Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1998
The use of a mnemonic cueing system (NeuroPage®) and a paper and pencil checklist in the rehabili... more The use of a mnemonic cueing system (NeuroPage®) and a paper and pencil checklist in the rehabilitation of executive problems in a 50-year-old woman are described. Following a CVA 7 years earlier, the patient, despite intact general intellectual and memory functioning, had specific executive impairments of attention, planning, realizing intended actions, and also exhibited behavioral routines similar in form to obsessive–compulsive rituals. In a series of ABAB single-case experimental designs, the efficacy of 2 external cueing systems in prompting appropriately timed action is demonstrated. It is argued that the combination of external control and increased sustained attention to action were critical to the success of NeuroPage with this patient. Furthermore it is hypothesized that the checklist was effective in facilitating the patient's ability to foresee and recognize the consequences of her actions, which in turn had an impact on the probability of her changing those same ac...
The development of a test aimed at estimating premorbid intelligence is described. The test, Spot... more The development of a test aimed at estimating premorbid intelligence is described. The test, Spot-the-Word, involves presenting the subject with pairs of items comprising one word and one non-word, and requiring the subject to identify the word. Data show that performance correlates highly with verbal intelligence as estimated by Mill Hill Vocabulary score and by performance on the National Adult Reading Test (NART). Performance does not decline with age, in contrast to an associated test of verbal recognition memory. A second study attempted to test the effect of intellectual deterioration due to age on Spot-the-Word performance. Elderly subjects who had high vocabulary scores scored well on the Spot-the-Word regardless of whether fluid intelligence as measured by the AH4 test was well preserved, or was low, implying intellectual deterioration. A final study collected normative data on a sample of 224 subjects stratified by age and socioeconomic status, with each subject performing two parallel forms of the test, A and B, together with the NART. Correlation between the two forms was .884, while correlation with NART was 331 for Form A and ,859 for Form B, suggesting adequate reliability and validity. It is concluded that the test provides a potentially useful additional method of estimating premorbid intelligence.
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 1998
A series of experiments explores the capacity for generating sequences of random responses, relat... more A series of experiments explores the capacity for generating sequences of random responses, relating it to the central executive component of working memory. Experiment 1 shows a broadly similar pattern of redundancy increasing with speed of generation for both the verbal generation of digits and the manual pressing of keys. In both cases deviations from randomness are shown to reflect the increasing use of a limited number of stereotyped response sets. The remaining experiments use keyboard generation. Experiment 2 demonstrates that concurrent immediate serial recall decreases randomness, and that longer recall sequences produce less random output. Experiments 3 and 4 show that whereas simple counting has no effect on randomness, serial recall, semantic category generation, and concurrent digit generation have substantial effects, and a concurrent fluid intelligence test has the greatest influence on the randomness of key pressing. It is suggested that the task of random generation resembles that of category fluency because it requires the subject to switch retrieval plans and inhibit repetition. On this basis it is predicted that a task involving repeated switching of categories will interfere with generation, despite being predictable and having a low memory load. Experiments 5 and 6 confirm this prediction. Strengths and limitations of the switching hypothesis are discussed, as are the implications of our results for the analysis of executive processes.
The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with p... more The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
Generally positive correlations between different ability tests provide the evidence for a factor... more Generally positive correlations between different ability tests provide the evidence for a factor of"general intelligence" or Spearman's g. Though a possible neural substrate for g is suggested by executive impairments following frontal lobe lesions, preserved IQs in some frontal patients have been taken as strong evidence against this interpretation. We show that such results depend on how g is measured. Patients with superior IQs on the most clinically popular test-the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-show impairments of 2~60 points on conventionally measured fluid intelhgence or novel problem solving. On psychometric grounds, it is fluid intelligence that is most closely related to Spearman's g. The data suggest that g may in large part be a reflection of frontal functions.
