A series of complex and synthetic media have been developed that are suitable for the production ... more A series of complex and synthetic media have been developed that are suitable for the production of cephalosporin C and cephalosporin N by a mutant strain of Cephalosporium (C.M.I. 49,137). dl-Methionine increased the yield of both antibiotics, with more effect on cephalosporin N. l-Cystine had a greater enhancing effect on formation of cephalosporin C than on formation of cephalosporin N in synthetic media; serine increased yields of cephalosporin C under certain conditions. Disaccharides or polysaccharides appeared to be the best source for carbohydrates. No evidence was found for precursor action such as is found in penicillin fermentations. The ability of resting cells to produce antibiotic was demonstrated.
The Banks group comprises both high and low islands. a nd a significant maritime as well as terre... more The Banks group comprises both high and low islands. a nd a significant maritime as well as terrestrial orientati on to the traditional economy is evident both ethnographically and from archaeological data. However. the pig appear as a central focus of the Banks Islands no less than in other Melanesian communi ues. There is the suggestion from early accounts of the gro up that the role of the offshore islet was closely linked with the economy of adjacent high islands. An archaeological investigation of Pakea Islet provided the opportunity for an evaluation of this model. The results of a series of faunal analyses tend to confi rm that the prehisto ric Pakean communities developed over time a sy mbiot ic relationshi p with those o n a n adjacent high is land in which a limited age range of male pigs was exchanged fo r mari ne products.
The Reddestone Creek site has aroused considerable interest since its discovery because of the ap... more The Reddestone Creek site has aroused considerable interest since its discovery because of the apparent association between man and megafauna which it reveals. The site is also of Interest because of the biological attributes of the species present and the information which these provide about the extinction process. We therefore felt it was important to publish our preliminary findings, although much work remains to be done on pollen and soils from the site, and the completion of the faunal analysis.
Bacteriomes are specialized insect organs that harbor symbiotic bacteria (Baumann 2005, Annu. Rev... more Bacteriomes are specialized insect organs that harbor symbiotic bacteria (Baumann 2005, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 59: 155 189). Bacteriomes of psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) primarily consist of 2 tissue types: bacteriocytes which house an obligate symbiont 'Candidatus Carsonella ruddii,' and multinucleate syncytia which may harbor facultative symbionts (Chang and Musgrave 1969, Tissue Cell 1: 597 606; Fukatsu and Nikoh 1998, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 3,599 3606; Subandiyah et al. 2000, Zool. Sci. 17:983 989). A long-term goal of our research is to investigate the ecological interactions among agriculturally-important psyllids, their host plants, and bacteriomeassociated symbionts, and to investigate the potential role of bacteriomes in the acquisition and transmission of psyllid-vectored plant pathogens. To facilitate the control of biological variation in future studies of bacteriomes and bacteriome-associated symbionts, the objective of our study was to provide morphological descriptions of bacteriomes from 2 agriculturally-important psyllids, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) and Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), and to compare the size and appearances of bacteriomes between sexes. A third psyllid species, Aphalara calthae L. (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), representing a family distinct from those of the 2 pest species, was included in our comparisons to provide a systematically broad description of psylloid bacteriomes. Identification of bacterial symbionts was beyond the scope of this initial study and was not included as an objective. Bactericera cockerelli were obtained from a colony maintained on tomato plants (S. lycopersicum, cv. Moneymaker) at 25°C with a 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod. The colony originated from insects collected in 2012 from fields of potato near Prosser, WA. Summerform C. pyricola were obtained from a colony reared on Bartlett pear seedlings in a greenhouse with supplemental light programmed to provide a 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod. Diapausing winterform C. pyricola were collected from a mature pear orchard located at the USDA-ARS experimental farm near Moxee, WA, on 26 November 2012. Diapausing A. calthae adults were collected from conifers located near unmanaged vegetation at the USDA-ARS experimental farm on 6 November 2012.
... Clark (1981) reaches simi-lar conclusions in analysing the sites dis-mssed above, but cautiou... more ... Clark (1981) reaches simi-lar conclusions in analysing the sites dis-mssed above, but cautiously accepts the Lynch's Crater 38,000 BP date as showing man's impact, although she noQes 'their con-tinued burning did not prevent the roturn of wetter rainforest about 7,000 years ...
