DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jun 1, 2016
In this paper, the dynamic properties of a glass structures and glass components will be discusse... more In this paper, the dynamic properties of a glass structures and glass components will be discussed. A short introduction to dynamic load will be presented as well as the basic principles of calculus used behind the widely understood finite element analysis. A comprehensive review of the various damping concepts, coefficients and physical backgrounds will be summarized. The mathematical model is analyzed by Finite Element Method and by STRAND 7 software system. In this paper, the consideration of various damping concepts using FEM for the harmonic and transient dynamic analysis is addressed. Several key points are summarized.
This article has been amended to correct the in-text figure and table referencing and to provide ... more This article has been amended to correct the in-text figure and table referencing and to provide clarification in Table 1 that automotive flat glass production does not take place in the UK. The Supplementary Information has been updated to correct reported units and clarify production processes. The original article has been corrected.
Glass is one of the UK's eight energy-intensive industries. As such, it is under scrutiny to deco... more Glass is one of the UK's eight energy-intensive industries. As such, it is under scrutiny to decouple growth in production from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The energy input associated with glass production can be reduced by using recycled glass (cullet) in new glass production, which enables lower furnace operating temperatures and reduces demand for primary raw materials. However, efficient systems for flat glass collection are yet to be established in the UK, resulting in a limited supply of cullet available for the flat glass markets and missed environmental opportunities. This study identifies the existing supply-chain inefficiencies of the UK glass industry in three stages. Firstly, the mass flows of materials within the three main glass sectors: container glass, flat glass and glass wool, are mapped from natural resource through to primary application and subsequent endof-life management based on a reference year of annual production figures. The map is presented in the form of a Sankey diagram which draws attention to several opportunities for increasing resource efficiency; namely in the stark contrast in glass collection rates between the flat and container glass industry. Using the collected data on the annual mass flows of materials in the UK flat glass sub-sector, the energy (MJ) and GHG emission (CO2-eq) saving potential of enhanced end-of-life collection methods are assessed, based on three alternative recovery scenarios. These scenarios consider the use of alternative distributions of recovered flat glass cullet in the three primary glass sub-sectors. The emission savings resulting from each recovery scenario are evaluated, based on the estimated tonnage yield of finished flat glass products. It is shown that together with improved manufacturing yield, the reutilization of end-of-life flat glass as cullet in new production could reduce the annual emissions of the UK flat glass value-chain by up to 18%. Finally we review the existing barriers to recycling different glass types based on acceptability criteria and available take-back infrastructure, and thus find that the advancement of improved recycling rates will rely on establishment of the business opportunity and/or supporting policy for efficient systems of flat glass collection.
The design of the structural glass for the Manchester Town Hall Link (completed 2015) was carried... more The design of the structural glass for the Manchester Town Hall Link (completed 2015) was carried out by engineering consultancy Eckersley O'Callaghan (EOC). The glass facade forms an enclosed shell which supports a steel roof and acts monolithically to resist lateral loads. The project collates the latest advances in glass technology combined with innovative design methods. In the absence of explicit codes of practice for structural glass, EOC performed a first principles approach in using empirical data, acquired through previous projects, and analytical methods, including FEM and parametric modelling, to justify an elegant and efficient structure which was approved by building control authorities. The result has reduced glass joints and less visible metalwork to meet the architects' aspirations. This paper describes the approaches and innovations in designing the structural glass for this project.
This article has been amended to correct the in-text figure and table referencing and to provide ... more This article has been amended to correct the in-text figure and table referencing and to provide clarification in Table 1 that automotive flat glass production does not take place in the UK. The Supplementary Information has been updated to correct reported units and clarify production processes. The original article has been corrected.
Glass is one of the UK’s eight energy-intensive industries. As such, it is under scrutiny to deco... more Glass is one of the UK’s eight energy-intensive industries. As such, it is under scrutiny to decouple growth in production from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The energy input associated with glass production can be reduced by using recycled glass (cullet) in new glass production, which enables lower furnace operating temperatures and reduces demand for primary raw materials. However, efficient systems for flat glass collection are yet to be established in the UK, resulting in a limited supply of cullet available for the flat glass markets and missed environmental opportunities. This study identifies the existing supply-chain inefficiencies of the UK glass industry in three stages. Firstly, the mass flows of materials within the three main glass sectors: container glass, flat glass and glass wool, are mapped from natural resource through to primary application and subsequent endof-life management based on a reference year of annual production figures. The map is presented in the fo...
