In the face of escalating soil contamination, this chapter meticulously examines the multifaceted... more In the face of escalating soil contamination, this chapter meticulously examines the multifaceted strategies employed to mitigate metal/metalloid stress in crops, an imperative endeavor for maintaining agricultural productivity and ensuring food security. Central to the discussion is exploring advanced phytoremediation techniques alongside the strategic use of soil amendments, highlighting their efficacy in decontaminating metal/metalloid-laden soils. The narrative further extends to the crucial role of mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing plant resilience against metal/metalloid toxicity and the innovative application of genetic engineering and breeding techniques aimed at cultivating metal/metalloid-tolerant crop varieties. Moreover, the chapter sheds light on integrating cutting-edge soil remediation technologies, including electrokinetic and nanotechnology, showcasing their potential to revolutionize conventional remediation practices. The synthesis of these strategies underscores the importance of adopting an interdisciplinary approach, blending traditional methods with technological innovations to develop sustainable and effective solutions for metal/metalloid stress in agriculture. Additionally, the chapter emphasizes the need for robust policy frameworks and sophisticated monitoring tools to manage soil health comprehensively, advocating for a holistic strategy to safeguard agricultural landscapes against metal/metalloid contamination.
This chapter rigorously examines soil toxic metal/metalloid contamination and its profound implic... more This chapter rigorously examines soil toxic metal/metalloid contamination and its profound implications on crop resilience, focusing on abiotic stress conditions. It begins by elucidating the natural and anthropogenic origins of soil contamination, illustrating how plants absorb these toxicants, and elaborating on their physiomolecular responses. The chapter accentuates the detrimental manifestations of impaired photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and oxidative stress management, underscoring the urgent need for effective mitigation strategies. Phytoremediation and genetic engineering advancements are explored as promising strategies to optimize plant resilience in contaminated environments. Novel methodologies, including phytochelatins and the strategic application of genetic engineering, demonstrate potential in improving plant growth and resilience, showcasing significant advancements toward sustainable agricultural practices. Moreover, the interaction between plants and soil microbes is dissected, revealing a symbiotic relationship that influences the bioavailability of toxic metals/metalloids and optimizes plant health under stress conditions. This insight into microbial assistance opens new avenues for research and application in crop management and soil remediation. This chapter contributes essential knowledge toward bolstering crop resilience against toxic metal/metalloid contamination by presenting cutting-edge research findings and sophisticated mitigation techniques. It emphasizes the critical role of innovative research in overcoming the challenges posed by soil contamination, paving the way for achieving sustainable agricultural productivity and food security in the face of environmental stressors.
Two hundred and sixteen samples (80 Tracheal swabs and 136 blood serum) were collected from four ... more Two hundred and sixteen samples (80 Tracheal swabs and 136 blood serum) were collected from four commercial ostrich farms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for isolation of Newcastle disease (ND) and Avian Influenza (AI) viruses or detection of their antigens and antibodies by RT-PCR and Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbant Assay (ELISA) respectively. Neither AI and ND viruses nor their antigens were isolated or detected in any of the collected swabs samples. Also, Antibodies to avian influenza virus were not detected in the collected serum samples. Antibodies to ND virus were detected in 0.0%, 80.0%, 74.1%, and 80.0% in serum samples from farms 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Mean ND ELISA antibody titer were 0.0, 646.3, 1068.5 and 1440.5 in farms 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Ostriches vaccinated with live ND vaccine by drinking water were negative for ND antibodies, while ostriches vaccinated with live ND vaccine by spray method and boosted by inactivated oil emulsion ND vaccine gave the highest immune response. Ostriches vaccinated with inactivated oil emulsion ND vaccine (4x chicken dose/ostrich) elicited effective immune response and transferred maternal antibodies to ostrich chicks at the rate of 85.7% and 66.7% with mean ELISA antibody titer of 1450.5 and 1350.15 at 7 and 21 day old, respectively.
