A most significant change in the late 20th century is the shift of women especially mothers of yo... more A most significant change in the late 20th century is the shift of women especially mothers of young children out of the home into market production. Between 1950 and 1985 female labor force participation in developing countries as a whole rose from 37 to 42 percent and more importantly within the labor force women entered into more formal employment relationships (Joeckes 1989: 73). To the extent that market work is incompatible with child care working mothers devote less time to child care recruiting others in the household or nearby to perform some of these tasks in their stead or possibly leaving children unattended for periods during the work day. Changes in the amount of time spent on child care and shifts in the allocation of responsibility for it in turn have raised questions about the welfare of the children involved (including their nutritional status) and their intellectual development. Accordingly much of the literature on child care has focused on factors related to womens work--employment status occupation location of job compatibility with child care hours and wages--each of which may have consequences for child welfare (Buvinic et al. 1983; Leslie and Paolisso 1989). But other social and economic changes may be equally important in affecting the intra-household provision of child care including changes in household forms and composition fertility decline increased schooling for young girls urbanization and continued migration to urban areas and (in some places) an expansion of day care facilities. (excerpt)
Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, Apr 1, 1989
This paper is a brief introduction to the Public Use Sample (PUS) from the 1910 United States Cen... more This paper is a brief introduction to the Public Use Sample (PUS) from the 1910 United States Census of Population that was created at the University of Pennsylvania and recently released to the public. It contains a 1-in-250 sample of the total population included in the census producing a total of 88814 households and 366239 individuals. The 1910 PUS is available in machine-readable form from the ICPSR at the University of Michigan. (EXCERPT)
In 2000, Yunnan was the only province in China with a negative GDP growth rate (-2.4 per cent) wh... more In 2000, Yunnan was the only province in China with a negative GDP growth rate (-2.4 per cent) when the national average was 7.1 per cent. In 1998, 2.7 million of Yunnan’s inhabitants (6.4 per cent) were found to be living below the poverty line, compared with a national average of 4.6 per cent of rural people and 1 per cent of registered urbanites (based on the Government’s poverty rate of <$0.66 per person per day; the World Bank’s standard is $1 per person per day). State Statistics Bureau rural household data for 1996 show Yunnan with 3.6 per cent of China’s 919.4 million rural people, but 15.3 per cent of the country’s 58 million rural poor. In 1999, Yunnan’s average per capita GDP was approximately $500 per annum (RMB 4,295), but average rural incomes were below $175. This discrepancy was mainly caused by the fact that one of the main cash crops is tobacco, which provides a good income to those engaged in processing and sales, but little for the farmer who grows the crop. H...
Background: Monitoring Sustainable Development Goal indicators (SDGs) and their targets plays an ... more Background: Monitoring Sustainable Development Goal indicators (SDGs) and their targets plays an important role in understanding and advocating for improved health outcomes for all countries. We present the United Nations (UN) Inter-agency groups' efforts to support countries to report on SDG health indicators, project progress towards 2030 targets and build country accountability for action. Objective: We highlight common principles and practices of each Inter-agency group and the progress made towards SDG 3 targets using seven health indicators as examples. The indicators used provide examples of best practice for modelling estimates and projections using standard methods, transparent data collection and country consultations. Methods: Practices common to the UN agencies include multi-UN agency participation, expert groups to advise on estimation methods, transparent publication of methods and data inputs, use of UN-derived population estimates, country consultations, and a common reporting platform to present results. Our seven examples illustrate how estimates, using mostly Bayesian models, make use of country data to track progress towards SDG targets for 2030. Results: Progress has been made over the past decade. However, none of the seven indicators are on track to achieve their respective SDG targets by 2030. Accelerated efforts are needed, especially in low-and middle-income countries, to reduce the burden of maternal, child, communicable and noncommunicable disease mortality, and to provide access to modern methods of family planning to all women. Conclusion: Our analysis shows the benefit of UN interagency monitoring which prioritizes transparent country data sources, UN population estimates and life tables, and rigorous but replicable modelling methods. Countries are supported to build capacity for data collection, analysis and reporting. Through these monitoring efforts we support countries to tackle even the most intransient health issues, including the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 that is reversing the hard-earned gains of all countries.
Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 1989
This paper is a brief introduction to the Public Use Sample (PUS) from the 1910 United States Cen... more This paper is a brief introduction to the Public Use Sample (PUS) from the 1910 United States Census of Population that was created at the University of Pennsylvania and recently released to the public. It contains a 1-in-250 sample of the total population included in the census producing a total of 88814 households and 366239 individuals. The 1910 PUS is available in machine-readable form from the ICPSR at the University of Michigan. (EXCERPT)
This paper details efforts to implement a demographic and contraceptive surveillance system in fo... more This paper details efforts to implement a demographic and contraceptive surveillance system in four counties in North China. These counties are taking part in a large-scale field experiment involving the introduction of new contraceptives, greater choice in the use of contraceptives, and better training of family planning personnel. To evaluate the impact of these changes, a system of detailed, individual-level
A most significant change in the late 20th century is the shift of women especially mothers of yo... more A most significant change in the late 20th century is the shift of women especially mothers of young children out of the home into market production. Between 1950 and 1985 female labor force participation in developing countries as a whole rose from 37 to 42 percent and more importantly within the labor force women entered into more formal employment relationships (Joeckes 1989: 73). To the extent that market work is incompatible with child care working mothers devote less time to child care recruiting others in the household or nearby to perform some of these tasks in their stead or possibly leaving children unattended for periods during the work day. Changes in the amount of time spent on child care and shifts in the allocation of responsibility for it in turn have raised questions about the welfare of the children involved (including their nutritional status) and their intellectual development. Accordingly much of the literature on child care has focused on factors related to womens work--employment status occupation location of job compatibility with child care hours and wages--each of which may have consequences for child welfare (Buvinic et al. 1983; Leslie and Paolisso 1989). But other social and economic changes may be equally important in affecting the intra-household provision of child care including changes in household forms and composition fertility decline increased schooling for young girls urbanization and continued migration to urban areas and (in some places) an expansion of day care facilities. (excerpt)
Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, Apr 1, 1989
This paper is a brief introduction to the Public Use Sample (PUS) from the 1910 United States Cen... more This paper is a brief introduction to the Public Use Sample (PUS) from the 1910 United States Census of Population that was created at the University of Pennsylvania and recently released to the public. It contains a 1-in-250 sample of the total population included in the census producing a total of 88814 households and 366239 individuals. The 1910 PUS is available in machine-readable form from the ICPSR at the University of Michigan. (EXCERPT)
In 2000, Yunnan was the only province in China with a negative GDP growth rate (-2.4 per cent) wh... more In 2000, Yunnan was the only province in China with a negative GDP growth rate (-2.4 per cent) when the national average was 7.1 per cent. In 1998, 2.7 million of Yunnan’s inhabitants (6.4 per cent) were found to be living below the poverty line, compared with a national average of 4.6 per cent of rural people and 1 per cent of registered urbanites (based on the Government’s poverty rate of <$0.66 per person per day; the World Bank’s standard is $1 per person per day). State Statistics Bureau rural household data for 1996 show Yunnan with 3.6 per cent of China’s 919.4 million rural people, but 15.3 per cent of the country’s 58 million rural poor. In 1999, Yunnan’s average per capita GDP was approximately $500 per annum (RMB 4,295), but average rural incomes were below $175. This discrepancy was mainly caused by the fact that one of the main cash crops is tobacco, which provides a good income to those engaged in processing and sales, but little for the farmer who grows the crop. H...
Background: Monitoring Sustainable Development Goal indicators (SDGs) and their targets plays an ... more Background: Monitoring Sustainable Development Goal indicators (SDGs) and their targets plays an important role in understanding and advocating for improved health outcomes for all countries. We present the United Nations (UN) Inter-agency groups' efforts to support countries to report on SDG health indicators, project progress towards 2030 targets and build country accountability for action. Objective: We highlight common principles and practices of each Inter-agency group and the progress made towards SDG 3 targets using seven health indicators as examples. The indicators used provide examples of best practice for modelling estimates and projections using standard methods, transparent data collection and country consultations. Methods: Practices common to the UN agencies include multi-UN agency participation, expert groups to advise on estimation methods, transparent publication of methods and data inputs, use of UN-derived population estimates, country consultations, and a common reporting platform to present results. Our seven examples illustrate how estimates, using mostly Bayesian models, make use of country data to track progress towards SDG targets for 2030. Results: Progress has been made over the past decade. However, none of the seven indicators are on track to achieve their respective SDG targets by 2030. Accelerated efforts are needed, especially in low-and middle-income countries, to reduce the burden of maternal, child, communicable and noncommunicable disease mortality, and to provide access to modern methods of family planning to all women. Conclusion: Our analysis shows the benefit of UN interagency monitoring which prioritizes transparent country data sources, UN population estimates and life tables, and rigorous but replicable modelling methods. Countries are supported to build capacity for data collection, analysis and reporting. Through these monitoring efforts we support countries to tackle even the most intransient health issues, including the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 that is reversing the hard-earned gains of all countries.
Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 1989
This paper is a brief introduction to the Public Use Sample (PUS) from the 1910 United States Cen... more This paper is a brief introduction to the Public Use Sample (PUS) from the 1910 United States Census of Population that was created at the University of Pennsylvania and recently released to the public. It contains a 1-in-250 sample of the total population included in the census producing a total of 88814 households and 366239 individuals. The 1910 PUS is available in machine-readable form from the ICPSR at the University of Michigan. (EXCERPT)
This paper details efforts to implement a demographic and contraceptive surveillance system in fo... more This paper details efforts to implement a demographic and contraceptive surveillance system in four counties in North China. These counties are taking part in a large-scale field experiment involving the introduction of new contraceptives, greater choice in the use of contraceptives, and better training of family planning personnel. To evaluate the impact of these changes, a system of detailed, individual-level
Uploads
Papers by Mark Hereward