Papers by Gloria McAnulty
Infant Behavior & Development, Jul 1, 1988
This study shows thot the APia can be used to cluster healthy pr.term and ful/• term infants into... more This study shows thot the APia can be used to cluster healthy pr.term and ful/• term infants into distinc1 subgrolJPs defined by behoviorol comp.tenc. regardless of the infant', gestationol age at birth. The APIa system data on 98 newborns-33 PPTs. or pre•preterms (27-32 w ..ks). 31 PTs, or preterms (33-37 we.ks), and 34 FT•. or full. terms (38-41 w. .ks) , presented in the preceding poper. were sub• jected to cluster analysis. First. a split-holf training-set test•set replication was performed with 49 newborns in each set. Thr.. distinct clusters .merged in each of the split.halt samples. and assignment to the test•set based on the discrimino tion rules ot the training-set hod an 89.8% accuracy (44 out of 49), SlJbsequent total sample clustering (N=98) also yielded thr.. clusters, The clusters were rank•ordered and ret.rred to as nimbulolds. with Nimbuloid I being comprised of the most well.organized infants and Nimbulaid III the least well organized. Each of the thr.. nimbuloids contained infants trom all thr.. gestationol age groups. None of the demographic variables investigated showed significont nimbulOid status effects_ Thus. it appears thot the APia provides a means of grouping new• borns based on behavioral competence. independent of the infant's SJestational age at birth. This ottor. on opportunity to investigate the predictive validity ot APIB clulfer membership to later oge points. APia preterm-fuU.term behavior behavioral clusters This study investigates whether healthy prctcnn and full-term newborns can be reliably grouped on the basis of behavioral competence rather than gestational age (GA). Follow-up studies on preterms have shown that lower GA at binh is associated with hi&her likelihood of later functional deficits even for the medi-This researcb was supported by NICHO IfUlts ROIHOI8654 to H. Als and ROIHOl8761to F.H. Duffy. by NIDRRIJ'IIUOOO8720IIOto H. A.b. and the Mental Retardation &rant P30H0186SS ". to C.F. Barlow. We tbank our assistants O. Moir. S. Pbillips. S. Oillb. and A. Rossow; our re search secretaries C. MUlTIY and C. Tlymor; and our editor D. McAnulty' for their c:tedicau:d work. our Department Chiefs. S. Walzer (Psychiatry) and C.F. Barlow (Ncurolocy). for their untlauinl suppon. and M.F. Epstein. Director. Joint Prolram in NconatololY. and his medical and nursinl staff for tbeir continued fadlitation of our research efforts. Foremost. we tbank our study babies and their families for their ,encrous participation. Correspondence and requests for repelncs should be scnl to H. Als. Enders M•29. The Chil• drens. Hospital. 320 Lonlwood Ayenuc. Boston. MA 02115.
Clinical electroencephalography, Apr 1, 2003
Archives of neurology, Aug 1, 1990
Two groups of patients with Alzheimer's disease were compared using brain electrical acti... more Two groups of patients with Alzheimer's disease were compared using brain electrical activity mapping. The patients were selected on the basis of their cognitive history. The initial symptom of disease of the patients in group 1 was a significant and profound memory deficit, whereas the patients in group 2 initially presented with a gradually progressive spatial impairment. Fourteen topographic features distinguished the groups. Eleven of the 14 features pertained to electrical activity differences in parietal regions, and 9 were bilateral. These features were highly correlated with cognitive measures that are also useful in distinguishing the groups.
