Papers by Hari Chand Sharma
Insect and plants have coevolved for millions of years. Plants respond to herbivory through vario... more Insect and plants have coevolved for millions of years. Plants respond to herbivory through various morphological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms to counter/offset the effects of herbivore attack. These defense strategies against herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and could be direct and/or indirect. Direct defense affects the herbivore’s growth and development due to antibiosis because of secondary metabolites produced constitutively and/or induced upon infestation by the insect pests. The indirect defense involves the recruitment of natural enemies of the insect pests. The natural enemies (parasitoids and predators) are attracted by the volatiles produced by the plants in response to insect herbivory. The direct and indirect defensive strategies either act separately or in conjunction with each other. However, insects have the ability to adapt to the plant defensive responses through physiological processes, metabolism and behavior to offset the adverse effects of...
Interaction between Host Plant Resistance and the Biocontrol of a Cereal Aphid: A Laboratory Study
Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 1998
Crop Protection, 2014
This is author version post print archived in the official Institutional Repository of ICRISAT ww... more This is author version post print archived in the official Institutional Repository of ICRISAT www.icrisat.org Crop Protection Crop hosts and genotypic resistance influences the biological activity of Bacillus thuringiensis towards Helicoverpa armigera
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1988
SummaryField experiments, conducted on alluvial soil of Jalandhar during 1984–5 and 1985–6 with f... more SummaryField experiments, conducted on alluvial soil of Jalandhar during 1984–5 and 1985–6 with four rates of application each of N, P and K and four potato cultivars, Badshah, Bahar, Lalima and Jyoti, revealed significant responses to N and K. Badshah, Bahar and Lalima responded to 240 kg N/ha while Jyoti responded to 160 kg N/ha. Badshah did not respond to K. Bahar responded to 150 K/ha whereas both Jyoti and Lalima responded to 50 kg K/ha. Varietal responses to N were related to yield and crop duration while the responses to K were related to K composition of tubers. N showed inconsistent effect on percentage dry matter of tubers, but K decreased it. N increased concentration of N and P but decreased that of K.
Field Crops Research, 2021
Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata,causes substantial economic losses in sorghum globally. Cul... more Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata,causes substantial economic losses in sorghum globally. Cultural practices and host plant resistance are effective measures for mitigating the losses caused by sorghum shoot fly. Therefore, we evaluated 32 sorghum genotypes consisting of a set of 10 restorer lines, 10 CMS (cytoplasmic male-sterile) lines and their respective maintainers exhibiting resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly along with resistant and susceptible checks under field conditions. The traits such as leaf glossiness, leaf sheath pigmentation, percentage plants with shoot fly deadhearts and number of shoot fly eggs per plant were used as morphological markers for selecting genotypes with resistance to shoot fly during the rainy and post rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017. The test material was also subjected to biochemical analysis (total soluble sugars, protein and tannin contents), while the leaf surface chemicals were analysed by GC-MS to identify the compounds associated with resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly. The genotypes differed significantly for all the traits, except percentage plants with shoot fly deadhearts during the 2016 rainy season. The genotypes ICSB 458, ICSA/B 467, ICSA/B 487, ICSA/B 14037, IS 18551 and ICSV 93046 exhibited moderate to high levels of resistance to shoot fly based on number of plants with shoot fly deadhearts, plants with shoot fly eggs and total number of shoot fly eggs. The shoot fly resistant genotypes ICSB 84, ICSA/B 467, ICSB 487, ICSB 14024, and IS 18551 had low shoot fly deadheart incidence, higher amounts of condensed tannins, soluble sugars, phenols and lower protein content as compared to the susceptible genotypes. Thirteen unique compounds were identified from leaf surface extracts by GC-MS which were associated with shoot fly resistance/susceptibility. While HPLC analysis revealed that Protocatechuic and coumaric acids were present in most of the sorghum genotypes, but their amounts were significantly greater in resistant as compared to the susceptible ones. The findings of the study highlight the importance of various morphological and biochemical traits conferring resistance to sorghum shoot fly, and these traits can be used as markers to identify shoot fly resistant genotypes for use in breeding programs.