People with memory loss resulting from brain injury benefit from purpose-designed memory aids suc... more People with memory loss resulting from brain injury benefit from purpose-designed memory aids such as appointment diaries on pocket computers. The present study explores the effects of extending the range of memory aids and including games. For 2 months, 12 people who had sustained brain injury were loaned a pocket computer containing three purpose-designed memory aids: diary, notebook and to-do list. A month later they were given another computer with the same memory aids but a different method of text entry (physical keyboard or touch-screen keyboard). Machine order was counterbalanced across participants. Assessment was by interviews during the loan periods, rating scales, performance tests and computer log files. All participants could use the memory aids and ten people (83%) found them very useful. Correlations among the three memory aids were not significant, suggesting individual variation in how they were used. Games did not increase use of the memory aids, nor did loan of the preferred pocket computer (with physical keyboard). Significantly more diary entries were made by people who had previously used other memory aids, suggesting that a better understanding of how to use a range of memory aids could benefit some people with brain injury.
Page 241. CHAPTER ELEVEN Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome Barbara A. Wilson, J... more Page 241. CHAPTER ELEVEN Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome Barbara A. Wilson, Jonathan J. Evans, Nick Alderman, Paul W. Burgess, Hazel Emslie* PURPOSES OF ASSESSMENT Assessments are carried out in order to answer questions. ...
... Pre-school children's use of the articles in definite and indefinite referring expres... more ... Pre-school children's use of the articles in definite and indefinite referring expressions* HAZEL C. EMSLIE AND ROSEMARY J.STEVENSON University of Durham ... (Picture 3): The little girl is kneeling on the floor and a cat is drinking the milk from the broken bottle. ...
Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of a paging system, NeuroPage, in helping sur... more Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of a paging system, NeuroPage, in helping survivors of brain injury compensate for everyday memory and planning problems. This study examines the effectiveness of the paging system in the sub-group of 12 children and adolescents with neurological deficits who took part in a larger study. Twelve participants aged 8-17 years took part in a randomized controlled crossover trial in which their completion of everyday goals was monitored prior to and during use of the NeuroPage system, where participants were sent reminder messages regarding tasks they should complete. All 12 young people showed significant improvements in carrying out everyday tasks between the baseline and treatment phases. The NeuroPage system can be successfully used by children and adolescents with neurological deficits and can alleviate some of the everyday difficulties caused by their memory and planning difficulties.
NeuroPage, a paging service designed to reduce the everyday memory and/or planning problems of pe... more NeuroPage, a paging service designed to reduce the everyday memory and/or planning problems of people with neurological deficits, is described. Following several research studies carried out to evaluate the system, a British local health authority set up a nationwide commercial NeuroPage service. A report on the first 40 clients recruited to the service is provided. The age range was 14-81 years, the majority of clients were men and the most frequent diagnosis was traumatic brain injury although a number of different diagnostic groups were represented. The types of messages sent and the group's satisfaction with NeuroPage are considered. Three brief case studies to illustrate the different ways clients used the system are presented.
Generally positive correlations between different ability tests provide the evidence for a factor... more Generally positive correlations between different ability tests provide the evidence for a factor of"general intelligence" or Spearman's g. Though a possible neural substrate for g is suggested by executive impairments following frontal lobe lesions, preserved IQs in some frontal patients have been taken as strong evidence against this interpretation. We show that such results depend on how g is measured. Patients with superior IQs on the most clinically popular test--the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--show impairments of 2~60 points on conventionally measured fluid intelhgence or novel problem solving. On psychometric grounds, it is fluid intelligence that is most closely related to Spearman's g. The data suggest that g may in large part be a reflection of frontal functions.
Memory and executive problems following encephalitis are common yet there are few published paper... more Memory and executive problems following encephalitis are common yet there are few published papers on the successful rehabilitation of such patients. We recently demonstrated (Wilson, Emslie, Quirk, & Evans, 2001; Wilson, Emslie, Quirk, Evans, & Watson, 2005) that a paging system could reduce the everyday memory and planning problems for people with non-progressive brain injury. Among the 143 patients who participated in the 2001 study were four people who had survived encephalitis. Their results are reported here. During a 2-week baseline, the successful task achievement of our four clients ranged from 2-81%. They then received a pager for 7 weeks and task achievement was documented in weeks 6 and 7. All were significantly more successful with the pager than they had been at baseline with success rates ranging from 45-96%. Five weeks after returning their pagers they were monitored once more. One of the encephalitic patients failed to achieve any of his target tasks, returning to baseline level, the other three dropped back a little but were still significantly more successful than at baseline. It is concluded that the paging system can reduce everyday memory and planning problems of patients with encephalitis.