Unlimited grateful and thankful to my great mother who has been there for me day and night, loved... more Unlimited grateful and thankful to my great mother who has been there for me day and night, loved me unconditionally, thank you for the love, encouragement, and prayers that are a light unto my path. To my father soul for his pure spirit that accompanies and sustains me. Thanks for my great wife and my beautiful kids who have been there for me for the past years. Thank you for all of your love, support, help, encouragement, patience, and dedication. I cannot forget my brothers, sisters for their deeply encouragement and full support. My gratitude extended to King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) for covering the study tuition fees provided to cover my study expenses and the financial support provided to my family and me throughout the school years. I love to express my greatest thanks and gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Kevin Fitzsimmons for his supervision with all positive spirit, valuable guidance, continuous advice, and his kind and significant encouragement, and suggestions. I will remain very grateful to Dr. Jean McLain for her valuable directions, and kind support as well as for her brilliant comments, continuous help all over the work and for the access to train in her lab, and having me as a member of her great and nice lab team. I also extend my deep thanks and sincere gratitude for Dr. Joan Curry for her kind support, and for the valuable help during the program, and good greeting, and thanks to Dr. Murat Kacira for the valuable suggestions. Finally, I want also to thank all people who supported, helped me through the program; especial thanks for to Victoria Obergh for all the help during the lab work and for the training. Also, to the Soil, Water and Environmental Science Department (SWES) for the financial aid, and to Kerr Family Scholarship, George L. Jones Memorial Scholarship for support me with scholarships. Thanks to Mary Kay and the Arizona Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants (ALEC) for helping with the analyses. Many thanks to my friends, Alhassan Aodah, Tawfiq Alfaifi, and Matthew Recsetar for helping and supporting me during my study. Also, to Controlled Environment Agriculture Center (CEAC), especially Dr. Stacy Tollefson, Dr. James Ebeling, Neal Barto, and Mark Carson for the help, and directions during my work and training in the greenhouses.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This research aimed to investigate heat shock proteins in the tomato genome through the analysis ... more This research aimed to investigate heat shock proteins in the tomato genome through the analysis of amino acids. The highest length among sequences was found in seq19 with 3534 base pairs. This seq19 was reported and contained a family of proteins known as HsfA that have a domain of transcriptional activation for tolerance to heat and other abiotic stresses. The values of the codon adaptation index (CAI) ranged from 0.80 in Seq19 to 0.65 in Seq10, based on the mRNA of heat shock proteins for tomatoes. Asparagine (AAT, AAC), aspartic acid (GAT, GAC), phenylalanine (TTT, TTC), and tyrosine (TAT, TAC) have relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values bigger than 0.5. In modified relative codon bias (MRCBS), the high gene expressions of the amino acids under heat stress were histidine, tryptophan, asparagine, aspartic acid, lysine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, cysteine, and threonine. RSCU values that were less than 0.5 were considered rare codons that affected the rate of translation, a...
Sero-Virological studies on Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza in Farmed Ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Saudi Arabia
Two hundred and sixteen samples (80 Tracheal swabs and 136 blood serum) were collected from four ... more Two hundred and sixteen samples (80 Tracheal swabs and 136 blood serum) were collected from four commercial ostrich farms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for isolation of Newcastle disease (ND) and Avian Influenza (AI) viruses or detection of their antigens and antibodies by RT-PCR and Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbant Assay (ELISA) respectively. Neither AI and ND viruses nor their antigens were isolated or detected in any of the collected swabs samples. Also, Antibodies to avian influenza virus were not detected in the collected serum samples. Antibodies to ND virus were detected in 0.0%, 80.0%, 74.1%, and 80.0% in serum samples from farms 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Mean ND ELISA antibody titer were 0.0, 646.3, 1068.5 and 1440.5 in farms 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Ostriches vaccinated with live ND vaccine by drinking water were negative for ND antibodies, while ostriches vaccinated with live ND vaccine by spray method and boosted by inactivated oil emulsion ND vaccine gave the highes...
Before everything and after all, thanks be to God for giving me strength and generosity to accomp... more Before everything and after all, thanks be to God for giving me strength and generosity to accomplish this work. Unlimited grateful and thankful to my great mother who has been there for me day and night, loved me unconditionally, thank you for the love, encouragement, and prayers that are a light unto my path. To my father soul for his pure spirit that accompanies and sustains me. Thanks for my great wife and my beautiful kids who have been there for me for the past years. Thank you for all of your love, support, help, encouragement, patience, and dedication. I cannot forget my brothers, sisters for their deeply encouragement and full support.
