. Biomass chemical analyses were done for the representative species of the swamp vegetation. The groundwater was analysed from the parent rock/saprolite weathering front to the upper fringe in the hillside and swamp system. The chemistry of the wet atmospheric and throughfall deposits and the Mengong waters was monitored.
A study of lateritic soils and samples of ground and river waters was carried out in the Nsimi-Zo... more A study of lateritic soils and samples of ground and river waters was carried out in the Nsimi-Zoetele, a tropical watershed in the southern Cameroon. The Nd isotopic compositions and concentrations of Nd and Sm were determined. It was found that the Nd isotopic composition of the river waters was much more radiogenic than the parent rocks, and that the Nd in the waters is not homogeneous but is carried by different dissolved and complexed components that are not isotopically homogenized. The soil profile shows a regular increase in Nd going from the parent rock ( Nd ϭ Ϫ36) to Nd ϭ Ϫ18 near the top of the profile. The Nd transported in the river is thus not representative of the parent rock but reflects the results of differential weathering of constituent minerals and the redeposition of REE in phosphates and a significant contribution of radiogenic Nd from dust. The concentration of Nd in the river water is far above that found in temperate climate rivers and thus this type of tropical river may play a dominant role in the marine Nd and REE budget. It is suggested that the correlation of REE with DOC is related to DOC fixing some dissolved REE but that the REE in solution is governed by other mechanisms. No major shifts were found in Sm/Nd; however, a regular progression from the parent rock through the lateritic profile was found. The upper laterite profile shows large, almost uniform depletions in all REE below Tb and enrichment above. Complementary behavior was found in the lower part of the section. The concentration of Nd relative to the immobile elements Zr and Ti in the laterite is depleted by a factor of ϳ10. Th, Nd and Sm are enriched in the lowest zone sampled and must reflect redeposition of REE from the upper part of the weathering section and is associated with phosphate formation. It is concluded that the soil evolution involves both differential dissolution of primary phases from the parent rock, significant to major input of REE from atmospheric dust from other regions, and the formation of diagenetic phases, particularly phosphates.
This work is devoted to characterization of zinc interaction in aqueous solution with two marine ... more This work is devoted to characterization of zinc interaction in aqueous solution with two marine planktonic (Thalassiosira weissflogii = TW, Skeletonema costatum = SC) and two freshwater periphytic species (Achnanthidium minutissimum = AMIN, Navicula minima = NMIN) by combining adsorption and electrophoretic measurements with surface complexation modeling and by assessing Zn isotopes fractionation during both long term uptake and short term adsorption on diatom cells and their frustules. Reversible adsorption experiments were performed at 25 and 5°C as a function of exposure time (5 min to 140 h), pH (2 to 10), zinc concentration in solution (10 nM to 1 mM), ionic strength (I = 0.001 to 1.0 M) and the presence of light. While the shape of pH-dependent adsorption edge is almost the same for all four species, the constant-pH adsorption isotherm and maximal Zn binding capacities differ by an order of magnitude. The extent of adsorption increases with temperature from 5 to 25°C and does not depend on light intensity. Zinc adsorption decreases with increase of ionic strength suggesting competition with sodium for surface sites. Cell number-normalized concentrations of sorbed zinc on whole cells and their silica frustules demonstrated only weak contribution of the latter (10-20%) to overall zinc binding by diatom cell wall. Measurements of electrophoretic mobilities (l) revealed negative diatoms surface potential in the full range of zinc concentrations investigated (0.15-760 lmol/L), however, the absolute value of l decreases at [Zn] > 15 lmol/ L suggesting a change in surface speciation. These observations allowed us to construct a surface complexation model for Zn binding by diatom surfaces that postulates the constant capacitance of the electric double layer and considers Zn complexation with carboxylate and silanol groups. Thermodynamic and structural parameters of this model are based on previous acid-base titration and spectroscopic results and allow quantitative reproduction of all adsorption experiments. Although Zn adsorption constants on carboxylate groups are almost the same, Zn surface adsorption capacities are very different among diatom species which is related to the systematic differences in their cell wall composition and thickness. Measurements of Zn isotopic composition ( 66 Zn/( 64 Zn)) performed using a multicollector ICP MS demonstrated that irreversible incorporation of Zn in cultured diatom cells produces enrichment in heavy isotope compared to growth media (D 66 Zn(solid-solution) = 0.27 ± 0.05, 0.08 ± 0.05, 0.21 ± 0.05, and 0.19 ± 0.05& for TW, SC, NMIN, and AMIN species, respectively). Accordingly, an enrichment of cells in heavy isotopes (D 66 Zn(solid-solution) = 0.43 ± 0.1 and 0.27 ± 0.1& for NMIN and AMIN, respectively) is observed following short-term Zn sorption on freshwater cells in nutrient media at pH $ 7.8. Finally, diatoms frustules are enriched in heavy isotopes compared to solution during Zn adsorption on silica shells at pH $ 5.5 (D 66 Zn(solidsolution) = 0.35 ± 0.10&). Measured isotopes fractionation can be related to the structure and stability of Zn complexes formed and they provide a firm basis for using Zn isotopes for biogeochemical tracing.