Geographical Journal of Nepal
Giant African land snails (Achatina fulica; GALS) are a highly invasive herbivore and pose seriou... more Giant African land snails (Achatina fulica; GALS) are a highly invasive herbivore and pose serious threats to native species and that could disrupt ecosystems. Various botanical extracts have been used as molluscicides to control mollusks for pest management. We aimed to identify the effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) and titepati (Artemisia vulgaris) to reduce GALS activities and survival using solutions of fresh neem leaf and titepati leaf, bark, and root. We found a fast movement in the GALS only in the extraction groups while the lethargic movement was lower in mulching method. A significant association of control groups with different extraction groups along with mulching treatment (p<0.05) however, no differences were observed among different extractions at 2.5% and 5% concentrations. Among the treatments, Neem leaf at 5% concentration was found to be effective as it helped immobilize the samples after ten days whilst other treatments required minimum 14 days to be effect...
Insect and plants have coevolved for millions of years. Plants respond to herbivory through vario... more Insect and plants have coevolved for millions of years. Plants respond to herbivory through various morphological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms to counter/offset the effects of herbivore attack. These defense strategies against herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and could be direct and/or indirect. Direct defense affects the herbivore's growth and development due to antibiosis because of secondary metabolites produced constitutively and/or induced upon infestation by the insect pests. The indirect defense involves the recruitment of natural enemies of the insect pests. The natural enemies (parasitoids and predators) are attracted by the volatiles produced by the plants in response to insect herbivory. The direct and indirect defensive strategies either act separately or in conjunction with each other. However, insects have the ability to adapt to the plant defensive responses through physiological processes, metabolism and behavior to offset the adverse effects of the host plants' defense systems. This process of defensive responses by the host plants and counter defense by the insect pests results in the breakdown of resistance, and evolution of new populations/biotypes of the insect pests. This co-evolution between the plants and insects poses a major threat for developing crop cultivars with stable resistance to the target pest for pest management.
Elimination of Gut Bacteria from Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Using Antibiotics Reduces the Binding and Pore-Forming Activity of Cry Toxins
Agricultural Biocatalysis, Oct 25, 2022
Euphytica, 2002
Sorghum midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola Coquillett) is an important pest of grain sorghum, and ho... more Sorghum midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola Coquillett) is an important pest of grain sorghum, and host plant resistance is one of the most effective means of controlling this pest. Several studies have shown that resistance to sorghum midge is associated with short and tight glumes, faster rate of grain development, and tannins. However, some recent studies suggested that time of flowering is
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2009
Four Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxins, Cry3A, Cry4Aa, Cry11Aa, and Cyt1Aa, were found to exhib... more Four Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxins, Cry3A, Cry4Aa, Cry11Aa, and Cyt1Aa, were found to exhibit low to moderate toxicity on the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum , in terms both of mortality and growth rate. Cry1Ab was essentially nontoxic except at high rates. To demonstrate these effects, we had to use exhaustive buffer-based controls.
Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 2013
Induced resistance is one of the important components of host plant resistance to insects. We stu... more Induced resistance is one of the important components of host plant resistance to insects. We studied the induced defensive responses in groundnut genotypes with different levels of resistance to the leaf defoliator Helicoverpa armigera and the sap-sucking insect Aphis craccivora to gain an understanding of the induced resistance to insects and its implications for pest management. The activity of the defensive enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase) and the amounts of total phenols, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and proteins were recorded at 6 days after infestation. Induction of enzyme activities and the amounts of secondary metabolites were greater in the insect-resistant genotypes ICGV 86699, ICGV 86031, ICG 2271, and ICG 1697 infested with H. armigera and A. craccivora than in the susceptible check JL 24. The resistant genotypes suffered lower insect damage and resulted in lower Helicoverpa larval survival and weights than those larvae fed on the susceptible check JL 24. The number of aphids was significantly lower on insect-resistant genotypes than on the susceptible check JL 24. The results suggested that groundnut plants respond to infestation by H. armigera and A. craccivora in a similar way; however, the degree of the response differed across the genotypes and insects, and this defense response is attributed to various defensive enzymes and secondary metabolites.
Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2011
Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata is one of the serious constraints to sorghum production, an... more Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata is one of the serious constraints to sorghum production, and host plant resistance is an important component for controlling this pest. We studied the expression of resistance to A. soccata in a diverse array of sorghum genotypes in relation to composition of leaf surface chemicals during the seedling stage. The sorghum
Journal of Pest Science, 2013
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer-Verlag Ber... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be selfarchived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".
