Since its inception, controversy has surrounded the development of the Liquid Metal Fast Breeder ... more Since its inception, controversy has surrounded the development of the Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) program. Why? The LMFBR presents significantly higher risks than the current generation of conventional Light Water Reactors (LWR), due mainly to the safeguards problems associated with the breeder's plutonium fuel cycle. Plutonium creates hazards to human welfare for several reasons. It is an extremely toxic substance. Furthermore, it is relatively easy to construct a nuclear bomb out of an quantity of plutonium the size of a softball and small amounts of plutonium can be used directly as radiation dispersal weapons. These potential dangers are accentuated by the breeder fuel cycle, which requires large amounts of cross-country transportation of nuclear materials. Shipments in transit are especially vulnerable to theft and sabotaged induced disasters. Nuclear black markets for terrorists and hostile governments may develop.
This paper begins by providing historical background on changing views toward regional developmen... more This paper begins by providing historical background on changing views toward regional development as distinct from national economic growth and the importance of small- and micro-enterprises in achieving this objective. It then summarizes the main research findings on the characteristics of firms of this scale and the experience with development projects in this area. Finally, it offers guidelines for designing
This paper reviews the monitoring and evaluation systems of four nongovernment organizations (NGO... more This paper reviews the monitoring and evaluation systems of four nongovernment organizations (NGOs) providing business development services to microenterprises in developing countries. It compares their approaches to data collection and analysis, uses, and types of impact indicators. While the diversity of microenterprise programs makes it difficult to specify a standard set of indicators, the paper provides examples of the questions that can be addressed and suggests ways in which such systems could be improved.
Nigeria has a total land area of 92.4 million ha and about 16% of this Nigeria greatly exceeds th... more Nigeria has a total land area of 92.4 million ha and about 16% of this Nigeria greatly exceeds the sustainable supply in the region and the deficit is area has a forest cover. There are 3.1 million ha of productive forest, 5.3 partly made up by relatively low-cost, million ha of unproductive forest land, 9.6 million ha of forest reserves, lona-distance transport of wood from 0.03 million ha of forest fallows, 5.4 million ha of shrubland, 0.94 the-southern part of the country. Natural woodlands provide most of the off-million ha of arable land and permanent crops, 0.21 million ha of tree take of wood in the northern region; plantations, 7.5 million ha of savanna and 1.02 million ha of waterrelatively little comes from plantations, covered or built areas. ' village woodlots and shelterbelts. This article describes current forestry, agri-Approximately two-thirds of the forest reserves are in the savanna culture and land use policies and prog-and most are only sparsely covered with trees and subject to encroachrammes of the federal government and ment from agriculture and grazing. Recent Food and Agriculture the seven northern states that affect fuelwood supply in the region. Policy Organization (FAO) estimates indicate that 280 000 ha of unreserved recommendations are made for closed forest are being deforested each year.* Approximately 12.5 changes in funding support for forestry; pricing of wood from reserve million ha of land in the arid zone are affected by desertification.3 forests; administrative responsibilities About 26 000 ha of natural forest are cleared annually and replanted of state and local governments; and with fast-growing, mostly exotic, species.' Over the past decade, the management of natural woodlands, forestry sector in Nigeria has accounted for only 2% of GDP. Forestry plantation programmes and farm forestry. The findings are compared to other employs between 1.5 and 2 million people, most of whom are involved studies elsewhere, and related research part time in the fuelwood and polewood trade. needs in Northern Nigeria are specified.
This article begins by summarizing the importance of the forestry sector in the Philippine econom... more This article begins by summarizing the importance of the forestry sector in the Philippine economy It provides an overview of the multiplicity of Philippine governmental institutions involved in forestry in 1982 Then it discusses forestry laws in the country and
Abstract A survey of fuelwood sellers and commercial charcoal makers was conducted in the wood-sc... more Abstract A survey of fuelwood sellers and commercial charcoal makers was conducted in the wood-scarce province of Ilocos Norte in the Philippines as part of a study of rural energy consumption and policies. The woodfuels market is small-scale and dispersed; many of its ...
Page 1. PROFILE Fuel Substitution and Efficient Woodstoves: Are They the Answers to the Fuelwood ... more Page 1. PROFILE Fuel Substitution and Efficient Woodstoves: Are They the Answers to the Fuelwood Supply Problem in Northern Nigeria? ERIC L. I-IYMAN Program Economist Appropriate Technology International 1331 H St., NW Suite 1200 Washington, DC 20005, USA ...