The REE-Th weathering geochemistry and mineralogy has been investigated in a lateritic soil cover... more The REE-Th weathering geochemistry and mineralogy has been investigated in a lateritic soil cover in relation to the close hydrographical system at Goyoum (East Cameroon). The stutied area, composed of gneissic hills covered by humid tropical forest, belongs to the Sanaga river basin and corresponds to a transition vegetation zone between rainforest and savannah. A representative soil catena was taken as a reference zone close to the Sanaga river. The gneissic parent-rock, soil, and groundwater samples have been cut off in pits in the lower part of the catena. Waters were also sampled both in brooks rich in organic matter and in the Sanaga river. All the waters were sampled seasonally during the rainy and dry periods. The water/rock interactions and the exportation of REE and Th have been discussed as a function of the evolution of specific ratios.
The chemical composition of the Amazon river and its main tributaries are of interest as a major ... more The chemical composition of the Amazon river and its main tributaries are of interest as a major source of dissolved and particulate substances to the Atlantic ocean.
This work is aimed at quantifying the main environmental factors controlling isotope fractionatio... more This work is aimed at quantifying the main environmental factors controlling isotope fractionation of Cu during its adsorption from aqueous solutions onto common organic (bacteria, algae) and inorganic (oxy(hydr)oxide) surfaces. Adsorption of Cu on aerobic rhizospheric (Pseudomonas aureofaciens CNMN PsB-03) and phototrophic aquatic (Rhodobacter sp. f-7bl, Gloeocapsa sp. f-6gl) bacteria, uptake of Cu by marine (Skeletonema costatum) and freshwater (Navicula minima, Achnanthidium minutissimum and Melosira varians) diatoms, and Cu adsorption onto goethite (FeOOH) and gibbsite (AlOOH) were studied using a batch reaction as a function of pH, copper concentration in solution and time of exposure. Stable isotopes of copper in selected filtrates were measured using Neptune multicollector ICP-MS. Irreversible incorporation of Cu in cultured diatom cells at pH 7.5-8.0 did not produce any isotopic shift between the cell and solution (D 65/63 Cu(solid-solution)) within ±0.2&. Accordingly, no systematic variation was observed during Cu adsorption on anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (Rhodobacter sp.), cyanobacteria (Gloeocapsa sp.) or soil aerobic exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing bacteria (P. aureofaciens) in circumneutral pH (4-6.5) and various exposure times (3 min to 48 h): D 65 Cu(solid-solution) = 0.0 ± 0.4&. In contrast, when Cu was adsorbed at pH 1.8-3.5 on the cell surface of soil the bacterium P. aureofacienshaving abundant or poor EPS depending on medium composition, yielded a significant enrichment of the cell surface in the light isotope (D 65 Cu (solid-solution) = À1.2 ± 0.5&). Inorganic reactions of Cu adsorption at pH 4-6 produced the opposite isotopic offset: enrichment of the oxy(hydr)oxide surface in the heavy isotope with D 65 Cu(solid-solution) equals 1.0 ± 0.25& and 0.78 ± 0.2& for gibbsite and goethite, respectively. The last result corroborates the recent works of Mathur et al. [Mathur R., Ruiz J., Titley S., Liermann L., Buss H. and Brantley S. (2005) Cu isotopic fractionation in the supergene environment with and without bacteria. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69, 5233-5246] and Balistrieri et al. [Balistrieri L. S., Borrok D. M., Wanty R. B. and Ridley W. I. (2008) Fractionation of Cu and Zn isotopes during adsorption onto amorhous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide: experimental mixing of acid rock drainage and ambient river water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72, 311-328] who reported heavy Cu isotope enrichment onto amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide and on metal hydroxide precipitates on the external membranes of Fe-oxidizing bacteria, respectively.
