Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved significant improvements in different vis... more Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved significant improvements in different vision tasks, including classification, detection and segmentation. However, the increasing model size and computation makes it difficult to implement DNNs on embedded systems with limited hardware resources. Many approaches proposed to build a lightweight network and have achieved comparable performance, such as MobileNets, ShuffleNet, and ESPNet. This paper proposes a lightweight and efficient network based on depthwise dilated separable convolution and MobileNetv2 architecture. Depthwise dilated convolution in depthwise dilated separable convolution module effectively enlarge the field of view of filters to incorporate larger context without increasing the number of parameters or the amount of computation. Furthermore, instead of using a convolution with 3×3 kernel size for each depthwise separable convolution block in MobileNetv2, this paper uses dilated convolutions with different dila...
Chronic treatment of neurons with either ethanol or competitive and noncompetitive antagonists of... more Chronic treatment of neurons with either ethanol or competitive and noncompetitive antagonists of NMDA receptors leads to enhanced expression of NMDA receptor density and function in neurons. The signal transduction pathways for such receptor up-regulation are not known. The focus of the present study was on the role of Ca2+ entry into neurons, either through receptor or voltage-gated channels, in the expression of the NMDA receptor subunit NR1 and the 71-kDa glutamate-binding protein (GBP) of a glutarnate/NMDA receptor-like complex. Chronic inhibition of NMDA receptors in cortical neurons in primary cultures by either 100 mM ethanol or 100 pM2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (2-AP5) increased the expression of NR1 and GBP. The effect of 2-AP5 on the expression of the two proteins was not additive with that of ethanol when neuronal cultures were treated with both agents at the same time. However, the effects of ethanol on NR1 and GBP expression were blocked by the simultaneous treatment with NMDA (50 pM). Activation or inhibition of other glutamate ionotropic receptors had no effect on the expression of NR1 and GBP. The inhibition of Lor N-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels and voltage-gated Na' channels also had little effect on the expression of either protein; neither did exposure of neurons to elevated extracellular Ca2+ concentrations (3 or 5 mM). On the other hand, treatment of neurons for 48 h with the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM as well as partial chelation of extracellular Ca2+ with EGTA caused an up-regulation in NR1 and GBP expression. The enhanced expression of NR1 in neurons treated for 48 h with either ethanol or EGTA was correlated with increases in the activity of NMDA receptors demonstrated as a doubling of the NMDA-stimulated rise in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration. The effects of chronic administration of EGTA on both NRl expression as well as NMDA receptor function were probably related to an acute inhibition by EGTA of NMDA-induced Ca2+ influx into neurons. It appears that the expression of both the NR1 subunit of NMDA receptors and the GBP of a receptor-like complex is regulated by intracellular Ca2+, especially that entering through NMDA receptor ion channels.
Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved significant improvements in different vis... more Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved significant improvements in different vision tasks, including classification, detection and segmentation. However, the increasing model size and computation makes it difficult to implement DNNs on embedded systems with limited hardware resources. Many approaches proposed to build a lightweight network and have achieved comparable performance, such as MobileNets, ShuffleNet, and ESPNet. This paper proposes a lightweight and efficient network based on depthwise dilated separable convolution and MobileNetv2 architecture. Depthwise dilated convolution in depthwise dilated separable convolution module effectively enlarge the field of view of filters to incorporate larger context without increasing the number of parameters or the amount of computation. Furthermore, instead of using a convolution with 3×3 kernel size for each depthwise separable convolution block in MobileNetv2, this paper uses dilated convolutions with different dila...
Chronic treatment of neurons with either ethanol or competitive and noncompetitive antagonists of... more Chronic treatment of neurons with either ethanol or competitive and noncompetitive antagonists of NMDA receptors leads to enhanced expression of NMDA receptor density and function in neurons. The signal transduction pathways for such receptor up-regulation are not known. The focus of the present study was on the role of Ca2+ entry into neurons, either through receptor or voltage-gated channels, in the expression of the NMDA receptor subunit NR1 and the 71-kDa glutamate-binding protein (GBP) of a glutarnate/NMDA receptor-like complex. Chronic inhibition of NMDA receptors in cortical neurons in primary cultures by either 100 mM ethanol or 100 pM2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (2-AP5) increased the expression of NR1 and GBP. The effect of 2-AP5 on the expression of the two proteins was not additive with that of ethanol when neuronal cultures were treated with both agents at the same time. However, the effects of ethanol on NR1 and GBP expression were blocked by the simultaneous treatment with NMDA (50 pM). Activation or inhibition of other glutamate ionotropic receptors had no effect on the expression of NR1 and GBP. The inhibition of Lor N-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels and voltage-gated Na' channels also had little effect on the expression of either protein; neither did exposure of neurons to elevated extracellular Ca2+ concentrations (3 or 5 mM). On the other hand, treatment of neurons for 48 h with the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM as well as partial chelation of extracellular Ca2+ with EGTA caused an up-regulation in NR1 and GBP expression. The enhanced expression of NR1 in neurons treated for 48 h with either ethanol or EGTA was correlated with increases in the activity of NMDA receptors demonstrated as a doubling of the NMDA-stimulated rise in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration. The effects of chronic administration of EGTA on both NRl expression as well as NMDA receptor function were probably related to an acute inhibition by EGTA of NMDA-induced Ca2+ influx into neurons. It appears that the expression of both the NR1 subunit of NMDA receptors and the GBP of a receptor-like complex is regulated by intracellular Ca2+, especially that entering through NMDA receptor ion channels.
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