Retracing pathways of historical species introductions is fundamental to understanding the factor... more Retracing pathways of historical species introductions is fundamental to understanding the factors involved in the successful colonization and spread, centuries after a species' establishment in an introduced range. Numerous plants are thought to have been introduced to regions outside their native ranges by European voyagers and early colonists making transoceanic journeys; however, records are scare to document this. We use genotyping-by-sequencing and genotype-likelihood methods on the selfing, global weed, Plantago major, collected from 50 populations worldwide to test hypotheses that the plant was brought to new regions during colonial times. We further investigate how patterns in genomic diversity facilitate the success of this global weed. Although genomic differentiation among populations is found to be low, we identify six unique ecotypes showing very little sign of admixture. Three of the most prevalent of these ecotypes present in the native range gave rise to introduced populations in the Americas, Africa, Australia and New Zealand, indicating that more than one successful ecotype colonized and spread. The distribution of ecotypes is found to have links to colonial history, and ecotypes are further found to be restricted by latitude. Dispersal of multiple successful ecotypes and prior adaptation in the native range to latitudinally dependent environmental factors (such as climate) are likely reasons for the success of this prolific, global weed. Genomic signatures can provide new perspectives on the drivers behind the historic introductions and the successful colonization of introduced species in an era of global change.
Aims We aimed to evaluate the presence of the metal hyperaccumulation trait in the phylogeny of P... more Aims We aimed to evaluate the presence of the metal hyperaccumulation trait in the phylogeny of Plantago with emphasis on P. subgen. Coronopus. Considering that P. almogravensis is an Al-hyperaccumulator and that phylogenetic links have been described for other Al-hyperaccumulators, we hypothesized that we would find more Plantago taxa with this accumulation trait. We also enquired if other metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn), follow a similar accumulation pattern as Al. Methods We analysed metal accumulation data from direct (analyses) and indirect sources (bibliographic) combined with phylogenetic analysis. Results Regarding metal accumulation, our results indicate a high probability of hyperaccumulation in Plantago species (nine out of 15 species), namely for the metals Al (6-8), Cu (1), Zn (2-3) and Pb (1). There are also records of Fe (5) considered abnormally high. For P. subgen. Coronopus, hyperaccumulation was perceived in six out of seven species. In particular for Al-hyperaccumulation, a high frequency and dispersion among Plantago subranks is compatible with a phylogenetic relation. Conclusions Our work suggests that the Alhyperaccumulation trait is common in Plantago, especially in P. subgen. Coronopus, and contributes to the scarce knowledge of that uncommon trait, namely in Mediterranean plants.
Double target in situ hybridization to root tip metaphase and interphase cells of Silene cintrana... more Double target in situ hybridization to root tip metaphase and interphase cells of Silene cintrana and Silene rothmaleri was used to allocate the position of 18S-5.8S-25S and 5S rRNA genes. In both species, the 18S-5.8S-25S rDNA probe labelled four sites located on the short arms of two submetacentric chromosomes. Only one locus for 5S rDNA was mapped adjacent to 18S-5.8S-25S genes in a subterminal position on the centromere side: in S. rothmaleri the 5S rDNA locus was adjacent to the small 18S-5.8S-25S locus while in S. cintrana it was near the large one. The NOR activity analysed by Ag-staining in metaphase cells revealed proportionality between in situ labelling dimensions and Ag-NORs. In both species all rDNA loci were potentially active, although in S. rothmaleri a tendency for the expression of only one locus was observed. Interphase organisation analysis of rDNA showed some differences between both species that were correlated with NOR activity.