On-site size fractionation of about 40 major and trace elements (TE) was performed on waters from... more On-site size fractionation of about 40 major and trace elements (TE) was performed on waters from boreal small rivers and their estuaries in the Karelia region of North-West Russia around the "Vetreny Belt" mountain range and in Paanajärvi National Park (Northern Karelia). Samples were filtered in the field using a progressively decreasing pore size (5 lm, 2.5 (3) lm, 0.22 (0.45) lm, 100 kDa, 10 and 1 kDa) by means of frontal filtration and ultrafiltration (UF) techniques and employing in-situ dialysis with 10 and 1 kDa membranes followed by ICP-MS analysis. For most samples, dialysis yields a systematically higher (factor of 2-3) proportion of colloidal forms compared to UF. Nevertheless, dialysis is able to provide a fast and artefact-free in-situ separation of colloidal and dissolved components.
The effect of organic matter during soil/water interaction is still a debated issue on the contro... more The effect of organic matter during soil/water interaction is still a debated issue on the controls of chemical weathering in a tropical environment. In order to study this effect in detail, we focused on the weathering processes occurring in a small tropical watershed (Nsimi-Zoetélé, South Cameroon). This site offers an unique opportunity to study weathering mechanisms in a lateritic system within a small basin by coupling soil and water chemistry.
Stable Zn isotopes fractionation was studied in main biogeochemical compartments of a pristine la... more Stable Zn isotopes fractionation was studied in main biogeochemical compartments of a pristine larch forest of Central Siberia developed over continuous permafrost basalt rocks. Two north-and south-oriented watershed slopes having distinctly different vegetation biomass and active layer depth were used as natural proxy for predicting possible future climate changes occurring in this region. In addition, peat bog zone exhibiting totally different vegetation, hydrology and soil temperature regime has been studied. The isotopic composition of soil profile from Central Siberia is rather constant with a δ 66 Zn value around 0.2‰ close to the value of various basalts. Zn isotopic composition in mosses (Sphagnum fuscum and Pleurozium schreberi) exhibits differences between surface layers presenting values from 0.14 to 0.2‰ and bottom layers presenting significantly higher values (0.5 -0.7‰) than the underlain mineral surface. The humification of both dead moss and larch needles leads to retain the fraction where Zn bound most strongly thus releasing the lighter isotopes in solution and preserving the heavy isotopes in the humification products, in general accord with previous experimental and modeling works [GCA 75:7632-7643, 2011]. The larch (Larix gmelinii) from North and South-facing slopes is enriched in heavy isotopes compared to soil reservoir while larch from Sphagnum peatbog is enriched in light isotopes. This difference may result from stronger complexation of Zn by organic ligands and humification products in the peat bog compared to mineral surfaces in North-and South-facing slope. During the course of the growing period, Zn followed the behavior of macronutrients with a decrease of concentration from June to September. During this period, an enrichment of larch needles by heavier Zn isotopes is observed in the various habitats. We suggest that the increase of the depth of rooting zone, and the decrease of DOC and Zn concentration in soil solution from the root uptake zone with progressively thawing soil could provoke heavy isotopes to become more available for the larch roots at the end of the vegetative season compared to the beginning of the season, because the decrease of DOC will facilitate the uptake of heavy isotope as it will be less retained in strong organic complexes.