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1998
The use of a mnemonic cueing system (NeuroPage®) and a paper and pencil checklist in the rehabili... more The use of a mnemonic cueing system (NeuroPage®) and a paper and pencil checklist in the rehabilitation of executive problems in a 50-year-old woman are described. Following a CVA 7 years earlier, the patient, despite intact general intellectual and memory functioning, had specific executive impairments of attention, planning, realizing intended actions, and also exhibited behavioral routines similar in form to obsessive–compulsive rituals. In a series of ABAB single-case experimental designs, the efficacy of 2 external cueing systems in prompting appropriately timed action is demonstrated. It is argued that the combination of external control and increased sustained attention to action were critical to the success of NeuroPage with this patient. Furthermore it is hypothesized that the checklist was effective in facilitating the patient's ability to foresee and recognize the consequences of her actions, which in turn had an impact on the probability of her changing those same ac...
The development of a test aimed at estimating premorbid intelligence is described. The test, Spot... more The development of a test aimed at estimating premorbid intelligence is described. The test, Spot-the-Word, involves presenting the subject with pairs of items comprising one word and one non-word, and requiring the subject to identify the word. Data show that performance correlates highly with verbal intelligence as estimated by Mill Hill Vocabulary score and by performance on the National Adult Reading Test (NART). Performance does not decline with age, in contrast to an associated test of verbal recognition memory. A second study attempted to test the effect of intellectual deterioration due to age on Spot-the-Word performance. Elderly subjects who had high vocabulary scores scored well on the Spot-the-Word regardless of whether fluid intelligence as measured by the AH4 test was well preserved, or was low, implying intellectual deterioration. A final study collected normative data on a sample of 224 subjects stratified by age and socioeconomic status, with each subject performing two parallel forms of the test, A and B, together with the NART. Correlation between the two forms was .884, while correlation with NART was 331 for Form A and ,859 for Form B, suggesting adequate reliability and validity. It is concluded that the test provides a potentially useful additional method of estimating premorbid intelligence.
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 1998
A series of experiments explores the capacity for generating sequences of random responses, relat... more A series of experiments explores the capacity for generating sequences of random responses, relating it to the central executive component of working memory. Experiment 1 shows a broadly similar pattern of redundancy increasing with speed of generation for both the verbal generation of digits and the manual pressing of keys. In both cases deviations from randomness are shown to reflect the increasing use of a limited number of stereotyped response sets. The remaining experiments use keyboard generation. Experiment 2 demonstrates that concurrent immediate serial recall decreases randomness, and that longer recall sequences produce less random output. Experiments 3 and 4 show that whereas simple counting has no effect on randomness, serial recall, semantic category generation, and concurrent digit generation have substantial effects, and a concurrent fluid intelligence test has the greatest influence on the randomness of key pressing. It is suggested that the task of random generation resembles that of category fluency because it requires the subject to switch retrieval plans and inhibit repetition. On this basis it is predicted that a task involving repeated switching of categories will interfere with generation, despite being predictable and having a low memory load. Experiments 5 and 6 confirm this prediction. Strengths and limitations of the switching hypothesis are discussed, as are the implications of our results for the analysis of executive processes.
The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with p... more The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
Generally positive correlations between different ability tests provide the evidence for a factor... more Generally positive correlations between different ability tests provide the evidence for a factor of"general intelligence" or Spearman's g. Though a possible neural substrate for g is suggested by executive impairments following frontal lobe lesions, preserved IQs in some frontal patients have been taken as strong evidence against this interpretation. We show that such results depend on how g is measured. Patients with superior IQs on the most clinically popular test-the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-show impairments of 2~60 points on conventionally measured fluid intelhgence or novel problem solving. On psychometric grounds, it is fluid intelligence that is most closely related to Spearman's g. The data suggest that g may in large part be a reflection of frontal functions.
