Papers by Idoia San Martin
Analysis and modelling of calendar ageing in second-life lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles
2022 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2022 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe), Jun 28, 2022
Fast capacity and internal resistance estimation method for second-life batteries from electric vehicles
Applied Energy, 2023
Health indicator selection for state of health estimation of second-life lithium-ion batteries under extended ageing
Journal of energy storage, Nov 1, 2022
Journal of energy storage, Dec 1, 2020
The reutilization of batteries from electric vehicles allows to benefit from their remaining ener... more The reutilization of batteries from electric vehicles allows to benefit from their remaining energy capacity and to increase their lifespan. The applications considered for the second life of these batteries are less demanding than electric vehicles regarding power and energy density. However, there is still some uncertainty regarding the technical and economic viability of these systems. In this context, the study of the ageing and lifetime of reused batteries is key to contribute to their development. This paper assesses the experimental cycle ageing of lithium-ion modules from different Nissan Leaf through accelerated cycling tests on their second life. The evolution of the internal parameters during ageing and the correlation between them are shown, including the analysis of best fitting curves. In addition, a second-life end-of-life criterion is proposed, based on capacity and internal resistance measurements during cells ageing, which can be applied to real application in order to prevent safety issues. By estimating future values from degradation trends and checking latter measurements, the ageing knee is identified. Results show that the modules operate for at least 2033 equivalent full cycles before reaching their ageing knee. This would mean more than 5 years of operation in a real second-life application, such as a photovoltaic selfconsumption installation with daily cycling. Moreover, it is shown that a traditional cell characterisation based on capacity and internal resistance measurements is not enough to predict the durability of a cell during its second life.
Enhancing Engineering Competencies Curricula in the Context of University-Industry Chairs
Women, Science and Technology Chair - Promoting women's careers in STEM fields
Energy, Jun 1, 2018
This paper proposes a methodology for sizing stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic-wind power generatio... more This paper proposes a methodology for sizing stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic-wind power generation systems. This methodology makes it possible to optimise the overall performance of the stand-alone system components, based on the premise of guaranteeing the power supply throughout the useful life of the installation at a minimum cost. The sizing is performed in two stages. Firstly, the components of the wind and photovoltaic power generation subsystem are obtained and, secondly, the size of the storage subsystem is determined. For the storage subsystem sizing, account is taken of the variation in efficiency according to the operating point and also the deterioration of the subsystem due to aging and, therefore, the loss of available energy during the useful life of the installation. This methodology is applied to a stand-alone traffic control system located on a secondary road in the Autonomous Community of Valencia (Spain). This system comprises wind and photovoltaic power generation components, a lithium battery bank and various traffic management components. Finally, an analysis of the proposed sizing is made. Satisfactory results are obtained, showing how the proposed methodology makes it possible to optimise the sizing of stand-alone systems with regard to the size of its components, cost and operation.
Lithium-ion batteries as distributed energy storage systems for microgrids
Elsevier eBooks, 2019
Abstract Due to the energy management requirements of a microgrid (MG), energy storage systems (E... more Abstract Due to the energy management requirements of a microgrid (MG), energy storage systems (ESSs) are key components that deserve a careful analysis. Among the available ESSs, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries offer outstanding features for their installation in an MG. Independent of the MG size, a Li-ion battery can be used as an ESS, given their extended size range. Moreover, their decreasing price, and improving performance and lifetime increase the applicability of this kind of battery. This chapter presents a comprehensive analysis of Li-ion batteries. Firstly, the introduction summarizes the convenience of Li-ion batteries as ESSs for MGs. After this, an analysis of the historical evolution of lithium batteries is presented in order to view the current state of the technology. Then, the properties of lithium as the charge carrier in the batteries are analyzed in the following section. Given that the cell is the key component that determines the battery performance, a whole section is dedicated to providing details about the Li-ion battery cell. Subsequently, other components required for the assembly of different battery systems are covered. Then, the electrochemical processes that govern Li-ion batteries, set their operating limits, and establish their safe working conditions are described. Taking into account that thermal management is a main issue for battery operation in MGs, we cover in the following section the most relevant aspects, highlighting the importance of suitable temperature control. The subsequent section of the chapter presents the aging mechanisms of Li-ion batteries as a consequence of the previously described electrochemical and thermal processes. This section provides insight into good practices that enlarge the lifetime of the battery. Finally, the conclusion presents perspectives for the future development of Li-ion batteries and other types of batteries that may be created in a postlithium era.
Analysis and modelling of calendar ageing in second-life lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles
2022 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2022 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)
Health indicator selection for state of health estimation of second-life lithium-ion batteries under extended ageing
Journal of Energy Storage
This paper reports on the modelling of a commercial 1.2 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PE... more This paper reports on the modelling of a commercial 1.2 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), based on interrelated electrical and thermal models. The electrical model proposed is based on the integration of the thermodynamic and electrochemical phenomena taking place in the FC whilst the thermal model is established from the FC thermal energy balance. The combination of both models makes it possible to predict the FC voltage, based on the current demanded and the ambient temperature. Furthermore, an experimental characterization is conducted and the parameters for the models associated with the FC electrical and thermal performance are obtained. The models are implemented in Matlab Simulink and validated in a number of operating environments, for steady-state and dynamic modes alike. In turn, the FC models are validated in an actual microgrid operating environment, through the series connection of 4 PEMFC. The simulations of the models precisely and accurately reproduce the FC electrical and thermal performance.