This paper presents the results of a survey on woodfuel consumption conducted In the Province of ... more This paper presents the results of a survey on woodfuel consumption conducted In the Province of Ilocos None, the Philippines. The survey examined household consumption of wood and other fuels such as coconut shells and husks, rice hulls and stems, bagasse, bamboo, animal dung, charcoal, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas and electricity. The author describes the various pressures on the woodfuel supply in the province and patterns of consumption, collection and ways in which consumers are trying to compensate for their relatively high levels of fuelwood consumption by resfforestation and turning to other fuels. The author concludes with a number of policy options. These Include an extensire tree planting programme, the introductlon of more fuel-efficient woodstoves and the increased substitution of other fuels such as bamboo or kerosene.
The politics of foreign aid favor increased attention to environmentally sustainable, market-base... more The politics of foreign aid favor increased attention to environmentally sustainable, market-based approaches to poverty reduction through small-and micro-enterprise development. A small-scale producers strategy can help ensure food security, maintain incomes and employment during economic structural adjustments, and promote better management of natural resources. Common problems facing small enterprises include limited access to financing and the technology gap. Some institutional implications of this strategy for the structure of development assistance programs are assessed.
... Although the demand for the output certainly exists in the region, the transactions costs to ... more ... Although the demand for the output certainly exists in the region, the transactions costs to thesellers might be high since fuelwood often is sold by producers in bundles along major roadsides (Hyman, 1983 (a)). Alternatively, there is a danger of middlemen expropriating a large ...
Charcoal for cooking is a major expenditure for urban households in Kenya and improved stoves can... more Charcoal for cooking is a major expenditure for urban households in Kenya and improved stoves can reduce fuel costs by at least 25%. The author relates how, although an improved stove is more expensive than a traditional stove, the payback period is short and an improved stove also lasts longer. The benefits to society of a programme to encourage small-scale, informal sector production of charcoal stoves are seen to be large, even after accounting for the administrative costs. Such a programme may also provide limited employment and income gains for producers. The environmental impacts may be significant because of the energy loss in converting wood to charcoal and the fact that charcoal is usually made from felling whole trees.
... There is a high demand by participants for grafts of improved mango varieties. ... Red or bla... more ... There is a high demand by participants for grafts of improved mango varieties. ... Red or black upland rice varieties are not subject to the national government's price ceiling for whiterice of P2.85 per kg, which is set below the likely market price. ...
Since its inception, controversy has surrounded the development of the Liquid Metal Fast Breeder ... more Since its inception, controversy has surrounded the development of the Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) program. Why? The LMFBR presents significantly higher risks than the current generation of conventional Light Water Reactors (LWR), due mainly to the safeguards problems associated with the breeder's plutonium fuel cycle. Plutonium creates hazards to human welfare for several reasons. It is an extremely toxic substance. Furthermore, it is relatively easy to construct a nuclear bomb out of an quantity of plutonium the size of a softball and small amounts of plutonium can be used directly as radiation dispersal weapons. These potential dangers are accentuated by the breeder fuel cycle, which requires large amounts of cross-country transportation of nuclear materials. Shipments in transit are especially vulnerable to theft and sabotaged induced disasters. Nuclear black markets for terrorists and hostile governments may develop.
This paper begins by providing historical background on changing views toward regional developmen... more This paper begins by providing historical background on changing views toward regional development as distinct from national economic growth and the importance of small- and micro-enterprises in achieving this objective. It then summarizes the main research findings on the characteristics of firms of this scale and the experience with development projects in this area. Finally, it offers guidelines for designing
This paper reviews the monitoring and evaluation systems of four nongovernment organizations (NGO... more This paper reviews the monitoring and evaluation systems of four nongovernment organizations (NGOs) providing business development services to microenterprises in developing countries. It compares their approaches to data collection and analysis, uses, and types of impact indicators. While the diversity of microenterprise programs makes it difficult to specify a standard set of indicators, the paper provides examples of the questions that can be addressed and suggests ways in which such systems could be improved.
