Elementary school completion rate is low in SSA nations at 69% contrasted with 91% in South Asia ... more Elementary school completion rate is low in SSA nations at 69% contrasted with 91% in South Asia and at least 94% in other regions (Baah-Boateng 2016, UN, 2015). Gross Enrolment ratio (GER) is 43% at the secondary level compared to South Asia with 66% and at least 80% in other regions. Access to tertiary education is of 8.6% contrasted with 21.9% in South Asia and 33.1%-64.4% in developed countries. This situation is because Sub-Saharan Africa has the most elevated out-of-school rates for all age groups (UNESCO, 2018). Education is the key for economic development. Changing such a situation starts at the bottom, by improving children enrollment rate in school. Outcomes policies that attack the root causes of poverty and inequality lead to transformative results for children (Hujo and Carter, 2019). Promoting the physical, social, emotional, and mental health of children by expanding equality of income, access to pre-school education, tolerable work, and health care are required to improve school enrolment. We analyze the out of school circumstance and its reasons, the current programs, and their effect. We present proficient models ready to improve out of school education level. Given this analysis, we propose an out of school education and training policy based on the experience and outcomes of educational and support programs for out of school children in SAA nations.
The reasons for a conflict can be compared with the strata that correspond to different geologic... more The reasons for a conflict can be compared with the strata that correspond to different geological periods. We can find an explanation for the
existence of each stratum, but we cannot change what we see. The only
way to change the situation is to create new conditions that would allow
for the formation of a new stratum.
A peace agreement could become a starting point for potential future
economic, cultural, and social cooperation. It took 12 years after the end
of the Second World War (1945–1957) for Europe to start the establishment of the common market, and 36 years (1993) to implement it under
the umbrella of the European Union.
Israel signed a peace agreement with Egypt and Jordan in the 1990s,
but nothing happened at the economic and the cultural level. This “cold
peace” seems to be waiting for a political Palestinian–Israeli peace agreement before it starts “warming up.” The existing economic and cultural
differences are liable to serve as seeds of future conflicts, despite the
peace agreement. We propose to try to narrow the economic gap by
improving economic conditions for cooperation and creating a common
economic interest.
DOI: 10.1057/9781137342126.00
The international funding organizations try to have a positive impact on the population of Sub-Sa... more The international funding organizations try to have a positive impact on the population of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by improving the economic situation in their countries. Each organization has a different approach. Herewith I analyse the approaches of the African Development Bank (AfDB) , the World Bank, the United States Agency for International Development ( USAID) , the European Union (EU) , New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and Japan International Cooperation Agency ( JICA) .
I focus my analysis on selected domains which could generate strong competitive advantage in the ... more I focus my analysis on selected domains which could generate strong competitive advantage in the long run and will contribute to a wealthier life for most of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. The selected specializations are electricity production based on local resources, minerals, cocoa, cotton, mango, shea nuts , moringa, mobile payment services and ambulatory medical services.
The evolution of international trade and foreign investment in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countrie... more The evolution of international trade and foreign investment in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries expresses the ability to generate value and create the conditions for attracting new partners with the relevant knowledge required to globalize the economy.
Originality/value: Each model of globalization is illustrated by SMEs that have successfully impl... more Originality/value: Each model of globalization is illustrated by SMEs that have successfully implemented it.
The objective of this research is to generate a process of economic development able to overcome ... more The objective of this research is to generate a process of economic development able to overcome conflicts between populations in the different states of South Sudan by creating common economic interests. Within the framework of the World Bank Capacity Building program, we had the opportunity to lead two parallel focus groups in South Sudan, one on economic strategy and the second on public policy and regional decentralization. In order to achieve the objective of our research, we used the Porter's Diamond and the clustering process at the national level and the open incubator model at the regional level. The participants identified three potential clusters which involve all the states and are able to create common economic interests between populations: forest related products, gum arabic and its applications, palm and sesame oil. The clustering process could start by open incubators. Other Open incubators specialized in vegetables, crops and cattle will supply the basic needs in the different states and strengthen the decentralization process generated by the three selected clusters. The open incubators solve the problem of current life and insure the subsistence of the population. The three clusters prepare the second phase of development, the industrialization process based on competitive advantages generated by more efficient use of local resources. We involved the different populations in solving conflicts by improving economic added value for subsistence and for a better future.