To characterize the behavior of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), males to sex pheromone source... more To characterize the behavior of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), males to sex pheromone sources, we determined the lapsed time for response, number responding, and number of attempted pseudocopulations directed to pheromone placed at various heights in or near apple trees. The time for and number of responses was similar at any height as long as the pheromone source was within and not outside the tree's canopy. Responses to pheromone and captures of moths were significantly lower for pheromone sources or traps outside the tree canopy, whether above, below or between trees. The maximum numerical response was at the 3.0-m level, 1.0-1.5 m from the top of the tree. In an unsprayed apple orchard, the number of moths caught in traps at 3.5 m was not significantly different from the number caught at 1.5 m, but in a sprayed orchard, the number caught at 3.5 m was significantly higher than at 1.5 m in six of 10 biweekly comparisons. Efficiency of low traps (1.5 m) relative to high traps depended on the position of the low trap in relation to the canopy. The canopy effect was larger than the height effect.
... comments of Carrol Calkins (USDA-AHS, Yakima),John Capincra (Department of Entomology and Nem... more ... comments of Carrol Calkins (USDA-AHS, Yakima),John Capincra (Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville), Tom Unruh (USDA-AHS, Yaki-ma), andTom Weissling (USDA ... 5 Croft, BA, EC Burts, HE van de Boon, PH Westigard, and H. Riedl. ...
A group of metal-filled polymer composites developed as compliant interconnection materials for c... more A group of metal-filled polymer composites developed as compliant interconnection materials for connector and testing applications is discussed. This material group is referred to as elastomeric conductive polymer interconnection (ECPI) materials. ECPIs make electrical connection between opposing contact areas using conductive columns that are uniformly distributed within a sheet of silicone rubber and are separated by a spacing of 7
... References Gillespie, R., Horton, DR, Ladd, P., Macumber, PG, Rich, T., Thorne, R., Wright,RV... more ... References Gillespie, R., Horton, DR, Ladd, P., Macumber, PG, Rich, T., Thorne, R., Wright,RVS 1978. Lancefield swamp and the extinction of the Australian megafauna. Science 200, 1044-1048. Hope, JH, Dare-Edwards, A. Mclntyre, M. 1983. ...
... Thylacoleo,not Humans, the Cause DR Horton1 and RVS Wright2 1 Australian Institute of Aborigi... more ... Thylacoleo,not Humans, the Cause DR Horton1 and RVS Wright2 1 Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra 2 Department of Anthropology, University of Sydney ... The correlation coefficient r becomes the measure of opposition of the marks. ...
Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 1993
... factors (Figs. 1-3): leaf fall, weather, and pruning 290 310 JULIAN DAY 330 Fig. 1 ... leaf f... more ... factors (Figs. 1-3): leaf fall, weather, and pruning 290 310 JULIAN DAY 330 Fig. 1 ... leaf fall. In 1991 at both orchards, water pan catch of psylla was also high in late October (Julian days 295-305), de-spite low rates of leaf fall (Fig. 2 ...
Carsonella ruddii (Gamma Proteobacterium) is an obligate bacterial endosymbiont of psyllids that ... more Carsonella ruddii (Gamma Proteobacterium) is an obligate bacterial endosymbiont of psyllids that produces essential amino acids that are lacking in the insect's diet. Accurate estimations of Carsonella populations are important to studies of Carsonella-psyllid interactions and to developing ways to target Carsonella for control of psyllid pests including pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae). We used two methods, namely fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), to estimate relative abundance of Carsonella in bacteriocytes and whole bodies of psyllids, respectively. Using these two methods, we compared Carsonella populations between female and male insects. Estimations using fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated that Carsonella was more abundant in bacteriocytes of female C. pyricola than in those of males, but Carsonella abundanc...
Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 1998
... PREDATORY HETEROPTERA are important natural ene-mies in tree fruit ecosystems in the Pacific ... more ... PREDATORY HETEROPTERA are important natural ene-mies in tree fruit ecosystems in the Pacific North-west (Madsen et al. 1963, Madsen and Wong 1964, Westigard et al. 1968). ... Predators were jarred from trees onto cloth-covered boards and aspirated. ...
one species [Anthocoris nemoralis (F.)] intentionally introduced for biological control (McMullen... more one species [Anthocoris nemoralis (F.)] intentionally introduced for biological control (McMullen 1971), and other species whose arrival and establishment in North America are not understood (Anderson and Kelton 1963, Lattin et al. 1989, Lattin 1993). Lattin (1999) noted that seven species of Anthocoridae have been introduced into North America north of Mexico for biological control purposes. Of these species, apparently only A.