Keywords suspended sediment Amazon River Nd-Sr isotopic composition erosion flux This study repor... more Keywords suspended sediment Amazon River Nd-Sr isotopic composition erosion flux This study reports daily water discharge and suspended sediment load concentrations and Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic systematics and major and trace elements concentrations of twelve monthly sampled suspended load sediments of the Solimões and Madeira rivers, the two major Andean tributaries of the Amazon, during the year 2004. As observed in other long-term monitoring studies of Amazon Rivers, the maximum of suspended sediment load occurs before or during the rising water period (i.e. during the rainy season). In 2004, the Solimões River exported ∼ 289 × 10 6 tonnes of suspended sediments and the Madeira River 294 × 10 6 tonnes which correspond to erosion rates of 129 and 214 T/km 2 /yr for the Solimoes and Madeira rivers basins, respectively. Both the Solimoes and Madeira suspended sediments are enriched in LREE over HREE and exhibit similar MREE enrichment; the difference being that the Madeira sediments are more fractionated than the Solimoes ones. When plotted in Al 2 O 3 -CaO + Na 2 O-K 2 O diagram, the suspended sediments of the Solimoes and Madeira rivers exhibit two different weathering trends which suggests that these sediments evolved along two different trends starting from felsic rocks with different chemical compositions. The Nd isotopic compositions (εNd) of the Solimoes sediments (− 8.9 to 9.9) are slightly more radiogenic than the corresponding values of the Madeira sediments (−10.8 to −12.1). The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotopic compositions of the Madeira sediments (0.728 to 0.740) are significantly more radiogenic than those of the Solimoes (0.713 to 0.717). Together with other major elements and REE evidences, these isotopic compositions suggest that the Solimoes sediments are more influenced by Andean volcanic arc detritus than the Madeira sediments that might be due to input of young basaltic products owing to strong volcanic activity in Ecuador. Mineralogical compositions as well as Nd isotopic compositions do not vary seasonally. Based on our data set and on previous published studies, we have calculated that the Nd suspended sediment flux dominates the Nd total flux (i.e., dissolved + suspended sediment) exported to the Atlantic Ocean by the Amazon River representing ∼ 98% of the Nd total flux and having a global εNd isotopic composition of −10.3. Contrary to Nd isotopic compositions, Sr isotopic compositions vary seasonally in both rivers. The explanation for this variation remains unclear. We suspect increasing physical weathering during the rainy season to be the main cause of this seasonal control in favouring landslides and river bank erosion that might induce input of more radiogenic sediments not easily mobilized during low water level. We calculated that the Sr isotopic composition of the dissolved load exported by the Amazon River to the Atlantic Ocean is not seasonally dependent and remain fairly constant (0.715-0.716) By contrast, the Sr isotopic composition of the suspended load is strongly affected by the seasonal variation varying from 0.714 in the dry season to 0.730 in the rainy season. Consequently the total Sr isotopic composition (dissolved + suspended sediment) is also seasonally controlled varying from 0.716 to 0.722. We finally suggest that large seasonally controlled Sr isotopic variations of great river is a phenomenon that has been underestimated in previous paleo-climatic and paleo-oceanic studies and should be taken into account in further studies.
The comparison between contemporary and long-term weathering has been carried out in the Small Ex... more The comparison between contemporary and long-term weathering has been carried out in the Small Experimental Watershed (SEW) of Nsimi, South Cameroon in order to quantify the export fluxes of major and trace elements and the residence time of the lateritic weathering cover. We focus on the hillside system composed of a thick lateritic weathering cover topped by a soil layer. This study is built on the recent improvements of the hillside hydrological functioning and on the analyses of major and trace elements.
This paper presents a hydrogeochemical modeling code HYDROS, which combines the multicomponent tr... more This paper presents a hydrogeochemical modeling code HYDROS, which combines the multicomponent transport model with equilibrium speciation module MINTEQA2. The processes of adsorption, aqueous speciation and mineral precipitation/dissolution are represented in the model. The numerical model uses a sequential iterative approach for solving the solute transport and the equilibrium geochemistry modules. Further the transport part is solved using an operator split approach wherein a finite volume method is used for solving the advective equations while a classical finite difference method is employed for solving the dispersive equations. The model performance is evaluated by comparing it with MINTOX for a literature problem. HYDROS is then applied to the case study of the transfer of transition metals with organic colloids in the swamp groundwater system of the experimental Nsimi watershed, representative of the humid tropical ecosystem of the South Cameroon Plateau. Field observations at the site swamp system suggest that the carbon is mainly transferred as organic colloids (i.e., dissolved organic carbon) produced by the slow biodegradation of the swamp organic matter. Using HYDROS, the behaviour of Al(III) and Fe(III) elements in the base flow system is simulated during inter rain events of a short rainy season (May-June 1996). The elemental time-series for Al, Fe, Cl, pH compare well with the simulation results. The colloids are found to have a strong impact on the mobilization and transfer of Al(III) and Fe(III), which are considered to have low mobility in weathering environment.