In the face of escalating soil contamination, this chapter meticulously examines the multifaceted... more In the face of escalating soil contamination, this chapter meticulously examines the multifaceted strategies employed to mitigate metal/metalloid stress in crops, an imperative endeavor for maintaining agricultural productivity and ensuring food security. Central to the discussion is exploring advanced phytoremediation techniques alongside the strategic use of soil amendments, highlighting their efficacy in decontaminating metal/metalloid-laden soils. The narrative further extends to the crucial role of mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing plant resilience against metal/metalloid toxicity and the innovative application of genetic engineering and breeding techniques aimed at cultivating metal/metalloid-tolerant crop varieties. Moreover, the chapter sheds light on integrating cutting-edge soil remediation technologies, including electrokinetic and nanotechnology, showcasing their potential to revolutionize conventional remediation practices. The synthesis of these strategies underscores the importance of adopting an interdisciplinary approach, blending traditional methods with technological innovations to develop sustainable and effective solutions for metal/metalloid stress in agriculture. Additionally, the chapter emphasizes the need for robust policy frameworks and sophisticated monitoring tools to manage soil health comprehensively, advocating for a holistic strategy to safeguard agricultural landscapes against metal/metalloid contamination.
This chapter rigorously examines soil toxic metal/metalloid contamination and its profound implic... more This chapter rigorously examines soil toxic metal/metalloid contamination and its profound implications on crop resilience, focusing on abiotic stress conditions. It begins by elucidating the natural and anthropogenic origins of soil contamination, illustrating how plants absorb these toxicants, and elaborating on their physiomolecular responses. The chapter accentuates the detrimental manifestations of impaired photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and oxidative stress management, underscoring the urgent need for effective mitigation strategies. Phytoremediation and genetic engineering advancements are explored as promising strategies to optimize plant resilience in contaminated environments. Novel methodologies, including phytochelatins and the strategic application of genetic engineering, demonstrate potential in improving plant growth and resilience, showcasing significant advancements toward sustainable agricultural practices. Moreover, the interaction between plants and soil microbes is dissected, revealing a symbiotic relationship that influences the bioavailability of toxic metals/metalloids and optimizes plant health under stress conditions. This insight into microbial assistance opens new avenues for research and application in crop management and soil remediation. This chapter contributes essential knowledge toward bolstering crop resilience against toxic metal/metalloid contamination by presenting cutting-edge research findings and sophisticated mitigation techniques. It emphasizes the critical role of innovative research in overcoming the challenges posed by soil contamination, paving the way for achieving sustainable agricultural productivity and food security in the face of environmental stressors.
Two hundred and sixteen samples (80 Tracheal swabs and 136 blood serum) were collected from four ... more Two hundred and sixteen samples (80 Tracheal swabs and 136 blood serum) were collected from four commercial ostrich farms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for isolation of Newcastle disease (ND) and Avian Influenza (AI) viruses or detection of their antigens and antibodies by RT-PCR and Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbant Assay (ELISA) respectively. Neither AI and ND viruses nor their antigens were isolated or detected in any of the collected swabs samples. Also, Antibodies to avian influenza virus were not detected in the collected serum samples. Antibodies to ND virus were detected in 0.0%, 80.0%, 74.1%, and 80.0% in serum samples from farms 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Mean ND ELISA antibody titer were 0.0, 646.3, 1068.5 and 1440.5 in farms 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Ostriches vaccinated with live ND vaccine by drinking water were negative for ND antibodies, while ostriches vaccinated with live ND vaccine by spray method and boosted by inactivated oil emulsion ND vaccine gave the highest immune response. Ostriches vaccinated with inactivated oil emulsion ND vaccine (4x chicken dose/ostrich) elicited effective immune response and transferred maternal antibodies to ostrich chicks at the rate of 85.7% and 66.7% with mean ELISA antibody titer of 1450.5 and 1350.15 at 7 and 21 day old, respectively.
