Papers by Hassouna Bahrouni
Contribution à la mise en place d’une méthode d’évaluation des pertes de pesticides dans l’environnement en Tunisie: Une soufflerie aérodynamique de pulvérisation
En Tunisie, l’agriculture est une activité très consommatrice de pesticides : plus de 90% des imp... more En Tunisie, l’agriculture est une activité très consommatrice de pesticides : plus de 90% des importations du pays sont utilisés pour le traitement des cultures. D’un autre coté, l’application de ces produits chimiques par pulvérisation est toujours accompagnée du transfert d'importantes quantités de pesticides vers l'environnement. Ceci présente un risque permanent pour les écosystèmes et la santé publique en plus des pertes économiques considérables supportées par le portefeuille de l’agriculteur. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire d'étudier le devenir des pesticides appliqués afin de réduire les quantités perdues dans l'environnement tout en maintenant un niveau acceptable de l'efficacité des traitements. Dans ce cadre, l'Institut National de Recherches en Génie Rural, Eaux et Forêts (INRGREF) en Tunisie a construit en 2012 une soufflerie aérodynamique de pulvérisation qui permet de mesurer les pertes de pesticides vers les différents compartiments de l'...
Impact of the sprayer parameters on the distribution and the deposition of spray droplets: case of fungus treatment on artichoke crop in Tunisia
Annales de l'INRGREF, 2020
Approches et outils scientifiques en matière de pulvérisation : à la recherche d’une exploitation rationnelle et un meilleur respect de l’environnement
L’apport rationnel des produits de traitements phytosanitaires est une condition nécessaire pour ... more L’apport rationnel des produits de traitements phytosanitaires est une condition nécessaire pour garantir une efficacité maximale lors des opérations de pulvérisation. Cet apport rationnel de produits de traitements doit tenir en compte, à part la nature, la qualité et la quantité du produit à épandre plusieurs autres paramètres qui sont en étroite relation avec l’état de la végétation, les conditions météorologiques et le matériel de pulvérisation employé. Ce matériel, souvent assez complexe, requière une grande précision au niveau du dosage, de l’application et dépend de plusieurs paramètres « machines ». Ces paramètres qu’ils soient physiques, mécaniques ou hydrauliques peuvent affecter l’efficacité d’un traitement à travers leurs effets sur le volume de bouillie (aspects quantitatifs) ainsi que sur l’homogénéité de la répartition des gouttelettes au niveau de la cible (aspects qualitatifs). Un paramétrage non approprié de la machine associé à des conditions météorologiques criti...
En Tunisie, comme dans plusieurs pays méditerranéens, la céréaliculture est une activité très con... more En Tunisie, comme dans plusieurs pays méditerranéens, la céréaliculture est une activité très consommatrice de pesticides, (63% de la consommation totale de l'agriculture tunisienne). Par conséquent, il est nécessaire d'étudier le devenir des pesticides appliqués afin de réduire les quantités perdues dans l'environnement tout en maintenant un niveau acceptable de l'efficacité des traitements. Plusieurs études ont montré qu'après leur éjection par la buse, les gouttes sont plus ou moins soumises aux phénomènes de dérive et de perte au sol pendant l'application. La partie principale de ce travail est basée sur le développement et la validation d'un modèle capable de calculer les dépôts, la volatilisation, (évaporation et pertes vers l'air) sous le vent, en grandes cultures. Le modèle DriftL a été alors construit sous le logiciel SciLab, version 5.03. Il a été calé à partir de mesures réalisées sous des conditions contrôlées en soufflerie et a bénéficié ...
Risques liés au matériel agricole : évaluer pour prévenir, comprendre pour agir
Les conditions de travail dans le domaine agricole sont difficiles, aussi bien dans les pays indu... more Les conditions de travail dans le domaine agricole sont difficiles, aussi bien dans les pays industrialisés que dans les pays en développement. Ainsi, l'agriculture est depuis toujours l’un des secteurs les plus exposés aux accidents de travail. Avant qu’il ne soit mécanisé et intensifié, le travail avec les animaux comportait déjà des risques. La modernisation et les diverses révolutions techniques des activités agricoles n’a pas réduit ces risques. La mécanisation de l’agriculture a, certes, contribué à diminuer le temps et la pénibilité du travail, mais elle a également augmenté sa quantité et sa vitesse et a fait émerger de nombreux nouveaux risques pour la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs des milieux agricoles. De plus, le développement d’engins et de machines agricoles a induit l’apparition de nouveaux types d’accidents propres à leur utilisation qui sont plus dangereux. L'Organisation internationale du Travail (OIT) estime que le nombre de travailleurs agricoles ...