GDP in Africa is growing on average yearly by 5 to 6% (World Bank
2015a), but most of the populat... more GDP in Africa is growing on average yearly by 5 to 6% (World Bank 2015a), but most of the population remains at the subsistence level and below. Economic growth benefits few people in Africa. The main economic activity is still in the growing informal sector which employs most of the population under unsecured contracts without any social rights. Small businesses are not able to invest, grow and globalize. The middle class is small and so local consumption cannot contribute to economic growth. Cars have hundreds of kilometres in the counter. Taxis fill the tank only when the customers enter the cab and pay for the travel. No running water or electricity is available for most of the population. Peoples’ economy means economic development that is population oriented, sufficient accommodation for many, less informal and more formal economy able to pay fair salaries with social rights such as medical insurance and pension, and a larger middle class which will be able to contribute to the improvement of the economic situation. There is a growing interest in Sub-Saharan Africa countries not only from the United States, the European Union, Japan and Russia but also from developing countries such as China, India and Brazil. The common interests of those countries are oil, mining, natural resources such as wood, cocoa, cotton, coffee and arable land, and the growing local consumption. Industrialization is mainly based on unskilled manpower and local raw materials. Its impact on economic growth is very limited.
International Review of Management and Business Research
Multinational companies' (MNCs) activities in SSA countries could generate more value to the loca... more Multinational companies' (MNCs) activities in SSA countries could generate more value to the local economy if appropriate cooperation strategies are implemented for the benefit of both sides. We have analyzed the activities of MNCs in SSA countries, their capabilities and interests, and proposed strategies for the SSA side that could create more values for both sides. For each potential business opportunity, we have proposed a relevant cooperation strategy that could generate value for both sides. We found a wide range of projects that could improve the value generated for both sides in energy, agriculture, infrastructure, food processing, cosmetics, and health products. We can develop similar projects in many other SSA countries and use similar cooperation strategies. Those models could be adapted to other developing countries. MNCs with the relevant cooperation strategies, supported by local partners in SSA countries, could generate a broader value to share for the benefit of many.
Elementary school completion rate is low in SSA nations at 69% contrasted with 91% in South Asia ... more Elementary school completion rate is low in SSA nations at 69% contrasted with 91% in South Asia and at least 94% in other regions (Baah-Boateng 2016, UN, 2015). Gross Enrolment ratio (GER) is 43% at the secondary level compared to South Asia with 66% and at least 80% in other regions. Access to tertiary education is of 8.6% contrasted with 21.9% in South Asia and 33.1%-64.4% in developed countries. This situation is because Sub-Saharan Africa has the most elevated out-of-school rates for all age groups (UNESCO, 2018). Education is the key for economic development. Changing such a situation starts at the bottom, by improving children enrollment rate in school. Outcomes policies that attack the root causes of poverty and inequality lead to transformative results for children (Hujo and Carter, 2019). Promoting the physical, social, emotional, and mental health of children by expanding equality of income, access to pre-school education, tolerable work, and health care are required to improve school enrolment. We analyze the out of school circumstance and its reasons, the current programs, and their effect. We present proficient models ready to improve out of school education level. Given this analysis, we propose an out of school education and training policy based on the experience and outcomes of educational and support programs for out of school children in SAA nations.
The reasons for a conflict can be compared with the strata that correspond to different geologic... more The reasons for a conflict can be compared with the strata that correspond to different geological periods. We can find an explanation for the
existence of each stratum, but we cannot change what we see. The only
way to change the situation is to create new conditions that would allow
for the formation of a new stratum.
A peace agreement could become a starting point for potential future
economic, cultural, and social cooperation. It took 12 years after the end
of the Second World War (1945–1957) for Europe to start the establishment of the common market, and 36 years (1993) to implement it under
the umbrella of the European Union.
Israel signed a peace agreement with Egypt and Jordan in the 1990s,
but nothing happened at the economic and the cultural level. This “cold
peace” seems to be waiting for a political Palestinian–Israeli peace agreement before it starts “warming up.” The existing economic and cultural
differences are liable to serve as seeds of future conflicts, despite the
peace agreement. We propose to try to narrow the economic gap by
improving economic conditions for cooperation and creating a common
economic interest.