Unlimited grateful and thankful to my great mother who has been there for me day and night, loved... more Unlimited grateful and thankful to my great mother who has been there for me day and night, loved me unconditionally, thank you for the love, encouragement, and prayers that are a light unto my path. To my father soul for his pure spirit that accompanies and sustains me. Thanks for my great wife and my beautiful kids who have been there for me for the past years. Thank you for all of your love, support, help, encouragement, patience, and dedication. I cannot forget my brothers, sisters for their deeply encouragement and full support. My gratitude extended to King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) for covering the study tuition fees provided to cover my study expenses and the financial support provided to my family and me throughout the school years. I love to express my greatest thanks and gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Kevin Fitzsimmons for his supervision with all positive spirit, valuable guidance, continuous advice, and his kind and significant encouragement, and suggestions. I will remain very grateful to Dr. Jean McLain for her valuable directions, and kind support as well as for her brilliant comments, continuous help all over the work and for the access to train in her lab, and having me as a member of her great and nice lab team. I also extend my deep thanks and sincere gratitude for Dr. Joan Curry for her kind support, and for the valuable help during the program, and good greeting, and thanks to Dr. Murat Kacira for the valuable suggestions. Finally, I want also to thank all people who supported, helped me through the program; especial thanks for to Victoria Obergh for all the help during the lab work and for the training. Also, to the Soil, Water and Environmental Science Department (SWES) for the financial aid, and to Kerr Family Scholarship, George L. Jones Memorial Scholarship for support me with scholarships. Thanks to Mary Kay and the Arizona Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants (ALEC) for helping with the analyses. Many thanks to my friends, Alhassan Aodah, Tawfiq Alfaifi, and Matthew Recsetar for helping and supporting me during my study. Also, to Controlled Environment Agriculture Center (CEAC), especially Dr. Stacy Tollefson, Dr. James Ebeling, Neal Barto, and Mark Carson for the help, and directions during my work and training in the greenhouses.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This research aimed to investigate heat shock proteins in the tomato genome through the analysis ... more This research aimed to investigate heat shock proteins in the tomato genome through the analysis of amino acids. The highest length among sequences was found in seq19 with 3534 base pairs. This seq19 was reported and contained a family of proteins known as HsfA that have a domain of transcriptional activation for tolerance to heat and other abiotic stresses. The values of the codon adaptation index (CAI) ranged from 0.80 in Seq19 to 0.65 in Seq10, based on the mRNA of heat shock proteins for tomatoes. Asparagine (AAT, AAC), aspartic acid (GAT, GAC), phenylalanine (TTT, TTC), and tyrosine (TAT, TAC) have relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values bigger than 0.5. In modified relative codon bias (MRCBS), the high gene expressions of the amino acids under heat stress were histidine, tryptophan, asparagine, aspartic acid, lysine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, cysteine, and threonine. RSCU values that were less than 0.5 were considered rare codons that affected the rate of translation, a...
Sero-Virological studies on Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza in Farmed Ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Saudi Arabia
Two hundred and sixteen samples (80 Tracheal swabs and 136 blood serum) were collected from four ... more Two hundred and sixteen samples (80 Tracheal swabs and 136 blood serum) were collected from four commercial ostrich farms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for isolation of Newcastle disease (ND) and Avian Influenza (AI) viruses or detection of their antigens and antibodies by RT-PCR and Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbant Assay (ELISA) respectively. Neither AI and ND viruses nor their antigens were isolated or detected in any of the collected swabs samples. Also, Antibodies to avian influenza virus were not detected in the collected serum samples. Antibodies to ND virus were detected in 0.0%, 80.0%, 74.1%, and 80.0% in serum samples from farms 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Mean ND ELISA antibody titer were 0.0, 646.3, 1068.5 and 1440.5 in farms 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Ostriches vaccinated with live ND vaccine by drinking water were negative for ND antibodies, while ostriches vaccinated with live ND vaccine by spray method and boosted by inactivated oil emulsion ND vaccine gave the highes...
Before everything and after all, thanks be to God for giving me strength and generosity to accomp... more Before everything and after all, thanks be to God for giving me strength and generosity to accomplish this work. Unlimited grateful and thankful to my great mother who has been there for me day and night, loved me unconditionally, thank you for the love, encouragement, and prayers that are a light unto my path. To my father soul for his pure spirit that accompanies and sustains me. Thanks for my great wife and my beautiful kids who have been there for me for the past years. Thank you for all of your love, support, help, encouragement, patience, and dedication. I cannot forget my brothers, sisters for their deeply encouragement and full support.
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