A series of complex and synthetic media have been developed that are suitable for the production ... more A series of complex and synthetic media have been developed that are suitable for the production of cephalosporin C and cephalosporin N by a mutant strain of Cephalosporium (C.M.I. 49,137). dl-Methionine increased the yield of both antibiotics, with more effect on cephalosporin N. l-Cystine had a greater enhancing effect on formation of cephalosporin C than on formation of cephalosporin N in synthetic media; serine increased yields of cephalosporin C under certain conditions. Disaccharides or polysaccharides appeared to be the best source for carbohydrates. No evidence was found for precursor action such as is found in penicillin fermentations. The ability of resting cells to produce antibiotic was demonstrated.
The Banks group comprises both high and low islands. a nd a significant maritime as well as terre... more The Banks group comprises both high and low islands. a nd a significant maritime as well as terrestrial orientati on to the traditional economy is evident both ethnographically and from archaeological data. However. the pig appear as a central focus of the Banks Islands no less than in other Melanesian communi ues. There is the suggestion from early accounts of the gro up that the role of the offshore islet was closely linked with the economy of adjacent high islands. An archaeological investigation of Pakea Islet provided the opportunity for an evaluation of this model. The results of a series of faunal analyses tend to confi rm that the prehisto ric Pakean communities developed over time a sy mbiot ic relationshi p with those o n a n adjacent high is land in which a limited age range of male pigs was exchanged fo r mari ne products.
The Reddestone Creek site has aroused considerable interest since its discovery because of the ap... more The Reddestone Creek site has aroused considerable interest since its discovery because of the apparent association between man and megafauna which it reveals. The site is also of Interest because of the biological attributes of the species present and the information which these provide about the extinction process. We therefore felt it was important to publish our preliminary findings, although much work remains to be done on pollen and soils from the site, and the completion of the faunal analysis.
Bacteriomes are specialized insect organs that harbor symbiotic bacteria (Baumann 2005, Annu. Rev... more Bacteriomes are specialized insect organs that harbor symbiotic bacteria (Baumann 2005, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 59: 155 189). Bacteriomes of psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) primarily consist of 2 tissue types: bacteriocytes which house an obligate symbiont 'Candidatus Carsonella ruddii,' and multinucleate syncytia which may harbor facultative symbionts (Chang and Musgrave 1969, Tissue Cell 1: 597 606; Fukatsu and Nikoh 1998, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 3,599 3606; Subandiyah et al. 2000, Zool. Sci. 17:983 989). A long-term goal of our research is to investigate the ecological interactions among agriculturally-important psyllids, their host plants, and bacteriomeassociated symbionts, and to investigate the potential role of bacteriomes in the acquisition and transmission of psyllid-vectored plant pathogens. To facilitate the control of biological variation in future studies of bacteriomes and bacteriome-associated symbionts, the objective of our study was to provide morphological descriptions of bacteriomes from 2 agriculturally-important psyllids, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) and Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), and to compare the size and appearances of bacteriomes between sexes. A third psyllid species, Aphalara calthae L. (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), representing a family distinct from those of the 2 pest species, was included in our comparisons to provide a systematically broad description of psylloid bacteriomes. Identification of bacterial symbionts was beyond the scope of this initial study and was not included as an objective. Bactericera cockerelli were obtained from a colony maintained on tomato plants (S. lycopersicum, cv. Moneymaker) at 25°C with a 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod. The colony originated from insects collected in 2012 from fields of potato near Prosser, WA. Summerform C. pyricola were obtained from a colony reared on Bartlett pear seedlings in a greenhouse with supplemental light programmed to provide a 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod. Diapausing winterform C. pyricola were collected from a mature pear orchard located at the USDA-ARS experimental farm near Moxee, WA, on 26 November 2012. Diapausing A. calthae adults were collected from conifers located near unmanaged vegetation at the USDA-ARS experimental farm on 6 November 2012.
... Clark (1981) reaches simi-lar conclusions in analysing the sites dis-mssed above, but cautiou... more ... Clark (1981) reaches simi-lar conclusions in analysing the sites dis-mssed above, but cautiously accepts the Lynch's Crater 38,000 BP date as showing man's impact, although she noQes 'their con-tinued burning did not prevent the roturn of wetter rainforest about 7,000 years ...
