The rock art at Gua Andomo and Gua Lampetia, two newly described sites in the Indonesian island o... more The rock art at Gua Andomo and Gua Lampetia, two newly described sites in the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, is dominated by hand stencils. The Gua Andomo stencils include a variant focused on Sulawesi which involves narrowed fingers. This variant has been documented for many of the hand stencils of southwest Sulawesi, including an example dated to the Late Pleistocene. The extent of the variant's distribution hundreds of kilometres to the east is demonstrated by the location of Gua Andomo towards the centre of Sulawesi, and other narrow-fingered hand stencils recently documented from the Matarombeo Massif and Muna Island. The widespread occurrence of these stencils suggests the expression of a shared cultural heritage with hunter-gatherer origins across a large swathe of Sulawesi.
The central Indonesian island of Sulawesi has played an important role in modern and pre-modern h... more The central Indonesian island of Sulawesi has played an important role in modern and pre-modern human migration through the Southeast Asian island chain. Over the last two decades, archaeological excavations in South Sulawesi have provided new insights into the ancient human past of this region, in particular the extensive Mid-Holocene or "Toalean" sites, as well as several significant Pleistocene-age discoveries. This paper assesses the latest research and what implications these works have for prior models of human prehistory in the region. We show that recent studies have revealed that Toalean-era toolmakers were able to adapt to different environments and raw material sources, but would also transport desired raw materials for production of certain artifact types. Early quarry sites have also been identified for the first time. In addition , new excavations have revealed complex tool forms in forested highland environments, previously thought to hold only sparse and elementary assemblages, allowing us to reassess 20th century models of Toalean cultural subgroups and distribution. The rich parietal art initially attributed to the Toalean has now been dated to the Late Pleistocene, roughly contemporaneous with the production of "portable art" - the existence of which was also recently revealed-in this region, while lithic artifacts dated to between at least 194-118 thousand years ago at Talepu appear to predate modern Homo sapiens occupation. Two newly reported highland sites have also yielded rich and deeply stratified archaeological deposits. These may offer the best opportunity to test hypotheses such as the transitional "Ceramic Toalean" contact phase, as site disturbance and subsidence have formerly compromised the stratigraphic integrity of most excavations. This review shows that, while much work is still needed-particularly in obtaining a reliable body of well-stratified and reliable dates-recent research presents an image of early innovation in the region in the form of Late Pleistocene "art" production and Mid-Holocene technological developments that are both earlier and more extensive than previously known. Available at https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/issue/view/1155/showToc
Imported high-fired ceramics (tradewares) are critical for dating early South Sulawesi historical... more Imported high-fired ceramics (tradewares) are critical for dating early South Sulawesi historical sites between the 13th/14th and 16th/17th centuries AD. The Allangkanangnge ri Latanete site is of great importance in the South Sulawesi context because of its large tradeware assemblage of more than 2000 sherds and its radiometric chronology that confirms the 13th/14th-16th/17thcentury dating assigned by ceramic specialists to the tradeware classes. The site is also of major importance in its local identification with the palace centre of Cina, an early Bugis kingdom. The combined chronological evidence from tradewares and chronometric determinations demonstrates a 14th-century antiquity for the deepest examples of the abundant rice phytoliths recovered from the site. Allangkanangnge ri Latanete exemplifies the major role of rice in the economy of the early Bugis agrarian kingdoms as their subsistence basis and as a source of surplus produce to trade for ceramics and other exotic imports.
The Karama drainage supported the lifeways of prehistoric Austronesian speakers following their f... more The Karama drainage supported the lifeways of prehistoric Austronesian speakers following their first arrival in Sulawesi. Beginning in 1935, early research along the Karama River brought to light various occupation phases related to the founding lineages and dispersal of Austronesian speakers within Southeast Asia's borders. More recent research indicates a Neolithic occupation phase between 3500 and 2500 years ago, after which time the Metal Phase began. The Metal Phase is fully demonstrated in the deposits of the Sakkarra site, on the Bonehau River in the southern Karama drainage, as described in this paper. Cultural developments associated with the Neolithic continued unabated into the Early Metal Phase, including the technology of polishing stone artefacts, which indeed appears to have been practised with enhanced skill.
The Karama drainage supported the lifeways of prehistoric Austronesian speakers following their f... more The Karama drainage supported the lifeways of prehistoric Austronesian speakers following their first arrival in Sulawesi. Beginning in 1935, early research along the Karama River brought to light various occupation phases related to the founding lineages and dispersal of Austronesian speakers within Southeast Asia's borders. More recent research indicates a Neolithic occupation phase between 3500 and 2500 years ago, after which time the Metal Phase began. The Metal Phase is fully demonstrated in the deposits of the Sakkarra site, on the Bonehau River in the southern Karama drainage, as described in this paper. Cultural developments associated with the Neolithic continued unabated into the Early Metal Phase, including the technology of polishing stone artefacts, which indeed appears to have been practised with enhanced skill.