Transfert et devenir des pesticides dans l’environnement: cas de l’atmosphère
Vers les années 1940, les premiers pesticides de synthèse sont apparus sur le marché, avec des ré... more Vers les années 1940, les premiers pesticides de synthèse sont apparus sur le marché, avec des résultats révolutionnaires au niveau des rendements agricoles. Dans les années 1960, les premières accusations d'atteinte à la santé humaine et à l'environnement commencèrent à se faire entendre aux États-Unis, l'ouvrage du biologiste Rachel Carson « le Printemps Silencieux » dénonce pour la première fois la toxicité liée aux organochlorés. Par la suite, plusieurs études ont été menées et ont démontré l'accumulation de ces produits dans la chaîne alimentaire et en 1972, les organochlorés sont interdits d'utilisation en Amérique du Nord et en Europe. Depuis, le débat sur les risques encourus de la lutte chimique s'est prolongé et de très nombreux travaux ont été consacrés à l'étude de cette problématique. Aujourd'hui, la présence des pesticides dans les différents compartiments de l'environnement est prouvée par de très nombreuses études réalisées sur le ...
Les pertes de pesticides dans les conditions tunisiennes
In Tunisia, as in many Mediterranean countries, cereal is a very pesticide intensive crop (63% of... more In Tunisia, as in many Mediterranean countries, cereal is a very pesticide intensive crop (63% of overall Tunisian agriculture consumption). It is consequently necessary to study the fate of applied pesticides to reduce their release in the environment and maintain an acceptable effectiveness of treatments. Several studies have demonstrated that after their ejection from the nozzle, drops are subject to drift and ground losses during their applications. The main part of this work is based on the development and validation of a model, "DriftL"' that calculate drift in field crops. It was developed under Scilab (version 5,03). It has been calibrated using controlled condition measurements in a wind tunnel and received experimental validation. A second part of this work studied experimentally the direct soil loss and plant retention under laboratory conditions. As for the wind tunnel results, it showed a relationship between the drop size VMD, the microclimatic variables ...
Agricultural Water Management, 2013
Con la variabilidad climática se espera un aumento en la ocurrencia de sequías, que disminuyen si... more Con la variabilidad climática se espera un aumento en la ocurrencia de sequías, que disminuyen significativamente el rendimiento del cultivo de papa, por lo cual es necesario generar estrategias para mitigar los efectos del déficit hídrico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de calcio (Ca) en las respuestas fisiológicas y rendimiento de Solanum tuberosum L. grupo Phureja cultivar Criolla Colombia en déficit hídrico. Se realizaron dos ensayos bajo invernadero en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogotá). En el primero, entre los 44 y 54 días después de siembra (dds), se realizaron aplicaciones de Ca de forma edáfica (E): CaCl2 (3 g planta-1), CaCl2 (4,5 g planta-1), Ca(NO3)2 (4,5 g planta-1), Ca(NO3)2 (7 g planta-1), Ca(NO3)2+B (6 g planta-1) y Ca(NO3)2+B (9 g planta-1), y foliar (F): CaCl2 (10 mM planta-1), CaCl2 (20 mM planta-1), Ca(NO3)2 (10 mMplanta-1) y Ca(NO3)2 (20 mM planta-1). 55 dds las plantas se sometieron a riego continuo (BR) y déficit hídrico durante siete días (DH). DH redujo el contenido relativo de agua (CRA, 22,1%) y el rendimiento de tubérculo (RT, 26,7%), mientras que aumentó la pérdida de electrolitos (PE, 97,3%). Se observó una rápida recuperación al estrés tras la rehidratación y mitigación con aplicaciones de CaCl2-20-F-DH, CaCl2-4,5-E-DH y Ca(NO3)2-7-E-DH, presentando menor PE (<21,2%), mayor CRA (>12,6%) y RT (>15,6%), respecto a DH. En el segundo ensayo, entre los 34 y 44 dds se realizaron aplicaciones edáficas (E) de CaO (2,4 g planta-1), CaCl2 (4,5 g planta-1) y Ca(NO3)2 (7 g planta-1), y foliares (F) de Gluconato de Ca (4,6 cm 3 L-1), CaCl2 (20 mM planta-1) y Ca(NO3)2 (20 mM planta-1). 