Orchids in the genus Ophrys represent extraordinary cases of tight coevolution between plants and... more Orchids in the genus Ophrys represent extraordinary cases of tight coevolution between plants and their pollinators, and as a result, they present opportunities for studying hybridization, or a lack thereof, during speciation. However, few studies assess the real eff ect of hybridization in diversifi cation. The three most representative species of section Pseudophrys in the western Iberian Peninsula-O. dyris, O. fusca , and O. lutea -were chosen to study evolutionary relationships and examine speciation. METHODS: Using eight specifi c nuclear microsatellite loci, 357 individuals from 28 locations were studied; 142 of these samples were also studied with four plastid microsatellite loci. Data were analyzed using Bayesian cluster analysis, a median-joint network, and multivariate analysis. KEY RESULTS: Many O. dyris and O. fusca specimens had three or four alleles and were therefore treated as tetraploid. Ophrys dyris is poorly genetically separated from O. fusca , and pure populations are rare. Ophrys fusca and O. lutea are distinct, but hybrids/introgressed individuals were detected in most of the populations and supported by plastid haplotypes. Ophrys fusca is subdivided into three well-delimited genetic lineages with a strict geographic correspondence confi rmed by plastid haplotypes. Because postzygotic barriers are weak, leakage in this highly specialized orchid-pollinator system contributes to hybridization and introgression. These leakages may have occurred during periods of past climate change, promoting homogenization and the potential for generations of new biodiversity via production of novel genotypes/phenotypes interacting with pollinators.
Orchids in the genus Ophrys represent extraordinary cases of tight coevolution between plants and... more Orchids in the genus Ophrys represent extraordinary cases of tight coevolution between plants and their pollinators, and as a result, they present opportunities for studying hybridization, or a lack thereof, during speciation. However, few studies assess the real effect of hybridization in diversification. The three most representative species of section Pseudophrys in the western Iberian Peninsula-O. dyris, O. fusca, and O. lutea-were chosen to study evolutionary relationships and examine speciation. Using eight specific nuclear microsatellite loci, 357 individuals from 28 locations were studied; 142 of these samples were also studied with four plastid microsatellite loci. Data were analyzed using Bayesian cluster analysis, a median-joint network, and multivariate analysis. Many O. dyris and O. fusca specimens had three or four alleles and were therefore treated as tetraploid. Ophrys dyris is poorly genetically separated from O. fusca, and pure populations are rare. Ophrys fusca an...
Online Resource3. Transcript primer sequences and amplicon characteristics used for quantitative ... more Online Resource3. Transcript primer sequences and amplicon characteristics used for quantitative real-time PCR validation of the expression profiles of six transcripts, following MIQE guidelines. Reaction efficiency calculated from the slope of the standard curve (Efficiency= [10 (1/-S) -1] x 100%) is presented.
The types of glandular trichomes and their distribution on leaves and flowers of Plectranthus orn... more The types of glandular trichomes and their distribution on leaves and flowers of Plectranthus ornatus were investigated at different stages of their development. Five morphological types of glandular trichomes are described. Peltate trichomes, confined to the leaf abaxial surface, have, in i o, an uncommon but characteristic orange to brownish colour. Capitate trichomes, uniformly distributed on both leaf surfaces, are divided into two types according to their structure and secretory processes. In long-stalked capitate trichomes, a heterogeneous secretion (a gumresin) is stored temporarily in a large subcuticular space, being released by cuticle rupture, whereas, in the short-stalked capitate trichomes, the secretion, mainly polysaccharidic, is probably exuded via micropores. On the leaves, digitiform trichomes, which do not show a clear distinction between the apical glandular cell and the subsidiary cells, occur with a similar distribution to the capitate trichomes. They do not develop a subcuticular space, and secrete small amounts of essential oils in association with polysaccharides. The reproductive organs, particularly the calyx and corolla, exhibit, in addition to the reported trichomes, unusual conoidal trichomes with long unicellular conical heads. A large apical pore, formed by tip disruption, releases the secretion (a gumresin) stored in a rostrum-like projection. On the stamens and carpels, digitiform, capitate and conoidal trichomes are absent, but peltate trichomes are numerous. They occur between the two anther lobes, on the basal portion of the style, and between the four lobes of the ovary. The results presented are compared with those of other studies on Lamiaceae glandular trichomes.
... Page 3. Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Silene rothmaleri along the southwestern coast o... more ... Page 3. Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Silene rothmaleri along the southwestern coast of Portugal ... between pairs of localities and summarises the patterns of geographic variation exhibited by the response surface of any given variable (Sokal and Oden 1978; Heywood 1991 ...
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer-Verlag. Th... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer-Verlag. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author's version for posting to your own website or your institution's repository. You may further deposit the accepted author's version on a funder's repository at a funder's request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication.
Abstract The composition of the essential oil isolated from inflorescences of Nepeta tuberosa L. ... more Abstract The composition of the essential oil isolated from inflorescences of Nepeta tuberosa L. ssp. tuberosa was analysed by GC and GC-MS. The oil consisted mainly of monoterpenes (89%), 5, 9-dehydronepetalactone (69%) and geranyl acetate (17%) being the main ...