The purpose of this paper is to forecast the role of riverine wetlands in the transfer of trace e... more The purpose of this paper is to forecast the role of riverine wetlands in the transfer of trace elements. One of the largest riverine wetlands in the world is the floodplain (várzea) of the Amazon River and its tributaries (Junk and Piedade, 1997). The central Amazon wetlands are constituted by a complex network of lakes and floodplains, named várzeas, that extend over more than 300,000 km 2 (Junk, W.J., The Amazon floodplain-a sink or source for organic carbon? In Transport of Carbon and Minerals in Major World Rivers,edited by E.T. Degens, S. Kempe, R. Herrera, SCOPE/UNEP; 267-283, 1985.) and are among the most productive ecosystems in the world due to the regular enrichment in nutrients by river waters In order to understand if the adjacent floodplain of Amazon River have a significant influence on the trace element concentrations and fluxes of the mainstem, the concentrations of selected elements (i.e., Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Mo, Rb, Sr, Ba, and U) have been measured in the Amazon River water (Manacapuru Station, Amazonas State, Brazil) and in lake waters and plants (leaves) from a várzea (Ilha de Marchantaria, Amazonas State, Brazil) during different periods of the hydrological cycle. Four plant species (two perennial species: Pseudobombax munguba and Salix humboldtiana, and two annual herbaceous plants: Echinochloa polystachya and Eichhornia crassipes) were selected to represent the ecological functioning of the site. Time series obtained for dissolved Mn and Cu (b0.20 Am) in Amazon River water could not be explained by tributary mixing or instream processes only. Therefore, the contribution of the waters transiting the floodplains should be considered. These results suggest that the chemical composition of the waters draining these floodplains is controlled by reactions occurring at sediment-water and plant-water interfaces. Trace elements concentrations in the plants (leaves) vary strongly with hydrological seasonality. Based on the concentration data and the biological productivity of floodplain ecosystems, a first order approximation of trace element storage (permanent or temporary) in the vegetation of these floodplains was made. It was found that floodplain-mainstem elemental fluxes make a significant 0048-9697/$ -see front matter D
In order to test the usefulness of stable zinc isotopes as an atmospheric source tracer, we analy... more In order to test the usefulness of stable zinc isotopes as an atmospheric source tracer, we analyzed the zinc isotopic composition of two sediment cores, taken at 1 km distance of the former zinc smelter in Lommel, Belgium. The peat bog lake sediments accumulate mainly atmospheric particles, have high organic matter contents (12–60 wt.%), are anoxic and highly contaminated with heavy metals
In this study, we assessed past and present influence of ancient mining activity on metal(loid) e... more In this study, we assessed past and present influence of ancient mining activity on metal(loid) enrichment in sediments of a former mining watershed (Gardon River, SE France), that is now industrialized and urbanized. A sedimentary archive and current sediments were characterized combining geochemical analyses, zinc isotopic analyses and sequential extractions. The archive was used to establish local geochemical background and recorded (i) increasing enrichment factors (EFs) for Pb, Zn, Cd, Tl, Hg, As and Sb throughout the industrial era, (ii) a contamination peak in 1976 attributed to a tailings dam failure, and (iii) current levels in 2002 and 2011 similar to those of 1969, except for Sb and Hg, reflecting a persisting contamination pattern. Inter-element relationships and spatial distribution of EF values of current sediments throughout the watershed suggested that both ancient and current contamination had a common origin for Pb, Zn, Cd, Tl and As related to the exploitation of Pb/Zn mineralization while old Sb mines and coal extraction area were the main sources for Sb and Hg respectively. This prevailing mining origin was reflected for Zn by a relatively uniform isotopic composition at δ(66)Zn=0.23 ± 0.03‰, although slight decrease from 0.23‰ to 0.18‰ was recorded from upstream to downstream sites along the river course in relation with the contribution of the lighter δ(66)Zn signature (~0.08‰) of acid mine drainage impacted tributaries. Results from sequential extractions revealed that the potential mobility of the studied metal(loid)s varied in the order Sb<Tl≈As<Zn<Pb<Cd, with an increase of the mobile pool for Cd, Pb, Zn and to a lesser extent for As and Tl associated to increased enrichment. Altogether, these results tend to demonstrate that ancient mining activity still contributes to metal enrichment in the sediments of the Gardon River and that some of these metals may be mobilized toward the water compartment.
The aim of this paper is to present a new database on the chemical composition of suspended matte... more The aim of this paper is to present a new database on the chemical composition of suspended matter in World Rivers, together with the associated elemental fluxes. There is a lack of any recent attempt in the literature to update the pioneering work of Martin and Meybeck [Martin, J.-M., Meybeck, M., 1979. Elemental mass balance of material carried by major world rivers. Mar. Chem. 7, 173-206.] and Martin and Whitfield [Martin, J.-M., Whitfield, M., 1983. The significance of the river input of chemical elements to the ocean. Trace metals in sea water Wong, Boyle, Bruland, Burton, Goldberg (Eds) Plenum Publishing Corporation.] regarding the worldwide average major and trace element chemistry of riverine particulate matter.