45 dds se sometieron a BR y DH por diez días. DH redujo el CRA (30,4%) y la conductancia estomática (CE, 89,1%), incrementó la PE (40,3%) y disminuyó el RT (44,3%). Las plantas con CaCl2-4,5-E-DH, CaCl2-20-F-DH y Ca(NO3)2-20-F-DH presentaron rendimientos e índices de tolerancia similares a las plantas BR. CaCl2-4,5-E-DH presentó mejor respuesta en las variables evaluadas con menor PE (25,2%), mayor CRA (10,5%) y RT (30,5%), respecto a DH. Las aplicaciones de CaCl2-20-F-DH, CaCl2-4,5-E-DH, Ca(NO3)2-20-F-DH y Ca(NO3)2-7-E-DH, mitigaron los efectos del déficit hídrico en papa, lo que puede estar relacionado con las funciones del Ca en el metabolismo celular, a través de la mejora del estado hídrico foliar, la X Efecto de fuentes de calcio en parámetros fisiológicos y rendimiento de papa (Solanum tuberosum L., grupo Phureja) en condiciones de déficit hídrico estabilidad de las membranas celulares y la conductancia estomática, aumentando así el rendimiento. Palabras clave: inicio de tuberización, estado hídrico foliar, pérdida de electrolitos, conductancia estomática, rendimiento en tubérculo, tolerancia al estrés.
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 2021
Irrigation systems entail interacting processes that should be considered when analyzing the perf... more Irrigation systems entail interacting processes that should be considered when analyzing the performances of irrigated areas. When analyzing the cause of performance gaps, one may consider the effect of one factor without taking into account the effect of other influential ones. This study addresses the performance of irrigated areas using a global approach. The analysis includes different factors of the production process and examines the relationship between irrigation and the economic performances of farmers’ irrigated fields. Results showed that technical efficiency (TE), considered as our economic indicator, evaluating the degree to which the inputs are used efficiently, was about 0.85 for fruit orchards, tomato, wheat and 0.66 for olive trees. The on-farm water distribution efficiency (Efarm) that evaluates water lost during its transport to plots was poor and can decrease to 36%. A great potential for improving water management exists. Efarm was not a significant factor for T...
Homogeneity distribution of sprayed pesticide is an important parameter to succeed weed and fungu... more Homogeneity distribution of sprayed pesticide is an important parameter to succeed weed and fungus control in the intensive crop production system. Therefore, there is a need to have reliable methods to allow better characterization of pesticide distribution by the mean of spray deposits analysis. This paper synthesizes the main procedures of spray deposit characterization, based on the synthesis of scientific studies and presents the results of some trials conducted in Tunisia to test some collectors. It shows that procedures of measurements depend essentially on the experimental environment, the requisite precision and the researched parameters of spray distribution. Reliability and precision of measurements are related to several factors, which depend on the experimentation field, spray liquid composition and both characteristics of used collectors and targets.Tests show that the efficiency rate of artificial collectors is higher than that of natural collectors.
Study of different soil water suction regimes on growth parameters and yield in two varieties of durum wheat in Northern Tunisia
Journal of New Sciences, 2019
In Tunisia, crop spraying is conducted under poorly controlled conditions. Important pesticide am... more In Tunisia, crop spraying is conducted under poorly controlled conditions. Important pesticide amounts are transferred in environment, with negative impacts in ecosystem, health and economy. An original method was developed to assess spray losses during cereal pesticide application, under field and laboratory conditions in Tunisian context. Some natural and artificial collectors were used to trap the droplets containing a fluorescent tracer dye (Brilliant SulphoFlavine: BSF). Four test series were carried out, in wind tunnel and field conditions, under two configurations, to assess spray drift and deposits under the sprayer boom, using a classic flat fan nozzle. The average captured on the ground was 30% to 65% of the sprayed tracer dose and 3% to 15,5% on plants. In the atmosphere, it varied between 8% and 16% of this same volume.