Much work has been done on the endemic floras of Madeira and the Canary Islands but little is kno... more Much work has been done on the endemic floras of Madeira and the Canary Islands but little is known about the origin and diversification of endemic plants of the Cape Verde archipelago. In this study we focus on the three endemic species of the genus Echium L. (Boraginaceae) in Cape Verde. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear (ITS1, ITS2) and plastid (trnT-L, trnL-F, rps16, psaI-accd) DNA markers produced similar topologies that suggest a recent single colonization event in the Cape Verde archipelago, with subsequent diversification during the Pleistocene (< 1.8 Ma). All datasets recovered a split between the "southern" (E. hypertropicum, E. vulcanorum) and "northern" (E. stenosiphon s.l.) island species, and suggest that habitat adaptation and inter-island colonization played a prominent role in the evolution of Echium in Cape Verde. Implications of the results are discussed in the context of the biogeography of the Macaronesian Islands. The northern island species are classified into three distinct subspecies, one for each of the northern islands: E. stenosiphon subsp. stenosiphon endemic to São Vicente, subsp. lindbergii endemic to Santo Antão, and subsp. glabrescens endemic to São Nicolau. . 2007. Hybridization in Macaronesian Sideritis L. (Lamiaceae): Evidence from incongruence of multiple independent nuclear and chloroplast sequence datasets. Taxon 56: 74-88.
The present study reports the isolation and characterization of eight new polymorphic microsatell... more The present study reports the isolation and characterization of eight new polymorphic microsatellite loci from the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys fusca. Microsatellites were isolated from two partially enriched genomic libraries using FIASCO (Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining repeats). Seventy-three loci were screened for primer design and primer pairs corresponding to eight different loci were selected for microsatellite characterization of two Portuguese populations. Total number of alleles per locus ranged from 10 to 32. All loci showed a high level of observed heterozygosity (H 0 ) ranging from 0.33 to 1 and were possible to amplify in 16 other species of Ophrys using the same primers.
Retracing pathways of historical species introductions is fundamental to understanding the factor... more Retracing pathways of historical species introductions is fundamental to understanding the factors involved in the successful colonization and spread, centuries after a species' establishment in an introduced range. Numerous plants are thought to have been introduced to regions outside their native ranges by European voyagers and early colonists making transoceanic journeys; however, records are scare to document this. We use genotyping-by-sequencing and genotype-likelihood methods on the selfing, global weed, Plantago major, collected from 50 populations worldwide to test hypotheses that the plant was brought to new regions during colonial times. We further investigate how patterns in genomic diversity facilitate the success of this global weed. Although genomic differentiation among populations is found to be low, we identify six unique ecotypes showing very little sign of admixture. Three of the most prevalent of these ecotypes present in the native range gave rise to introduced populations in the Americas, Africa, Australia and New Zealand, indicating that more than one successful ecotype colonized and spread. The distribution of ecotypes is found to have links to colonial history, and ecotypes are further found to be restricted by latitude. Dispersal of multiple successful ecotypes and prior adaptation in the native range to latitudinally dependent environmental factors (such as climate) are likely reasons for the success of this prolific, global weed. Genomic signatures can provide new perspectives on the drivers behind the historic introductions and the successful colonization of introduced species in an era of global change.
Aims We aimed to evaluate the presence of the metal hyperaccumulation trait in the phylogeny of P... more Aims We aimed to evaluate the presence of the metal hyperaccumulation trait in the phylogeny of Plantago with emphasis on P. subgen. Coronopus. Considering that P. almogravensis is an Al-hyperaccumulator and that phylogenetic links have been described for other Al-hyperaccumulators, we hypothesized that we would find more Plantago taxa with this accumulation trait. We also enquired if other metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn), follow a similar accumulation pattern as Al. Methods We analysed metal accumulation data from direct (analyses) and indirect sources (bibliographic) combined with phylogenetic analysis. Results Regarding metal accumulation, our results indicate a high probability of hyperaccumulation in Plantago species (nine out of 15 species), namely for the metals Al (6-8), Cu (1), Zn (2-3) and Pb (1). There are also records of Fe (5) considered abnormally high. For P. subgen. Coronopus, hyperaccumulation was perceived in six out of seven species. In particular for Al-hyperaccumulation, a high frequency and dispersion among Plantago subranks is compatible with a phylogenetic relation. Conclusions Our work suggests that the Alhyperaccumulation trait is common in Plantago, especially in P. subgen. Coronopus, and contributes to the scarce knowledge of that uncommon trait, namely in Mediterranean plants.