The Microlith Tool Industry at Balang Metti Site: Late Toalean Technology and Cultural Contact in... more The Microlith Tool Industry at Balang Metti Site: Late Toalean Technology and Cultural Contact in the Highlands of South Sulawesi. The presence and distribution of microlith tools in Africa, Europe, and Asia have often been debated by prehistorians. The technology was brought by Early Modern Humans out of Africa to some areas of Europe and Asia during the Late Pleistocene. In South Sulawesi, it exists from the Middle to Late Holocene and is classed as part of the 'Toalean' culture. Excavations at Balang Metti site revealed a layer of microlith tools representing an industry that occurred for no more than 3,500 years ago. This is remarkable as the site is located in the highlands, whereas all previously known Toalean occupation sites are dispersed throughout the lowlands of South Sulawesi. The purpose of our research is to explain this microlith technology, especially the implication of its cultural contact, which occurred up to the highlands. Research methods done by classified, counted, and measured all lithic artefacts from excavation. The results show that the early stages of flaking (reduction) occurred not only in the cave but also out of the site, possibly close to the raw material sources. Abstrak. Kehadiran dan persebaran alat mikrolit di Afrika, Eropa, dan Asia telah diperdebatkan oleh kalangan peneliti prasejarah. Peralatan tersebut dibawa oleh manusia modern awal keluar dari Afrika ke beberapa wilayah Eropa dan Asia pada akhir Pleistosen. Di Sulawesi Selatan peralatan ini baru muncul pada pertengahan hingga akhir Holosen dan digolongkan sebagai bagian dari budaya Toalean. Penggalian di Situs Balang Metti menunjukkan lapisan budaya industri alat mikrolit berumur tidak lebih dari 3.500 tahun. Permasalahannya adalah situs tersebut berada di wilayah dataran tinggi, yang sebelumnya situs-situs hunian Toalean hanya ditemukan tersebar di wilayah dataran rendah Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan teknologi alat mikrolit dan implikasi kontak budaya yang terjadi hingga di dataran tinggi Sulawesi Selatan. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan mengklasifikasi, menghitung, dan mengukur semua artefak batu dari penggalian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses penyerpihan tidak hanya dilakukan di dalam gua, tetapi juga di luar gua yang mungkin tidak jauh dari lokasi pengambilan bahan.
The rock art at Gua Andomo and Gua Lampetia, two newly described sites in the Indonesian island o... more The rock art at Gua Andomo and Gua Lampetia, two newly described sites in the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, is dominated by hand stencils. The Gua Andomo stencils include a variant focused on Sulawesi which involves narrowed fingers. This variant has been documented for many of the hand stencils of southwest Sulawesi, including an example dated to the Late Pleistocene. The extent of the variant's distribution hundreds of kilometres to the east is demonstrated by the location of Gua Andomo towards the centre of Sulawesi, and other narrow-fingered hand stencils recently documented from the Matarombeo Massif and Muna Island. The widespread occurrence of these stencils suggests the expression of a shared cultural heritage with hunter-gatherer origins across a large swathe of Sulawesi.
The central Indonesian island of Sulawesi has played an important role in modern and pre-modern h... more The central Indonesian island of Sulawesi has played an important role in modern and pre-modern human migration through the Southeast Asian island chain. Over the last two decades, archaeological excavations in South Sulawesi have provided new insights into the ancient human past of this region, in particular the extensive Mid-Holocene or "Toalean" sites, as well as several significant Pleistocene-age discoveries. This paper assesses the latest research and what implications these works have for prior models of human prehistory in the region. We show that recent studies have revealed that Toalean-era toolmakers were able to adapt to different environments and raw material sources, but would also transport desired raw materials for production of certain artifact types. Early quarry sites have also been identified for the first time. In addition , new excavations have revealed complex tool forms in forested highland environments, previously thought to hold only sparse and elementary assemblages, allowing us to reassess 20th century models of Toalean cultural subgroups and distribution. The rich parietal art initially attributed to the Toalean has now been dated to the Late Pleistocene, roughly contemporaneous with the production of "portable art" - the existence of which was also recently revealed-in this region, while lithic artifacts dated to between at least 194-118 thousand years ago at Talepu appear to predate modern Homo sapiens occupation. Two newly reported highland sites have also yielded rich and deeply stratified archaeological deposits. These may offer the best opportunity to test hypotheses such as the transitional "Ceramic Toalean" contact phase, as site disturbance and subsidence have formerly compromised the stratigraphic integrity of most excavations. This review shows that, while much work is still needed-particularly in obtaining a reliable body of well-stratified and reliable dates-recent research presents an image of early innovation in the region in the form of Late Pleistocene "art" production and Mid-Holocene technological developments that are both earlier and more extensive than previously known. Available at https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/issue/view/1155/showToc
Imported high-fired ceramics (tradewares) are critical for dating early South Sulawesi historical... more Imported high-fired ceramics (tradewares) are critical for dating early South Sulawesi historical sites between the 13th/14th and 16th/17th centuries AD. The Allangkanangnge ri Latanete site is of great importance in the South Sulawesi context because of its large tradeware assemblage of more than 2000 sherds and its radiometric chronology that confirms the 13th/14th-16th/17thcentury dating assigned by ceramic specialists to the tradeware classes. The site is also of major importance in its local identification with the palace centre of Cina, an early Bugis kingdom. The combined chronological evidence from tradewares and chronometric determinations demonstrates a 14th-century antiquity for the deepest examples of the abundant rice phytoliths recovered from the site. Allangkanangnge ri Latanete exemplifies the major role of rice in the economy of the early Bugis agrarian kingdoms as their subsistence basis and as a source of surplus produce to trade for ceramics and other exotic imports.