In this paper, the dynamic properties of a glass structures and glass components will be discusse... more In this paper, the dynamic properties of a glass structures and glass components will be discussed. A short introduction to dynamic load will be presented as well as the basic principles of calculus used behind the widely understood finite element analysis. A comprehensive review of the various damping concepts, coefficients and physical backgrounds will be summarized. The mathematical model is analyzed by Finite Element Method and by STRAND 7 software system. In this paper, the consideration of various damping concepts using FEM for the harmonic and transient dynamic analysis is addressed. Several key points are summarized.
The Sky Pool in Nine Elms, London, is the world's first fully transparent, suspended swimming poo... more The Sky Pool in Nine Elms, London, is the world's first fully transparent, suspended swimming pool-allowing residents to swim 15 m between two buildings 10 floors up-and will become a landmark and an unprecedented feat of architecture for the capital. The Sky Pool was conceived as a bold, innovative and thrilling unique selling point for Embassy Gardens, one of the leading riverside development in zone 1 central London that provides 1500 new homes, world-class amenities, 40,160 m 2 of office space across two buildings and 12,100 m 2 of retail spaces and cafes, bars and restaurants. Phase 1 and Phase 3 of Embassy Gardens was delivered by Ballymore, and phase two by a Joint Venture between Ballymore and EcoWorld. Wrapped around the new U.S. Embassy, the 8ha riverside neighbourhood has a prominent location in one of Europe's most significant regeneration projects that covers the 227 ha Greater London Authority's Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea investment opportunity area, Nine Elms London (Development sites, 2021) bringing in 20,000 new homes (Fig. 1). The original concept from the architect, Arup Associates, was to use glass for its construction, however, initial studies showed that the structural glass was not the most efficient material choice. The shortcomings on strength were particularly exacerbated by the requirement of joining glass panels together which provided areas of increased stress.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jun 1, 2016
In this paper, the dynamic properties of a glass structures and glass components will be discusse... more In this paper, the dynamic properties of a glass structures and glass components will be discussed. A short introduction to dynamic load will be presented as well as the basic principles of calculus used behind the widely understood finite element analysis. A comprehensive review of the various damping concepts, coefficients and physical backgrounds will be summarized. The mathematical model is analyzed by Finite Element Method and by STRAND 7 software system. In this paper, the consideration of various damping concepts using FEM for the harmonic and transient dynamic analysis is addressed. Several key points are summarized.
This article has been amended to correct the in-text figure and table referencing and to provide ... more This article has been amended to correct the in-text figure and table referencing and to provide clarification in Table 1 that automotive flat glass production does not take place in the UK. The Supplementary Information has been updated to correct reported units and clarify production processes. The original article has been corrected.
Glass is one of the UK's eight energy-intensive industries. As such, it is under scrutiny to deco... more Glass is one of the UK's eight energy-intensive industries. As such, it is under scrutiny to decouple growth in production from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The energy input associated with glass production can be reduced by using recycled glass (cullet) in new glass production, which enables lower furnace operating temperatures and reduces demand for primary raw materials. However, efficient systems for flat glass collection are yet to be established in the UK, resulting in a limited supply of cullet available for the flat glass markets and missed environmental opportunities. This study identifies the existing supply-chain inefficiencies of the UK glass industry in three stages. Firstly, the mass flows of materials within the three main glass sectors: container glass, flat glass and glass wool, are mapped from natural resource through to primary application and subsequent endof-life management based on a reference year of annual production figures. The map is presented in the form of a Sankey diagram which draws attention to several opportunities for increasing resource efficiency; namely in the stark contrast in glass collection rates between the flat and container glass industry. Using the collected data on the annual mass flows of materials in the UK flat glass sub-sector, the energy (MJ) and GHG emission (CO2-eq) saving potential of enhanced end-of-life collection methods are assessed, based on three alternative recovery scenarios. These scenarios consider the use of alternative distributions of recovered flat glass cullet in the three primary glass sub-sectors. The emission savings resulting from each recovery scenario are evaluated, based on the estimated tonnage yield of finished flat glass products. It is shown that together with improved manufacturing yield, the reutilization of end-of-life flat glass as cullet in new production could reduce the annual emissions of the UK flat glass value-chain by up to 18%. Finally we review the existing barriers to recycling different glass types based on acceptability criteria and available take-back infrastructure, and thus find that the advancement of improved recycling rates will rely on establishment of the business opportunity and/or supporting policy for efficient systems of flat glass collection.