Double target in situ hybridization to root tip metaphase and interphase cells of Silene cintrana... more Double target in situ hybridization to root tip metaphase and interphase cells of Silene cintrana and Silene rothmaleri was used to allocate the position of 18S-5.8S-25S and 5S rRNA genes. In both species, the 18S-5.8S-25S rDNA probe labelled four sites located on the short arms of two submetacentric chromosomes. Only one locus for 5S rDNA was mapped adjacent to 18S-5.8S-25S genes in a subterminal position on the centromere side: in S. rothmaleri the 5S rDNA locus was adjacent to the small 18S-5.8S-25S locus while in S. cintrana it was near the large one. The NOR activity analysed by Ag-staining in metaphase cells revealed proportionality between in situ labelling dimensions and Ag-NORs. In both species all rDNA loci were potentially active, although in S. rothmaleri a tendency for the expression of only one locus was observed. Interphase organisation analysis of rDNA showed some differences between both species that were correlated with NOR activity.
Orchids in the genus Ophrys represent extraordinary cases of tight coevolution between plants and... more Orchids in the genus Ophrys represent extraordinary cases of tight coevolution between plants and their pollinators, and as a result, they present opportunities for studying hybridization, or a lack thereof, during speciation. However, few studies assess the real eff ect of hybridization in diversifi cation. The three most representative species of section Pseudophrys in the western Iberian Peninsula-O. dyris, O. fusca , and O. lutea -were chosen to study evolutionary relationships and examine speciation. METHODS: Using eight specifi c nuclear microsatellite loci, 357 individuals from 28 locations were studied; 142 of these samples were also studied with four plastid microsatellite loci. Data were analyzed using Bayesian cluster analysis, a median-joint network, and multivariate analysis. KEY RESULTS: Many O. dyris and O. fusca specimens had three or four alleles and were therefore treated as tetraploid. Ophrys dyris is poorly genetically separated from O. fusca , and pure populations are rare. Ophrys fusca and O. lutea are distinct, but hybrids/introgressed individuals were detected in most of the populations and supported by plastid haplotypes. Ophrys fusca is subdivided into three well-delimited genetic lineages with a strict geographic correspondence confi rmed by plastid haplotypes. Because postzygotic barriers are weak, leakage in this highly specialized orchid-pollinator system contributes to hybridization and introgression. These leakages may have occurred during periods of past climate change, promoting homogenization and the potential for generations of new biodiversity via production of novel genotypes/phenotypes interacting with pollinators.
Orchids in the genus Ophrys represent extraordinary cases of tight coevolution between plants and... more Orchids in the genus Ophrys represent extraordinary cases of tight coevolution between plants and their pollinators, and as a result, they present opportunities for studying hybridization, or a lack thereof, during speciation. However, few studies assess the real effect of hybridization in diversification. The three most representative species of section Pseudophrys in the western Iberian Peninsula-O. dyris, O. fusca, and O. lutea-were chosen to study evolutionary relationships and examine speciation. Using eight specific nuclear microsatellite loci, 357 individuals from 28 locations were studied; 142 of these samples were also studied with four plastid microsatellite loci. Data were analyzed using Bayesian cluster analysis, a median-joint network, and multivariate analysis. Many O. dyris and O. fusca specimens had three or four alleles and were therefore treated as tetraploid. Ophrys dyris is poorly genetically separated from O. fusca, and pure populations are rare. Ophrys fusca an...
Online Resource3. Transcript primer sequences and amplicon characteristics used for quantitative ... more Online Resource3. Transcript primer sequences and amplicon characteristics used for quantitative real-time PCR validation of the expression profiles of six transcripts, following MIQE guidelines. Reaction efficiency calculated from the slope of the standard curve (Efficiency= [10 (1/-S) -1] x 100%) is presented.