The knowledge of the biogeochemical cycle of chlorine (Cl)is important since this element is used... more The knowledge of the biogeochemical cycle of chlorine (Cl)is important since this element is used as a tracer of geochemical and hydrological processes in oceanic or continental environments. More specifically, Cl can be used to correct surface water composition from atmospheric contribution in order to calculate precise chemical weathering rates in watersheds. Beyond the problem of potential Cl sources in
We assessed the relative importance of dispersal and niche processes in structuring plant populat... more We assessed the relative importance of dispersal and niche processes in structuring plant populations at the seedling stage for 14 woody plant species (12 trees and 2 lianas) in an old-growth tropical forest of French Guiana. 2. We combined long-term data from a network of 160 stations, each comprising a seed trap and two to three neighbouring seedling plots, with fine-scale quantification of environmental variables. 3. For each species, we quantified seed limitation as the proportion of seed traps that were not reached by seeds, and establishment limitation as the proportion of stations where seeds arrived but where seedlings did not occur. All species showed strong seed limitation, whereas only one species showed significant establishment limitation. 4. We determined the proportion of variance in local seedling density explained by either seed density or environmental factors, and we assessed the effect of environment on seedling survival. 5. Although seeds showed considerable spatial clumping in all species, seed density explained a significant fraction of the variance in seedling density for only five species. Habitat preferences explained a significant fraction of the variance in seedling density for six species. Of the remaining species, four showed no significant relationship with either seed arrival or habitat conditions. 6. Environmental effects on local seedling abundance were weakly related to those on seedling survival. When seedling density was significantly correlated with a given environmental factor, survival was usually not correlated with that factor. Habitat association patterns might change over time, as environmental filtering operates. 7. Synthesis . Our results show that both seed arrival and habitat preferences contribute to explaining the abundance of tropical woody species at the seedling stage, but their relative importance showed important interspecific differences. Although our study was limited to a subset of woody species, they accounted for 27% of the individuals composing the seedling layer. Thus, our findings are likely to have important consequences in the structuring of the seedling community.
Soil, rock, plant and rainwater samples have been collected in the evergreen forest of Cameroon a... more Soil, rock, plant and rainwater samples have been collected in the evergreen forest of Cameroon and analyzed for their 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb ratios and Pb concentrations. Plant isotopic ratios exhibit the same values than the rains collected at the same site and higher values than the ones observed for surface soils (litter and 20 cm deep). The isotopic composition of
The study of biogeochemical and hydrological cycles in small experimental watersheds on silicate ... more The study of biogeochemical and hydrological cycles in small experimental watersheds on silicate rocks, common for the Temperate Zone, has not yet been widely applied to the tropics, especially humid areas. This paper presents an updated database for a six-year period for the small experimental watershed of the Mengong brook in the humid tropics (Nsimi, South Cameroon). This watershed is developed on Precambrian granitoids (North Congo shield) and consists of two convexo-concave lateritic hills surrounding a large flat swamp covered by hydromorphic soils rich in upward organic matter. Mineralogical and geochemical investigations were carried out in the protolith, the saprolite, the hillside lateritic soils, and the swamp hydromorphic soils. Biomass chemical analyses were done for the representative species of the swamp vegetation. The groundwater was analysed from the parent rock/saprolite weathering front to the upper fringe in the hillside and swamp system. The chemistry of the wet atmospheric and throughfall deposits and the Mengong waters was monitored.