The design of the structural glass for the Manchester Town Hall Link (completed 2015) was carried... more The design of the structural glass for the Manchester Town Hall Link (completed 2015) was carried out by engineering consultancy Eckersley O'Callaghan (EOC). The glass facade forms an enclosed shell which supports a steel roof and acts monolithically to resist lateral loads. The project collates the latest advances in glass technology combined with innovative design methods. In the absence of explicit codes of practice for structural glass, EOC performed a first principles approach in using empirical data, acquired through previous projects, and analytical methods, including FEM and parametric modelling, to justify an elegant and efficient structure which was approved by building control authorities. The result has reduced glass joints and less visible metalwork to meet the architects' aspirations. This paper describes the approaches and innovations in designing the structural glass for this project.
This article has been amended to correct the in-text figure and table referencing and to provide ... more This article has been amended to correct the in-text figure and table referencing and to provide clarification in Table 1 that automotive flat glass production does not take place in the UK. The Supplementary Information has been updated to correct reported units and clarify production processes. The original article has been corrected.
Glass is one of the UK’s eight energy-intensive industries. As such, it is under scrutiny to deco... more Glass is one of the UK’s eight energy-intensive industries. As such, it is under scrutiny to decouple growth in production from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The energy input associated with glass production can be reduced by using recycled glass (cullet) in new glass production, which enables lower furnace operating temperatures and reduces demand for primary raw materials. However, efficient systems for flat glass collection are yet to be established in the UK, resulting in a limited supply of cullet available for the flat glass markets and missed environmental opportunities. This study identifies the existing supply-chain inefficiencies of the UK glass industry in three stages. Firstly, the mass flows of materials within the three main glass sectors: container glass, flat glass and glass wool, are mapped from natural resource through to primary application and subsequent endof-life management based on a reference year of annual production figures. The map is presented in the fo...
In this paper, the dynamic properties of a glass structures and glass components will be discusse... more In this paper, the dynamic properties of a glass structures and glass components will be discussed. A short introduction to dynamic load will be presented as well as the basic principles of calculus used behind the widely understood finite element analysis. A comprehensive review of the various damping concepts, coefficients and physical backgrounds will be summarized. The mathematical model is analyzed by Finite Element Method and by STRAND 7 software system. In this paper, the consideration of various damping concepts using FEM for the harmonic and transient dynamic analysis is addressed. Several key points are summarized.
The Sky Pool in Nine Elms, London, is the world's first fully transparent, suspended swimming poo... more The Sky Pool in Nine Elms, London, is the world's first fully transparent, suspended swimming pool-allowing residents to swim 15 m between two buildings 10 floors up-and will become a landmark and an unprecedented feat of architecture for the capital. The Sky Pool was conceived as a bold, innovative and thrilling unique selling point for Embassy Gardens, one of the leading riverside development in zone 1 central London that provides 1500 new homes, world-class amenities, 40,160 m 2 of office space across two buildings and 12,100 m 2 of retail spaces and cafes, bars and restaurants. Phase 1 and Phase 3 of Embassy Gardens was delivered by Ballymore, and phase two by a Joint Venture between Ballymore and EcoWorld. Wrapped around the new U.S. Embassy, the 8ha riverside neighbourhood has a prominent location in one of Europe's most significant regeneration projects that covers the 227 ha Greater London Authority's Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea investment opportunity area, Nine Elms London (Development sites, 2021) bringing in 20,000 new homes (Fig. 1). The original concept from the architect, Arup Associates, was to use glass for its construction, however, initial studies showed that the structural glass was not the most efficient material choice. The shortcomings on strength were particularly exacerbated by the requirement of joining glass panels together which provided areas of increased stress.
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