2019 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2019 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe), 2019
Nowadays, electric vehicle batteries reutilization is considered such as a feasible alternative t... more Nowadays, electric vehicle batteries reutilization is considered such as a feasible alternative to recycling, as it allows to benefit from their remaining energy and to enlarge their lifetime. Stationary applications as self-consumption or isolated systems support are examples of possible second life uses for these batteries. However, the modules that compose these batteries have very heterogeneous properties, and therefore condition their performance. This paper aims to characterize and analyze the existing capacity dispersion of Nissan Leaf modules that have reached the end of their lifetime on their original application and of new modules of this Electric Vehicle, in order to establish a comparison between them.
Renewable Energy, 2013
The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) with diode bridge is frequently used in small W... more The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) with diode bridge is frequently used in small Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). This configuration is robust and cheap, and therefore suitable for small WECS. In order to achieve Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) with no mechanical sensors, it is possible to impose the relationship between the DC voltage and the DC current on the optimum operating points. However, this relationship is difficult to calculate theoretically since the whole system is involved. In fact, as there is no model of the whole system in the literature, the optimum curve I L * (Vdc) is obtained with experimental tests or simulations. This paper develops an accurate model of the whole WECS, thereby making it possible to relate the electrical variables to the mechanical ones. With this model, it is possible to calculate the optimum curve IL * (Vdc) from commonly-known system parameters and to control the system from the DC side. Experimental results validate the theoretical analysis and show that maximum power is extracted for actual wind speed profiles.
State of health estimation of second-life lithium-ion batteries under real profile operation
Applied Energy, Nov 1, 2022
Integration of second-life batteries in residential microgrids and fast charging stations
2022 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2022 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)
Initiative to Increment the number of Women in STEM Degrees: Women, Science and Technology Chair of the Public University of Navarre
2020 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 2020
The Public University of Navarre joined with Navarre Government has created the Women, Science an... more The Public University of Navarre joined with Navarre Government has created the Women, Science and Technology Chair. This chair arises due to the plummeting tendency of the percentage of women in STEM degrees with the aim of reversing this trend. The programme of activities is defined throughout this contribution by six activities: a Theatre Play, a Poster Award on Final Degree/Masters Project, The 1st Week of Women, Science and Technology, the Promotion of Technical Degrees in schools and high-schools, a Workshop about Gender Stereotypes and the Fostering of Women among Science and Environment. Each activity gained great success and the preset goals were highly accomplished, especially, the 1st Week of Women, Science and Technology activity. The latter achieved a great success both in participation and in repercussion, contributing to visualize the role of women in science and technology.
“Yo quiero ser científica” a creative way to inspire girls in science
2020 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 2020
The number of women in scientific and technological careers is quite small compared to the number... more The number of women in scientific and technological careers is quite small compared to the number of men in the same careers. To equalize these numbers, the Public University of Navarra started a new initiative in 2017. The goal of this project is to make more-women in STEM visible, in order to serve as example for the young girls. It is brought to life by means of a theatre play called “Yo quiero ser científica” (translated as “I want to be a female scientist”). This play is divided into two parts: in the first one 9 teachers perform the role of 9 historical female scientists, by means of 9 monologues; in the second part, the same 9 teachers tell their experience as contemporary scientists. The feedback obtained through surveys, a contest and a final debate with the attendees show that this kind on initiatives are really necessary.
Experimental Assessment of First- and Second-Life Electric Vehicle Batteries: Performance, Capacity Dispersion, and Aging
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
Nowadays, the reuse of electric vehicle batteries is considered to be a feasible alternative to r... more Nowadays, the reuse of electric vehicle batteries is considered to be a feasible alternative to recycling, as it allows them to benefit from their remaining energy capacity and to enlarge their lifetime. Stationary applications, such as self-consumption or off-grid systems support, are examples of second-life (SL) uses for retired batteries. However, reused modules that compose these batteries have heterogeneous properties, which limit their performance. This article aims to assess the influence of degradation in modules from electric vehicles, covering three main aspects: performance, capacity dispersion, and extended SL behavior. First, a complete characterization of new and reused modules is carried out, considering three temperatures and three discharge rates. In the second stage, intra- and intermodule capacity dispersions are evaluated with new and reused samples. Finally, the behavior during SL is also analyzed, through an accelerated cycling test so that the evolution of capacity and dispersion are assessed. Experimental results show that the performance of reused modules is especially undermined at low temperatures and high current rates, as well as in advanced stages of aging. The intramodule dispersion is found to be similar in reused and new samples, while the intermodule differences are nearly four times greater in SL.
On the requirements of the power converter for second-life lithium-ion batteries
2019 21st European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE '19 ECCE Europe)
The use of lithium-ion batteries is increasing year after year, especially in the automotive sect... more The use of lithium-ion batteries is increasing year after year, especially in the automotive sector. Given the high requirements of electric vehicles, their energy storage systems are discarded when they still have around 70% of its initial capacity. These discarded batteries are being studied as a low-price option for stationary systems, mostly related to renewable energy generation, with lower battery requirements. However, the increasing dispersion of cell capacity detailed in this contribution limits the use of second-life cells if regular battery management systems and power converters. We present in this contribution an experimental comparison of the capacity dispersion between fresh and second-life cells, and detail the relationship between the capacity dispersion and the required BMS functionality. Furthermore, we include the ageing phenomena in the analysis by means of experimental ageing results, given that the capacity dispersion is enlarged as the battery ages. After this, we use this data to quantify advantages and disadvantages of a combined BMS and power converter, based on a multilevel topology, compared to a conventional BMS. The most relevant result, when a 55-cell battery is analysed, is a 65% increase in capacity during its whole second life if the BMS and power converter are combined by means of a multilevel topology. The increased level of complexity required by the combined BMS-power converter architecture is analysed in this contribution, providing a convenient tool for the selection of the most suitable option for each application.
Incremental capacity analysis of lithium-ion second-life batteries from electric vehicles under cycling ageing
2021 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2021 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)
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Papers by Idoia San Martin