DOI: 10.1057/9781137342126.00
The international funding organizations try to have a positive impact on the population of Sub-Sa... more The international funding organizations try to have a positive impact on the population of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by improving the economic situation in their countries. Each organization has a different approach. Herewith I analyse the approaches of the African Development Bank (AfDB) , the World Bank, the United States Agency for International Development ( USAID) , the European Union (EU) , New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and Japan International Cooperation Agency ( JICA) .
I focus my analysis on selected domains which could generate strong competitive advantage in the ... more I focus my analysis on selected domains which could generate strong competitive advantage in the long run and will contribute to a wealthier life for most of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. The selected specializations are electricity production based on local resources, minerals, cocoa, cotton, mango, shea nuts , moringa, mobile payment services and ambulatory medical services.
The evolution of international trade and foreign investment in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countrie... more The evolution of international trade and foreign investment in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries expresses the ability to generate value and create the conditions for attracting new partners with the relevant knowledge required to globalize the economy.
Originality/value: Each model of globalization is illustrated by SMEs that have successfully impl... more Originality/value: Each model of globalization is illustrated by SMEs that have successfully implemented it.
The objective of this research is to generate a process of economic development able to overcome ... more The objective of this research is to generate a process of economic development able to overcome conflicts between populations in the different states of South Sudan by creating common economic interests. Within the framework of the World Bank Capacity Building program, we had the opportunity to lead two parallel focus groups in South Sudan, one on economic strategy and the second on public policy and regional decentralization. In order to achieve the objective of our research, we used the Porter's Diamond and the clustering process at the national level and the open incubator model at the regional level. The participants identified three potential clusters which involve all the states and are able to create common economic interests between populations: forest related products, gum arabic and its applications, palm and sesame oil. The clustering process could start by open incubators. Other Open incubators specialized in vegetables, crops and cattle will supply the basic needs in the different states and strengthen the decentralization process generated by the three selected clusters. The open incubators solve the problem of current life and insure the subsistence of the population. The three clusters prepare the second phase of development, the industrialization process based on competitive advantages generated by more efficient use of local resources. We involved the different populations in solving conflicts by improving economic added value for subsistence and for a better future.
GDP in Africa is growing on average yearly by 5 to 6% (World Bank
2015a), but most of the populat... more GDP in Africa is growing on average yearly by 5 to 6% (World Bank 2015a), but most of the population remains at the subsistence level and below. Economic growth benefits few people in Africa. The main economic activity is still in the growing informal sector which employs most of the population under unsecured contracts without any social rights. Small businesses are not able to invest, grow and globalize. The middle class is small and so local consumption cannot contribute to economic growth. Cars have hundreds of kilometres in the counter. Taxis fill the tank only when the customers enter the cab and pay for the travel. No running water or electricity is available for most of the population. Peoples’ economy means economic development that is population oriented, sufficient accommodation for many, less informal and more formal economy able to pay fair salaries with social rights such as medical insurance and pension, and a larger middle class which will be able to contribute to the improvement of the economic situation. There is a growing interest in Sub-Saharan Africa countries not only from the United States, the European Union, Japan and Russia but also from developing countries such as China, India and Brazil. The common interests of those countries are oil, mining, natural resources such as wood, cocoa, cotton, coffee and arable land, and the growing local consumption. Industrialization is mainly based on unskilled manpower and local raw materials. Its impact on economic growth is very limited.
International Review of Management and Business Research
Multinational companies' (MNCs) activities in SSA countries could generate more value to the loca... more Multinational companies' (MNCs) activities in SSA countries could generate more value to the local economy if appropriate cooperation strategies are implemented for the benefit of both sides. We have analyzed the activities of MNCs in SSA countries, their capabilities and interests, and proposed strategies for the SSA side that could create more values for both sides. For each potential business opportunity, we have proposed a relevant cooperation strategy that could generate value for both sides. We found a wide range of projects that could improve the value generated for both sides in energy, agriculture, infrastructure, food processing, cosmetics, and health products. We can develop similar projects in many other SSA countries and use similar cooperation strategies. Those models could be adapted to other developing countries. MNCs with the relevant cooperation strategies, supported by local partners in SSA countries, could generate a broader value to share for the benefit of many.