Journal of clinical neonatology, 2012
Background:By school-age, even low-risk moderately preterm-born children show more neuro-cognitiv... more Background:By school-age, even low-risk moderately preterm-born children show more neuro-cognitive deficits, motor impairments, academic underachievement, behavioral problems, and poor social adaptation than full-term peers.Aim:To evaluate the outcomes at school-age for moderately preterm-born children (29-33 weeks gestational age), appropriate in growth for gestational age (AGA) and medically at low-risk, randomized to Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) or standard care in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit. At school-age, the experimental (E) group will show better neuropsychological and neuro-electrophysiological function, as well as improved brain structure than the control (C) group.Materials and Methods:The original sample consisted of 30 moderately preterm-born infants (29 to 33 weeks), 23 (8C and 15E) of them were evaluated at 8 years of age, corrected-for-prematurity with neuropsychological, EEG spectral coherence, and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) measures.Results:E-performed significantly better than C-group children on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (KABC-II) and trended towards better scores on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test. They also showed more mature frontal and parietal brain connectivities, and more mature fiber tracts involving the internal capsule and the cingulum. Neurobehavioral results in the newborn period successfully predicted neuropsychological functioning at 8 years corrected age.Conclusion:Moderately preterm infants cared for with the NIDCAP intervention showed improved neuropsychological and neuro-electrophysiological function as well as improved brain structure at school-age.
Clinical electroencephalography, 1995
This paper demonstrates, by means of Principal Components Analysis (PCA), an objective approach t... more This paper demonstrates, by means of Principal Components Analysis (PCA), an objective approach to the reduction of large data sets produced by multichannel spectral coherence analyses. Coherence data, gathered from 371 normal healthy adults using Hjorth/Laplacian referencing during waking eyes-open and eyes-closed states, were analyzed by "unrestricted" PCA where neither spatial nor temporal variance was folded into among subject variance. There was substantial data reduction with our 4416 initial coherence variables for each state reduced to just 150 factors containing approximately 80% of the variance reflecting a 30 fold concentration of information content. Varimax rotation of the first 40 factors, encompassing 50% of the total variance for both states, revealed loading patterns primarily bilateral with no hemispheric bias, relationships primarily between distant single electrode pairs, (although a single electrode to multiple electrode pattern was also observed), and involvement of all spectral bands. Elemental left to right and anterior to posterior coherence patterns, often used on an a priori basis for coherence studies, were not evident among the rotated factor loading patterns. On the basis of high loadings upon extra bipolar artifact channels, 32 factors accounting for approximately 40% of the variance were identified as reflecting artifactual coherence relationships. By multiple regression the 48 non-artifactual factor scores successfully predicted subject age. In general, coherence diminished with age, which may partly explain age-related EEG desynchronization in healthy adults. Coherence factors also predicted 6 of 10 neuropsychologic variables. Gender was successfully predicted by discriminant analysis. No global interpretations about coherence and gender or neuropsychologic function were possible, i.e., almost equal numbers of factors increased as decreased in males as females. PCA derived coherence factor scores are useful for subsequent statistical analyses, but their factor loading plots of cortical coupling may require more experience to fully interpret.
Child Development, Aug 1, 1990
Pediatrics, Nov 1, 1995
We assessed the effectiveness of individualized developmental support in the special care nursery... more We assessed the effectiveness of individualized developmental support in the special care nursery for low-risk preterm infants. A university-affiliated teaching hospital. Twelve healthy full-term infants, and 24 low-risk preterm infants randomly assigned to a control or an experimental group. The preterm control group received standard care and the preterm experimental group received individualized developmental care at the same special care nursery. Medical, behavioral (Assessment of Preterm Infants' Behavior and Prechtl's Neurological Examination of the Full-Term Newborn Infant), and electrophysiologic outcome (using quantitative electroencephalography with topographic mapping) of all three groups was assessed 2 weeks after the expected due date. No between- or among-group medical differences were seen for this low-risk, healthy sample. The preterm experimental group showed behavioral and electrophysiologic performances comparable to those of the full-term group, whereas the preterm control group performed significantly less well. Behavioral measures suggested significantly poorer attentional functioning for the preterm control group. Electrophysiologic results implicated the frontal lobe. Individualized developmental intervention supports neurobehavioral functioning as measured at 2 weeks post-term. It appears to prevent frontal lobe and attentional difficulties in the newborn period, the possible causes of behavioral and scholastic disabilities often seen in low-risk preterm infants at later ages.