The Karama drainage supported the lifeways of prehistoric Austronesian speakers following their f... more The Karama drainage supported the lifeways of prehistoric Austronesian speakers following their first arrival in Sulawesi. Beginning in 1935, early research along the Karama River brought to light various occupation phases related to the founding lineages and dispersal of Austronesian speakers within Southeast Asia's borders. More recent research indicates a Neolithic occupation phase between 3500 and 2500 years ago, after which time the Metal Phase began. The Metal Phase is fully demonstrated in the deposits of the Sakkarra site, on the Bonehau River in the southern Karama drainage, as described in this paper. Cultural developments associated with the Neolithic continued unabated into the Early Metal Phase, including the technology of polishing stone artefacts, which indeed appears to have been practised with enhanced skill.
The Karama drainage supported the lifeways of prehistoric Austronesian speakers following their f... more The Karama drainage supported the lifeways of prehistoric Austronesian speakers following their first arrival in Sulawesi. Beginning in 1935, early research along the Karama River brought to light various occupation phases related to the founding lineages and dispersal of Austronesian speakers within Southeast Asia's borders. More recent research indicates a Neolithic occupation phase between 3500 and 2500 years ago, after which time the Metal Phase began. The Metal Phase is fully demonstrated in the deposits of the Sakkarra site, on the Bonehau River in the southern Karama drainage, as described in this paper. Cultural developments associated with the Neolithic continued unabated into the Early Metal Phase, including the technology of polishing stone artefacts, which indeed appears to have been practised with enhanced skill.
The Microlith Tool Industry at Balang Metti Site: Late Toalean Technology and Cultural Contact in... more The Microlith Tool Industry at Balang Metti Site: Late Toalean Technology and Cultural Contact in the Highlands of South Sulawesi. The presence and distribution of microlith tools in Africa, Europe, and Asia have often been debated by prehistorians. The technology was brought by Early Modern Humans out of Africa to some areas of Europe and Asia during the Late Pleistocene. In South Sulawesi, it exists from the Middle to Late Holocene and is classed as part of the 'Toalean' culture. Excavations at Balang Metti site revealed a layer of microlith tools representing an industry that occurred for no more than 3,500 years ago. This is remarkable as the site is located in the highlands, whereas all previously known Toalean occupation sites are dispersed throughout the lowlands of South Sulawesi. The purpose of our research is to explain this microlith technology, especially the implication of its cultural contact, which occurred up to the highlands. Research methods done by classified, counted, and measured all lithic artefacts from excavation. The results show that the early stages of flaking (reduction) occurred not only in the cave but also out of the site, possibly close to the raw material sources. Abstrak. Kehadiran dan persebaran alat mikrolit di Afrika, Eropa, dan Asia telah diperdebatkan oleh kalangan peneliti prasejarah. Peralatan tersebut dibawa oleh manusia modern awal keluar dari Afrika ke beberapa wilayah Eropa dan Asia pada akhir Pleistosen. Di Sulawesi Selatan peralatan ini baru muncul pada pertengahan hingga akhir Holosen dan digolongkan sebagai bagian dari budaya Toalean. Penggalian di Situs Balang Metti menunjukkan lapisan budaya industri alat mikrolit berumur tidak lebih dari 3.500 tahun. Permasalahannya adalah situs tersebut berada di wilayah dataran tinggi, yang sebelumnya situs-situs hunian Toalean hanya ditemukan tersebar di wilayah dataran rendah Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan teknologi alat mikrolit dan implikasi kontak budaya yang terjadi hingga di dataran tinggi Sulawesi Selatan. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan mengklasifikasi, menghitung, dan mengukur semua artefak batu dari penggalian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses penyerpihan tidak hanya dilakukan di dalam gua, tetapi juga di luar gua yang mungkin tidak jauh dari lokasi pengambilan bahan.
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