Nigeria has a total land area of 92.4 million ha and about 16% of this Nigeria greatly exceeds th... more Nigeria has a total land area of 92.4 million ha and about 16% of this Nigeria greatly exceeds the sustainable supply in the region and the deficit is area has a forest cover. There are 3.1 million ha of productive forest, 5.3 partly made up by relatively low-cost, million ha of unproductive forest land, 9.6 million ha of forest reserves, lona-distance transport of wood from 0.03 million ha of forest fallows, 5.4 million ha of shrubland, 0.94 the-southern part of the country. Natural woodlands provide most of the off-million ha of arable land and permanent crops, 0.21 million ha of tree take of wood in the northern region; plantations, 7.5 million ha of savanna and 1.02 million ha of waterrelatively little comes from plantations, covered or built areas. ' village woodlots and shelterbelts. This article describes current forestry, agri-Approximately two-thirds of the forest reserves are in the savanna culture and land use policies and prog-and most are only sparsely covered with trees and subject to encroachrammes of the federal government and ment from agriculture and grazing. Recent Food and Agriculture the seven northern states that affect fuelwood supply in the region. Policy Organization (FAO) estimates indicate that 280 000 ha of unreserved recommendations are made for closed forest are being deforested each year.* Approximately 12.5 changes in funding support for forestry; pricing of wood from reserve million ha of land in the arid zone are affected by desertification.3 forests; administrative responsibilities About 26 000 ha of natural forest are cleared annually and replanted of state and local governments; and with fast-growing, mostly exotic, species.' Over the past decade, the management of natural woodlands, forestry sector in Nigeria has accounted for only 2% of GDP. Forestry plantation programmes and farm forestry. The findings are compared to other employs between 1.5 and 2 million people, most of whom are involved studies elsewhere, and related research part time in the fuelwood and polewood trade. needs in Northern Nigeria are specified.
This article begins by summarizing the importance of the forestry sector in the Philippine econom... more This article begins by summarizing the importance of the forestry sector in the Philippine economy It provides an overview of the multiplicity of Philippine governmental institutions involved in forestry in 1982 Then it discusses forestry laws in the country and
Abstract A survey of fuelwood sellers and commercial charcoal makers was conducted in the wood-sc... more Abstract A survey of fuelwood sellers and commercial charcoal makers was conducted in the wood-scarce province of Ilocos Norte in the Philippines as part of a study of rural energy consumption and policies. The woodfuels market is small-scale and dispersed; many of its ...
Page 1. PROFILE Fuel Substitution and Efficient Woodstoves: Are They the Answers to the Fuelwood ... more Page 1. PROFILE Fuel Substitution and Efficient Woodstoves: Are They the Answers to the Fuelwood Supply Problem in Northern Nigeria? ERIC L. I-IYMAN Program Economist Appropriate Technology International 1331 H St., NW Suite 1200 Washington, DC 20005, USA ...
This paper presents the results of a survey on woodfuel consumption conducted In the Province of ... more This paper presents the results of a survey on woodfuel consumption conducted In the Province of Ilocos None, the Philippines. The survey examined household consumption of wood and other fuels such as coconut shells and husks, rice hulls and stems, bagasse, bamboo, animal dung, charcoal, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas and electricity. The author describes the various pressures on the woodfuel supply in the province and patterns of consumption, collection and ways in which consumers are trying to compensate for their relatively high levels of fuelwood consumption by resfforestation and turning to other fuels. The author concludes with a number of policy options. These Include an extensire tree planting programme, the introductlon of more fuel-efficient woodstoves and the increased substitution of other fuels such as bamboo or kerosene.
The politics of foreign aid favor increased attention to environmentally sustainable, market-base... more The politics of foreign aid favor increased attention to environmentally sustainable, market-based approaches to poverty reduction through small-and micro-enterprise development. A small-scale producers strategy can help ensure food security, maintain incomes and employment during economic structural adjustments, and promote better management of natural resources. Common problems facing small enterprises include limited access to financing and the technology gap. Some institutional implications of this strategy for the structure of development assistance programs are assessed.
... Although the demand for the output certainly exists in the region, the transactions costs to ... more ... Although the demand for the output certainly exists in the region, the transactions costs to thesellers might be high since fuelwood often is sold by producers in bundles along major roadsides (Hyman, 1983 (a)). Alternatively, there is a danger of middlemen expropriating a large ...
Charcoal for cooking is a major expenditure for urban households in Kenya and improved stoves can... more Charcoal for cooking is a major expenditure for urban households in Kenya and improved stoves can reduce fuel costs by at least 25%. The author relates how, although an improved stove is more expensive than a traditional stove, the payback period is short and an improved stove also lasts longer. The benefits to society of a programme to encourage small-scale, informal sector production of charcoal stoves are seen to be large, even after accounting for the administrative costs. Such a programme may also provide limited employment and income gains for producers. The environmental impacts may be significant because of the energy loss in converting wood to charcoal and the fact that charcoal is usually made from felling whole trees.
... There is a high demand by participants for grafts of improved mango varieties. ... Red or bla... more ... There is a high demand by participants for grafts of improved mango varieties. ... Red or black upland rice varieties are not subject to the national government's price ceiling for whiterice of P2.85 per kg, which is set below the likely market price. ...
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