People with memory loss resulting from brain injury benefit from purpose-designed memory aids suc... more People with memory loss resulting from brain injury benefit from purpose-designed memory aids such as appointment diaries on pocket computers. The present study explores the effects of extending the range of memory aids and including games. For 2 months, 12 people who had sustained brain injury were loaned a pocket computer containing three purpose-designed memory aids: diary, notebook and to-do list. A month later they were given another computer with the same memory aids but a different method of text entry (physical keyboard or touch-screen keyboard). Machine order was counterbalanced across participants. Assessment was by interviews during the loan periods, rating scales, performance tests and computer log files. All participants could use the memory aids and ten people (83%) found them very useful. Correlations among the three memory aids were not significant, suggesting individual variation in how they were used. Games did not increase use of the memory aids, nor did loan of the preferred pocket computer (with physical keyboard). Significantly more diary entries were made by people who had previously used other memory aids, suggesting that a better understanding of how to use a range of memory aids could benefit some people with brain injury.
Page 241. CHAPTER ELEVEN Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome Barbara A. Wilson, J... more Page 241. CHAPTER ELEVEN Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome Barbara A. Wilson, Jonathan J. Evans, Nick Alderman, Paul W. Burgess, Hazel Emslie* PURPOSES OF ASSESSMENT Assessments are carried out in order to answer questions. ...
... Pre-school children's use of the articles in definite and indefinite referring expres... more ... Pre-school children's use of the articles in definite and indefinite referring expressions* HAZEL C. EMSLIE AND ROSEMARY J.STEVENSON University of Durham ... (Picture 3): The little girl is kneeling on the floor and a cat is drinking the milk from the broken bottle. ...
Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of a paging system, NeuroPage, in helping sur... more Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of a paging system, NeuroPage, in helping survivors of brain injury compensate for everyday memory and planning problems. This study examines the effectiveness of the paging system in the sub-group of 12 children and adolescents with neurological deficits who took part in a larger study. Twelve participants aged 8-17 years took part in a randomized controlled crossover trial in which their completion of everyday goals was monitored prior to and during use of the NeuroPage system, where participants were sent reminder messages regarding tasks they should complete. All 12 young people showed significant improvements in carrying out everyday tasks between the baseline and treatment phases. The NeuroPage system can be successfully used by children and adolescents with neurological deficits and can alleviate some of the everyday difficulties caused by their memory and planning difficulties.
NeuroPage, a paging service designed to reduce the everyday memory and/or planning problems of pe... more NeuroPage, a paging service designed to reduce the everyday memory and/or planning problems of people with neurological deficits, is described. Following several research studies carried out to evaluate the system, a British local health authority set up a nationwide commercial NeuroPage service. A report on the first 40 clients recruited to the service is provided. The age range was 14-81 years, the majority of clients were men and the most frequent diagnosis was traumatic brain injury although a number of different diagnostic groups were represented. The types of messages sent and the group's satisfaction with NeuroPage are considered. Three brief case studies to illustrate the different ways clients used the system are presented.
Generally positive correlations between different ability tests provide the evidence for a factor... more Generally positive correlations between different ability tests provide the evidence for a factor of"general intelligence" or Spearman's g. Though a possible neural substrate for g is suggested by executive impairments following frontal lobe lesions, preserved IQs in some frontal patients have been taken as strong evidence against this interpretation. We show that such results depend on how g is measured. Patients with superior IQs on the most clinically popular test--the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--show impairments of 2~60 points on conventionally measured fluid intelhgence or novel problem solving. On psychometric grounds, it is fluid intelligence that is most closely related to Spearman's g. The data suggest that g may in large part be a reflection of frontal functions.
Memory and executive problems following encephalitis are common yet there are few published paper... more Memory and executive problems following encephalitis are common yet there are few published papers on the successful rehabilitation of such patients. We recently demonstrated (Wilson, Emslie, Quirk, & Evans, 2001; Wilson, Emslie, Quirk, Evans, & Watson, 2005) that a paging system could reduce the everyday memory and planning problems for people with non-progressive brain injury. Among the 143 patients who participated in the 2001 study were four people who had survived encephalitis. Their results are reported here. During a 2-week baseline, the successful task achievement of our four clients ranged from 2-81%. They then received a pager for 7 weeks and task achievement was documented in weeks 6 and 7. All were significantly more successful with the pager than they had been at baseline with success rates ranging from 45-96%. Five weeks after returning their pagers they were monitored once more. One of the encephalitic patients failed to achieve any of his target tasks, returning to baseline level, the other three dropped back a little but were still significantly more successful than at baseline. It is concluded that the paging system can reduce everyday memory and planning problems of patients with encephalitis.
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