Journal of Insect Physiology, 2010
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the a... more This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy In vivo inhibition of Helicoverpa armigera gut pro-proteinase activation by non-host plant protease inhibitors
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2005
Euphytica, 2000
Sorghum midge [Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett)] is an important pest of grain sorghum, and ... more Sorghum midge [Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett)] is an important pest of grain sorghum, and host plant resistance is one of the important components for the management of this pest. We studied the inheritance of resistance to this insect involving a diverse array of midge-resistant and midge-susceptible genotypes in India and Kenya. Testers IS 15107, TAM 2566, and DJ 6514, which were highly resistant to sorghum midge in India, showed a greater susceptibility to this insect in Kenya. The maintainer lines ICSB 88019 and ICSB 88020 were highly resistant to sorghum midge in India, but showed a susceptible reaction in Kenya; while ICSB 42 was susceptible at both the locations. General combining ability (GCA) effects for susceptibility to sorghum midge for ICSA 88019 and ICSA 88020 were significant and negative in India, but such effects were non-significant in Kenya. The GCA effects of ICSB 42 for susceptibility to sorghum midge were significant and positive at both the locations. The GCA effects were significant and positive for Swarna, and such effects for IS 15107 and TAM 2566 were negative at both the locations. GCA effect of DJ 6514 were significant and negative in India, but non-significant and positive in Kenya; while those of AF 28 were significant and positive during the 1994 season in India, but significant and negative in Kenya. Inheritance of resistance to sorghum midge is largely governed by additive type of gene action. Testers showing resistance to sorghum midge in India and/or Kenya did not combine with ICSA 88019 and ICSA 88020 to produce midge-resistant hybrids in Kenya. Therefore, it is essential to transfer location specific resistance into both parents to produce midge-resistant hybrids.
Euphytica, 2005
Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata (Rondani) is an important pest of sorghum in Asia, Africa, ... more Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata (Rondani) is an important pest of sorghum in Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean Europe, and host plant resistance is an important component for the management of this pest. The levels of resistance in the cultivated germplasm are low to moderate, and therefore, it is important to identify genotypes with different mechanisms of resistance to pyramid the resistance genes. We studied the antixenosis for oviposition, antibiosis, and tolerance components of resistance in a diverse array of shoot fly-resistant and-susceptible genotypes. The main plants and tillers of SFCR 151, ICSV 705, SFCR 125, and, IS 18551 experienced lower shoot fly deadhearts at 28 days after seedling emergence, produced more number of productive tillers. The insects fed on these genotypes also exhibited longer larval period (10.1-11.0 days compared to 9.3 days on Swarna), lower larval survival and adult emergence (54.7-67.8 and 46.7-52.2% compared to 73.3 and 60.6% on Swarna, respectively), and lower growth and adult emergence indices as compared to the susceptible check, Swarna. Physico-chemical traits such as leaf glossiness, trichome density, and plumule and leaf sheath pigmentation were found to be associated with resistance, and chlorophyll content, leaf surface wetness, seedling vigor, and waxy bloom with susceptibility to shoot fly and explained 88.5% of the total variation in deadhearts. Step-wise regression indicated that 90.4% of the total variation in deadhearts was due to leaf glossiness and trichome density. The direct and indirect effects, correlation coefficients, multiple and step-wise regression analysis suggested that deadhearts, plants with eggs, leaf glossiness, trichomes on the abaxial surface of the leaf, and leaf sheath pigmentation can be used as marker traits to select for resistance to shoot fly, A. soccata in sorghum.
Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 2000
Crop Science, 2006
The sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata Rond. (Diptera: Muscidae), is one of the most important... more The sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata Rond. (Diptera: Muscidae), is one of the most important pests of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and host plant resistance is an important component for the management of this pest. Most of the sorghum hybrids currently under cultivation are based on cytoplasmic malesterility (CMS). To develop a strategy to develop sorghum hybrids with resistance to shoot fly, we studied the nature of gene action for resistance to this pest in F 1 hybrids derived from shoot fly-resistant and-susceptible CMS and restorer lines. The hybrids based on shoot flyresistant CMS and restorer lines were glossy and trichomed and had lower proportion of plants with eggs (78.5% vs. 88.4 to 93.3%) and deadhearts (40.8% vs. 60.8 to 75.3%) than the hybrids based on other cross combinations, suggesting that resistance is required in both CMS and restorer lines for obtaining shoot fly-resistant hybrids. Proportional contributions of CMS lines for oviposition, deadhearts, leaf glossiness, and recovery resistance were greater than those of the restorer lines. The general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) estimates suggested that inheritance for oviposition nonpreference, deadhearts, recovery resistance, and the morphological traits associated with resistance or susceptibility to A. soccata were governed by additive-type of gene action. The SCA effects and heterosis estimates indicated that heterosis breeding would not be rewarding in breeding for resistance to shoot fly.
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Papers by Hari Chand Sharma