To characterize the behavior of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), males to sex pheromone source... more To characterize the behavior of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), males to sex pheromone sources, we determined the lapsed time for response, number responding, and number of attempted pseudocopulations directed to pheromone placed at various heights in or near apple trees. The time for and number of responses was similar at any height as long as the pheromone source was within and not outside the tree's canopy. Responses to pheromone and captures of moths were significantly lower for pheromone sources or traps outside the tree canopy, whether above, below or between trees. The maximum numerical response was at the 3.0-m level, 1.0-1.5 m from the top of the tree. In an unsprayed apple orchard, the number of moths caught in traps at 3.5 m was not significantly different from the number caught at 1.5 m, but in a sprayed orchard, the number caught at 3.5 m was significantly higher than at 1.5 m in six of 10 biweekly comparisons. Efficiency of low traps (1.5 m) relative to high traps depended on the position of the low trap in relation to the canopy. The canopy effect was larger than the height effect.
... comments of Carrol Calkins (USDA-AHS, Yakima),John Capincra (Department of Entomology and Nem... more ... comments of Carrol Calkins (USDA-AHS, Yakima),John Capincra (Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville), Tom Unruh (USDA-AHS, Yaki-ma), andTom Weissling (USDA ... 5 Croft, BA, EC Burts, HE van de Boon, PH Westigard, and H. Riedl. ...
A group of metal-filled polymer composites developed as compliant interconnection materials for c... more A group of metal-filled polymer composites developed as compliant interconnection materials for connector and testing applications is discussed. This material group is referred to as elastomeric conductive polymer interconnection (ECPI) materials. ECPIs make electrical connection between opposing contact areas using conductive columns that are uniformly distributed within a sheet of silicone rubber and are separated by a spacing of 7
... References Gillespie, R., Horton, DR, Ladd, P., Macumber, PG, Rich, T., Thorne, R., Wright,RV... more ... References Gillespie, R., Horton, DR, Ladd, P., Macumber, PG, Rich, T., Thorne, R., Wright,RVS 1978. Lancefield swamp and the extinction of the Australian megafauna. Science 200, 1044-1048. Hope, JH, Dare-Edwards, A. Mclntyre, M. 1983. ...
... Thylacoleo,not Humans, the Cause DR Horton1 and RVS Wright2 1 Australian Institute of Aborigi... more ... Thylacoleo,not Humans, the Cause DR Horton1 and RVS Wright2 1 Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra 2 Department of Anthropology, University of Sydney ... The correlation coefficient r becomes the measure of opposition of the marks. ...
Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 1993
... factors (Figs. 1-3): leaf fall, weather, and pruning 290 310 JULIAN DAY 330 Fig. 1 ... leaf f... more ... factors (Figs. 1-3): leaf fall, weather, and pruning 290 310 JULIAN DAY 330 Fig. 1 ... leaf fall. In 1991 at both orchards, water pan catch of psylla was also high in late October (Julian days 295-305), de-spite low rates of leaf fall (Fig. 2 ...
Carsonella ruddii (Gamma Proteobacterium) is an obligate bacterial endosymbiont of psyllids that ... more Carsonella ruddii (Gamma Proteobacterium) is an obligate bacterial endosymbiont of psyllids that produces essential amino acids that are lacking in the insect's diet. Accurate estimations of Carsonella populations are important to studies of Carsonella-psyllid interactions and to developing ways to target Carsonella for control of psyllid pests including pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae). We used two methods, namely fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), to estimate relative abundance of Carsonella in bacteriocytes and whole bodies of psyllids, respectively. Using these two methods, we compared Carsonella populations between female and male insects. Estimations using fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated that Carsonella was more abundant in bacteriocytes of female C. pyricola than in those of males, but Carsonella abundanc...
Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 1998
... PREDATORY HETEROPTERA are important natural ene-mies in tree fruit ecosystems in the Pacific ... more ... PREDATORY HETEROPTERA are important natural ene-mies in tree fruit ecosystems in the Pacific North-west (Madsen et al. 1963, Madsen and Wong 1964, Westigard et al. 1968). ... Predators were jarred from trees onto cloth-covered boards and aspirated. ...
one species [Anthocoris nemoralis (F.)] intentionally introduced for biological control (McMullen... more one species [Anthocoris nemoralis (F.)] intentionally introduced for biological control (McMullen 1971), and other species whose arrival and establishment in North America are not understood (Anderson and Kelton 1963, Lattin et al. 1989, Lattin 1993). Lattin (1999) noted that seven species of Anthocoridae have been introduced into North America north of Mexico for biological control purposes. Of these species, apparently only A.
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