The types of glandular trichomes and their distribution on leaves and flowers of Plectranthus orn... more The types of glandular trichomes and their distribution on leaves and flowers of Plectranthus ornatus were investigated at different stages of their development. Five morphological types of glandular trichomes are described. Peltate trichomes, confined to the leaf abaxial surface, have, in i o, an uncommon but characteristic orange to brownish colour. Capitate trichomes, uniformly distributed on both leaf surfaces, are divided into two types according to their structure and secretory processes. In long-stalked capitate trichomes, a heterogeneous secretion (a gumresin) is stored temporarily in a large subcuticular space, being released by cuticle rupture, whereas, in the short-stalked capitate trichomes, the secretion, mainly polysaccharidic, is probably exuded via micropores. On the leaves, digitiform trichomes, which do not show a clear distinction between the apical glandular cell and the subsidiary cells, occur with a similar distribution to the capitate trichomes. They do not develop a subcuticular space, and secrete small amounts of essential oils in association with polysaccharides. The reproductive organs, particularly the calyx and corolla, exhibit, in addition to the reported trichomes, unusual conoidal trichomes with long unicellular conical heads. A large apical pore, formed by tip disruption, releases the secretion (a gumresin) stored in a rostrum-like projection. On the stamens and carpels, digitiform, capitate and conoidal trichomes are absent, but peltate trichomes are numerous. They occur between the two anther lobes, on the basal portion of the style, and between the four lobes of the ovary. The results presented are compared with those of other studies on Lamiaceae glandular trichomes.
... Page 3. Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Silene rothmaleri along the southwestern coast o... more ... Page 3. Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Silene rothmaleri along the southwestern coast of Portugal ... between pairs of localities and summarises the patterns of geographic variation exhibited by the response surface of any given variable (Sokal and Oden 1978; Heywood 1991 ...
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer-Verlag. Th... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer-Verlag. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author's version for posting to your own website or your institution's repository. You may further deposit the accepted author's version on a funder's repository at a funder's request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication.
Abstract The composition of the essential oil isolated from inflorescences of Nepeta tuberosa L. ... more Abstract The composition of the essential oil isolated from inflorescences of Nepeta tuberosa L. ssp. tuberosa was analysed by GC and GC-MS. The oil consisted mainly of monoterpenes (89%), 5, 9-dehydronepetalactone (69%) and geranyl acetate (17%) being the main ...
Much work has been done on the endemic floras of Madeira and the Canary Islands but little is kno... more Much work has been done on the endemic floras of Madeira and the Canary Islands but little is known about the origin and diversification of endemic plants of the Cape Verde archipelago. In this study we focus on the three endemic species of the genus Echium L. (Boraginaceae) in Cape Verde. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear (ITS1, ITS2) and plastid (trnT-L, trnL-F, rps16, psaI-accd) DNA markers produced similar topologies that suggest a recent single colonization event in the Cape Verde archipelago, with subsequent diversification during the Pleistocene (< 1.8 Ma). All datasets recovered a split between the "southern" (E. hypertropicum, E. vulcanorum) and "northern" (E. stenosiphon s.l.) island species, and suggest that habitat adaptation and inter-island colonization played a prominent role in the evolution of Echium in Cape Verde. Implications of the results are discussed in the context of the biogeography of the Macaronesian Islands. The northern island species are classified into three distinct subspecies, one for each of the northern islands: E. stenosiphon subsp. stenosiphon endemic to São Vicente, subsp. lindbergii endemic to Santo Antão, and subsp. glabrescens endemic to São Nicolau. . 2007. Hybridization in Macaronesian Sideritis L. (Lamiaceae): Evidence from incongruence of multiple independent nuclear and chloroplast sequence datasets. Taxon 56: 74-88.
The present study reports the isolation and characterization of eight new polymorphic microsatell... more The present study reports the isolation and characterization of eight new polymorphic microsatellite loci from the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys fusca. Microsatellites were isolated from two partially enriched genomic libraries using FIASCO (Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining repeats). Seventy-three loci were screened for primer design and primer pairs corresponding to eight different loci were selected for microsatellite characterization of two Portuguese populations. Total number of alleles per locus ranged from 10 to 32. All loci showed a high level of observed heterozygosity (H 0 ) ranging from 0.33 to 1 and were possible to amplify in 16 other species of Ophrys using the same primers.
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