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Papers by Ilan Bijaoui
existence of each stratum, but we cannot change what we see. The only
way to change the situation is to create new conditions that would allow
for the formation of a new stratum.
A peace agreement could become a starting point for potential future
economic, cultural, and social cooperation. It took 12 years after the end
of the Second World War (1945–1957) for Europe to start the establishment of the common market, and 36 years (1993) to implement it under
the umbrella of the European Union.
Israel signed a peace agreement with Egypt and Jordan in the 1990s,
but nothing happened at the economic and the cultural level. This “cold
peace” seems to be waiting for a political Palestinian–Israeli peace agreement before it starts “warming up.” The existing economic and cultural
differences are liable to serve as seeds of future conflicts, despite the
peace agreement. We propose to try to narrow the economic gap by
improving economic conditions for cooperation and creating a common
economic interest.
DOI: 10.1057/9781137342126.00
2015a), but most of the population remains at the subsistence level and
below. Economic growth benefits few people in Africa.
The main economic activity is still in the growing informal sector which
employs most of the population under unsecured contracts without any
social rights. Small businesses are not able to invest, grow and globalize.
The middle class is small and so local consumption cannot contribute to
economic growth. Cars have hundreds of kilometres in the counter. Taxis
fill the tank only when the customers enter the cab and pay for the travel.
No running water or electricity is available for most of the population.
Peoples’ economy means economic development that is population oriented,
sufficient accommodation for many, less informal and more formal
economy able to pay fair salaries with social rights such as medical insurance
and pension, and a larger middle class which will be able to contribute
to the improvement of the economic situation.
There is a growing interest in Sub-Saharan Africa countries not only
from the United States, the European Union, Japan and Russia but also
from developing countries such as China, India and Brazil. The common
interests of those countries are oil, mining, natural resources such as wood,
cocoa, cotton, coffee and arable land, and the growing local consumption.
Industrialization is mainly based on unskilled manpower and local raw
materials. Its impact on economic growth is very limited.
existence of each stratum, but we cannot change what we see. The only
way to change the situation is to create new conditions that would allow
for the formation of a new stratum.
A peace agreement could become a starting point for potential future
economic, cultural, and social cooperation. It took 12 years after the end
of the Second World War (1945–1957) for Europe to start the establishment of the common market, and 36 years (1993) to implement it under
the umbrella of the European Union.
Israel signed a peace agreement with Egypt and Jordan in the 1990s,
but nothing happened at the economic and the cultural level. This “cold
peace” seems to be waiting for a political Palestinian–Israeli peace agreement before it starts “warming up.” The existing economic and cultural
differences are liable to serve as seeds of future conflicts, despite the
peace agreement. We propose to try to narrow the economic gap by
improving economic conditions for cooperation and creating a common
economic interest.
DOI: 10.1057/9781137342126.00
2015a), but most of the population remains at the subsistence level and
below. Economic growth benefits few people in Africa.
The main economic activity is still in the growing informal sector which
employs most of the population under unsecured contracts without any
social rights. Small businesses are not able to invest, grow and globalize.
The middle class is small and so local consumption cannot contribute to
economic growth. Cars have hundreds of kilometres in the counter. Taxis
fill the tank only when the customers enter the cab and pay for the travel.
No running water or electricity is available for most of the population.
Peoples’ economy means economic development that is population oriented,
sufficient accommodation for many, less informal and more formal
economy able to pay fair salaries with social rights such as medical insurance
and pension, and a larger middle class which will be able to contribute
to the improvement of the economic situation.
There is a growing interest in Sub-Saharan Africa countries not only
from the United States, the European Union, Japan and Russia but also
from developing countries such as China, India and Brazil. The common
interests of those countries are oil, mining, natural resources such as wood,
cocoa, cotton, coffee and arable land, and the growing local consumption.
Industrialization is mainly based on unskilled manpower and local raw
materials. Its impact on economic growth is very limited.