A study of lateritic soils and samples of ground and river waters was carried out in the Nsimi-Zo... more A study of lateritic soils and samples of ground and river waters was carried out in the Nsimi-Zoetele, a tropical watershed in the southern Cameroon. The Nd isotopic compositions and concentrations of Nd and Sm were determined. It was found that the Nd isotopic composition of the river waters was much more radiogenic than the parent rocks, and that the Nd in the waters is not homogeneous but is carried by different dissolved and complexed components that are not isotopically homogenized. The soil profile shows a regular increase in Nd going from the parent rock ( Nd ϭ Ϫ36) to Nd ϭ Ϫ18 near the top of the profile. The Nd transported in the river is thus not representative of the parent rock but reflects the results of differential weathering of constituent minerals and the redeposition of REE in phosphates and a significant contribution of radiogenic Nd from dust. The concentration of Nd in the river water is far above that found in temperate climate rivers and thus this type of tropical river may play a dominant role in the marine Nd and REE budget. It is suggested that the correlation of REE with DOC is related to DOC fixing some dissolved REE but that the REE in solution is governed by other mechanisms. No major shifts were found in Sm/Nd; however, a regular progression from the parent rock through the lateritic profile was found. The upper laterite profile shows large, almost uniform depletions in all REE below Tb and enrichment above. Complementary behavior was found in the lower part of the section. The concentration of Nd relative to the immobile elements Zr and Ti in the laterite is depleted by a factor of ϳ10. Th, Nd and Sm are enriched in the lowest zone sampled and must reflect redeposition of REE from the upper part of the weathering section and is associated with phosphate formation. It is concluded that the soil evolution involves both differential dissolution of primary phases from the parent rock, significant to major input of REE from atmospheric dust from other regions, and the formation of diagenetic phases, particularly phosphates.
This work is devoted to characterization of zinc interaction in aqueous solution with two marine ... more This work is devoted to characterization of zinc interaction in aqueous solution with two marine planktonic (Thalassiosira weissflogii = TW, Skeletonema costatum = SC) and two freshwater periphytic species (Achnanthidium minutissimum = AMIN, Navicula minima = NMIN) by combining adsorption and electrophoretic measurements with surface complexation modeling and by assessing Zn isotopes fractionation during both long term uptake and short term adsorption on diatom cells and their frustules. Reversible adsorption experiments were performed at 25 and 5°C as a function of exposure time (5 min to 140 h), pH (2 to 10), zinc concentration in solution (10 nM to 1 mM), ionic strength (I = 0.001 to 1.0 M) and the presence of light. While the shape of pH-dependent adsorption edge is almost the same for all four species, the constant-pH adsorption isotherm and maximal Zn binding capacities differ by an order of magnitude. The extent of adsorption increases with temperature from 5 to 25°C and does not depend on light intensity. Zinc adsorption decreases with increase of ionic strength suggesting competition with sodium for surface sites. Cell number-normalized concentrations of sorbed zinc on whole cells and their silica frustules demonstrated only weak contribution of the latter (10-20%) to overall zinc binding by diatom cell wall. Measurements of electrophoretic mobilities (l) revealed negative diatoms surface potential in the full range of zinc concentrations investigated (0.15-760 lmol/L), however, the absolute value of l decreases at [Zn] > 15 lmol/ L suggesting a change in surface speciation. These observations allowed us to construct a surface complexation model for Zn binding by diatom surfaces that postulates the constant capacitance of the electric double layer and considers Zn complexation with carboxylate and silanol groups. Thermodynamic and structural parameters of this model are based on previous acid-base titration and spectroscopic results and allow quantitative reproduction of all adsorption experiments. Although Zn adsorption constants on carboxylate groups are almost the same, Zn surface adsorption capacities are very different among diatom species which is related to the systematic differences in their cell wall composition and thickness. Measurements of Zn isotopic composition ( 66 Zn/( 64 Zn)) performed using a multicollector ICP MS demonstrated that irreversible incorporation of Zn in cultured diatom cells produces enrichment in heavy isotope compared to growth media (D 66 Zn(solid-solution) = 0.27 ± 0.05, 0.08 ± 0.05, 0.21 ± 0.05, and 0.19 ± 0.05& for TW, SC, NMIN, and AMIN species, respectively). Accordingly, an enrichment of cells in heavy isotopes (D 66 Zn(solid-solution) = 0.43 ± 0.1 and 0.27 ± 0.1& for NMIN and AMIN, respectively) is observed following short-term Zn sorption on freshwater cells in nutrient media at pH $ 7.8. Finally, diatoms frustules are enriched in heavy isotopes compared to solution during Zn adsorption on silica shells at pH $ 5.5 (D 66 Zn(solidsolution) = 0.35 ± 0.10&). Measured isotopes fractionation can be related to the structure and stability of Zn complexes formed and they provide a firm basis for using Zn isotopes for biogeochemical tracing.