During the spraying of low crops, large quantities of pesticides are transferred from crop-growin... more During the spraying of low crops, large quantities of pesticides are transferred from crop-growing areas to the atmosphere, by drift inducing environmental impacts, human health problems and economic loses. To better understand this drift phenomenon, spray emission modeling, in combination with field tests, could be a suitable solution but modeling stills the most used approach. Thus, the scientific community developed mathematical and computational models to describe the complicated interactions between spray droplets and its environment considering the different involved parameters. The final objective is to determine pesticide transport with few field tests. Most of the developed models are Lagrangian models that use the principles of fluid mechanics based on simplifying assumptions regarding the description of the kinetics of particles and the effect of turbulence on the behavior of the droplets. Existing drift models only consider the evaporation of the solvent, which is often ...
The use of IRPeQ model as indicator to estimate the risk of some pesticides onhuman health and environment. Bouagga, A., Chaabane, H., Bahrouni, H., andHassine K
Journal of Plant Protection, 2016
Bouagga, A., Chaabane, H., Bahrouni, H., and Hassine K. 2016.The use of IRPeQ model as indicator ... more Bouagga, A., Chaabane, H., Bahrouni, H., and Hassine K. 2016.The use of IRPeQ model as indicator to estimate the risk of some pesticides on human health and environment. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 133-141. Different pesticides can be used by farmers to control bioagressors. To assess environmental and human health risks due to pesticide use, pesticide risk indicators are elaborated. The objective of this study was to characterize the potential risks of pesticides used and their side effects on health and environment. A census of the use of pesticides in citrus orchards was conducted among farmers in Tunisia during crop season 2013/14. Two risk indexes were calculated for each pesticide: a Health Risk Index (HRI) and an Environmental Risk Index (ERI) according to the Quebec Pesticides Risk Indicator (IRPeQ). The parameters used to follow each calculation were obtained from the registration dossier of each formulation and the international databases like Agritox, Extoxnet and PAN Pesticides. The highest HRI were obtained for the formulations based on the active ingredient methidathion (HRI= 1227), while, Success Appât a formulation, based on spinosad as active ingredient, is the product with the lowest health risk (HRI= 12). On the other hand, its ERI was evaluated with an index of 175, according to its toxicity towards honey bees. The fungicide formulation Aliette Express presented slightly low health and environmental risk indexes. The determination of the risk indexes HRI and ERI allowed us to compare pesticides (active ingredient and formulation) according to their potential risk and facilitate the choice of the pesticide with least risk for human health and environment.
Plant Protection Science, 2021
Irrational use of chemical method for crop protection, presents increasingly serious risks for hu... more Irrational use of chemical method for crop protection, presents increasingly serious risks for human health and the environment. Droplet size and meteorological parameters are key factors to both environmental contamination and pest control efficacy. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of the nozzle use parameters, the operating pressure and the wind speed on droplet foliage deposition (retention) and soil deposition (losses), when treating artichoke. Several combinations were tested in a wind tunnel and in the field, under Mediterranean microclimatic conditions, using a fluorescent dye as a substitute for pesticide. Multiple regression models were built from tunnel data to predict foliage deposition and soil deposits, with determination coefficients of 0.96. Thus, models are able to simulate pesticide deposition on artichoke leaves and soil deposition, depending on sprayer parameters and wind speed. Foliage deposition and soil deposits rates ranged from 30 to 52% an...
Effect of Three Soil Tillage Practices on Soil Organic Matter and Nutrient in Any Semi-Arid Area in Tunisia
Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 2020
The distribution of soil organic matter (SOM), nitrogen (N), potassium (K), total calcium carbona... more The distribution of soil organic matter (SOM), nitrogen (N), potassium (K), total calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and pH was studied in relation to three soil tillage practices: conventional (CT) using mouldboad plough followed by three crossing of off-set disc harrow, tooth harrow and seed drill, Reduced (RT) using a chisel, and no-till (NT) using direct driller and 2 plant species: Vicia faba and Durum wheat, grown in a clayey soil of the semi-arid region of Kef (North western Tunisia) during three years 2009-2011. Results showed that, under NT, Vicia faba increased SOM and N in the first fifteen centimeters by 20% and 84% respectively as compared to the CT, and reduced soil pH by 0.1 unit. Indeed, Vicia faba benefited from the residues of the Durum wheat. In contrast, CT buried the residues of the previous crop increasing the rate of SOM and N in the subsoil (30-45 cm depth). This made clear that NT, had the benefit of improving top-soil fertility and putting soil nutrients at the r...
Water, 2020
In Tunisia, water used for irrigation is often saline, increasing the risk of salinization for so... more In Tunisia, water used for irrigation is often saline, increasing the risk of salinization for soils and crops. In this study, an experiment was conducted on a tomato crop cultivated on a silty-clay soil irrigated with three different water qualities: 0, 3.5, and 7 dS·m−1. Experimental data were then used to calibrate and validate the Hydrus-1D model, which simulates water flow and salt transfer in soils. The successfully-calibrated and validated model was then used to study the combined effects of the soil osmotic and soil matrix potentials on root water uptake. The values of the root mean square error (RMSE), the coefficient of determination (CD), the modeling efficiency (EF), and the coefficient of residual mass (CRM) were close to their optimal values for both soil water content and soil electrical conductivity profiles, indicating the reliability of the model to reproduce water and salt dynamics. Relative yields (Yr), indirectly estimated using actual and potential root water u...
Journal of Agricultural Science, 2018
Environment pollution related to pesticides has been confirmed by the scientific community for a ... more Environment pollution related to pesticides has been confirmed by the scientific community for a long time, but the available information on the impact of this phenomenon on human health and the ecosystem are still insufficient. Contamination of the environment can occur through various pathways, ground deposits during the application of pesticides to crops are one of those pathways. The retention rate of sprayed droplets is an important factor both for the efficacy of the phytosanitary treatment and the quantities of lost pesticides on the ground. This paper presents an overview of factors that affect spray droplet behavior, involved process in sprayed drop fate and the mainly techniques for measuring pesticide deposits to the ground and plant retention. We present studies that have focused on pesticide retention and soil deposition during crop spraying in relation to sprayer equipment, used formulation and climatic factors. Plant retention and pesticide deposits during spray is a ...
Journal of Agricultural Science, 2016
The irrigated areas in Tunisia were esteemed in 2010 to over 420 thousand hectares and represents... more The irrigated areas in Tunisia were esteemed in 2010 to over 420 thousand hectares and represents 8% of farmland, this little area providing 35% of the total crop production. This situation makes it exert enormous pressure on the irrigated sector that his intensification is very associated to increased inputs including especially pesticides. However, the irrational use and abuse of pesticides associated with an inadequate irrigation system management are a great threat of contamination to groundwater resources and constitute one of the greatest challenges facing Tunisian government today. According to FAO, 2013, the adoption of the concept of best practices can meet this challenge. These best practices are not only a practice that are best, but a practices that have been proven to work well and produce good results, and are therefore recommended as a model. This paper aims to analyze in a framework of global environmental approach, the role of the best irrigation practices (BIPs) to...
In Tunisia, crop spraying is conducted under poorly controlled conditions. Important pesticide am... more In Tunisia, crop spraying is conducted under poorly controlled conditions. Important pesticide amounts are transferred in environment, with negative impacts in ecosystem, health and economy. An original method was developed to assess spray losses during cereal pesticide application, under field and laboratory conditions in Tunisian context. Some natural and artificial collectors were used to trap the droplets containing a fluorescent tracer dye (Brilliant SulphoFlavine: BSF). Four test series were carried out, in wind tunnel and field conditions, under two configurations, to assess spray drift and deposits under the sprayer boom, using a classic flat fan nozzle. The average captured under the boom was 30% to 65% of the sprayed tracer dose on the ground and 3% to 15,5% on plants. In the atmosphere, it varied between 8% and 16% of this same volume.
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Papers by Hassouna Bahrouni