The REE-Th weathering geochemistry and mineralogy has been investigated in a lateritic soil cover... more The REE-Th weathering geochemistry and mineralogy has been investigated in a lateritic soil cover in relation to the close hydrographical system at Goyoum (East Cameroon). The stutied area, composed of gneissic hills covered by humid tropical forest, belongs to the Sanaga river basin and corresponds to a transition vegetation zone between rainforest and savannah. A representative soil catena was taken as a reference zone close to the Sanaga river. The gneissic parent-rock, soil, and groundwater samples have been cut off in pits in the lower part of the catena. Waters were also sampled both in brooks rich in organic matter and in the Sanaga river. All the waters were sampled seasonally during the rainy and dry periods. The water/rock interactions and the exportation of REE and Th have been discussed as a function of the evolution of specific ratios.
The chemical composition of the Amazon river and its main tributaries are of interest as a major ... more The chemical composition of the Amazon river and its main tributaries are of interest as a major source of dissolved and particulate substances to the Atlantic ocean.
This work is aimed at quantifying the main environmental factors controlling isotope fractionatio... more This work is aimed at quantifying the main environmental factors controlling isotope fractionation of Cu during its adsorption from aqueous solutions onto common organic (bacteria, algae) and inorganic (oxy(hydr)oxide) surfaces. Adsorption of Cu on aerobic rhizospheric (Pseudomonas aureofaciens CNMN PsB-03) and phototrophic aquatic (Rhodobacter sp. f-7bl, Gloeocapsa sp. f-6gl) bacteria, uptake of Cu by marine (Skeletonema costatum) and freshwater (Navicula minima, Achnanthidium minutissimum and Melosira varians) diatoms, and Cu adsorption onto goethite (FeOOH) and gibbsite (AlOOH) were studied using a batch reaction as a function of pH, copper concentration in solution and time of exposure. Stable isotopes of copper in selected filtrates were measured using Neptune multicollector ICP-MS. Irreversible incorporation of Cu in cultured diatom cells at pH 7.5-8.0 did not produce any isotopic shift between the cell and solution (D 65/63 Cu(solid-solution)) within ±0.2&. Accordingly, no systematic variation was observed during Cu adsorption on anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (Rhodobacter sp.), cyanobacteria (Gloeocapsa sp.) or soil aerobic exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing bacteria (P. aureofaciens) in circumneutral pH (4-6.5) and various exposure times (3 min to 48 h): D 65 Cu(solid-solution) = 0.0 ± 0.4&. In contrast, when Cu was adsorbed at pH 1.8-3.5 on the cell surface of soil the bacterium P. aureofacienshaving abundant or poor EPS depending on medium composition, yielded a significant enrichment of the cell surface in the light isotope (D 65 Cu (solid-solution) = À1.2 ± 0.5&). Inorganic reactions of Cu adsorption at pH 4-6 produced the opposite isotopic offset: enrichment of the oxy(hydr)oxide surface in the heavy isotope with D 65 Cu(solid-solution) equals 1.0 ± 0.25& and 0.78 ± 0.2& for gibbsite and goethite, respectively. The last result corroborates the recent works of Mathur et al. [Mathur R., Ruiz J., Titley S., Liermann L., Buss H. and Brantley S. (2005) Cu isotopic fractionation in the supergene environment with and without bacteria. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69, 5233-5246] and Balistrieri et al. [Balistrieri L. S., Borrok D. M., Wanty R. B. and Ridley W. I. (2008) Fractionation of Cu and Zn isotopes during adsorption onto amorhous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide: experimental mixing of acid rock drainage and ambient river water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72, 311-328] who reported heavy Cu isotope enrichment onto amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide and on metal hydroxide precipitates on the external membranes of Fe-oxidizing bacteria, respectively.
On-site size fractionation of about 40 major and trace elements (TE) was performed on waters from... more On-site size fractionation of about 40 major and trace elements (TE) was performed on waters from boreal small rivers and their estuaries in the Karelia region of North-West Russia around the "Vetreny Belt" mountain range and in Paanajärvi National Park (Northern Karelia). Samples were filtered in the field using a progressively decreasing pore size (5 lm, 2.5 (3) lm, 0.22 (0.45) lm, 100 kDa, 10 and 1 kDa) by means of frontal filtration and ultrafiltration (UF) techniques and employing in-situ dialysis with 10 and 1 kDa membranes followed by ICP-MS analysis. For most samples, dialysis yields a systematically higher (factor of 2-3) proportion of colloidal forms compared to UF. Nevertheless, dialysis is able to provide a fast and artefact-free in-situ separation of colloidal and dissolved components.
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Papers by Jérôme Viers