BMC Medicine, Mar 9, 2017
Background: Attentional disorders (ADD) feature decreased attention span, impulsivity, and over-a... more Background: Attentional disorders (ADD) feature decreased attention span, impulsivity, and over-activity interfering with successful lives. Childhood onset ADD frequently persists to adulthood. Etiology may be hereditary or disease associated. Prevalence is 5% but recognition may be 'overshadowed' by comorbidities (brain injury, mood disorder) thereby escaping formal recognition. Blinded diagnosis by MRI has failed. ADD may not itself manifest a single anatomical pattern of brain abnormality but may reflect multiple, unique responses to numerous and diverse etiologies. Alternatively, a stable ADD-specific brain pattern may be better detected by brain physiology. EEG coherence, measuring cortical connectivity, is used to explore this possibility. Methods: Participants: Ages 2 to 22 years; 347 ADD and 619 neurotypical controls (CON). Following artifact reduction, principal components analysis (PCA) identifies coherence factors with unique loading patterns. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) determines discrimination success differentiating ADD from CON. Split-half and jackknife analyses estimate prospective diagnostic success. Coherence factor loading constitutes an ADD-specific pattern or 'connectome'. Results: PCA identified 40 factors explaining 50% of total variance. DFA on CON versus ADD groups utilizing all factors was highly significant (p≤0.0001). ADD subjects were separated into medication and comorbidity subgroups. DFA (stepping allowed) based on CON versus ADD without comorbidities or medication treatment successfully classified the correspondingly held out ADD subjects in every instance. Ten randomly generated split-half replications of the entire population demonstrated high-average classification success for each of the left out test-sets (overall: CON, 83.65%; ADD, 90.07%). Higher success was obtained with more restricted age sub-samples using jackknifing: 2-8 year olds (CON, 90.0%; ADD, 90.6%); 8-14 year olds (CON, 96.8%; ADD 95.9%); and 14-20 year-olds (CON, 100.0%; ADD, 97.1%). The connectome manifested decreased and increased coherence. Patterns were complex and bi-hemispheric; typically reported front-back and left-right loading patterns were not observed. Subtemporal electrodes (seldom utilized) were prominently involved. Conclusions: Results demonstrate a stable coherence connectome differentiating ADD from CON subjects including subgroups with and without comorbidities and/or medications. This functional 'connectome', constitutes a diagnostic ADD phenotype. Split-half replications support potential for EEG-based ADD diagnosis, with increased accuracy using limited age ranges. Repeated studies could assist recognition of physiological change from interventions (pharmacological, behavioral).
Neurology, Jun 1, 1987
Ten patients with Alzheimer's disease participated in a 26-week double-blind trial of lec... more Ten patients with Alzheimer's disease participated in a 26-week double-blind trial of lecithin. EEG data were recorded at baseline, after administration of the placebo, and after administration of the drug. Topographic maps of EEG spectra were compared when patients were on and off drugs. A direct comparison of drug and nondrug data was not significant. A second approach, comparing differences between drug and nondrug with differences between the two nondrug conditions, also produced no evidence of a drug treatment effect. The data confirm other reports that lecithin has no effect upon spectrally analyzed EEG activity in Alzheimer's disease.
Neurobiology of Aging, Jul 1, 1996
Age-related differences in quantified electrophysiological measures of interhemispheric EEG coher... more Age-related differences in quantified electrophysiological measures of interhemispheric EEG coherence were studied in 371 subjects (171 males and 200 females), ages 20-80, all of whom were judged to be optimally healthy. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on interhemispheric coherence of Laplacian referenced data from eight homologous left-ri~;ht electrode pairs, from 0.5 to 32 Hz. Regression procedures, using signals from artifact monitoring channels, were used to minimize effects of eye movement and muscle artifact. Forty-six factors described 80% of the total variance, with electrode location the prima(~, source of cornrnunality in factor formation. Within 350 right-handed subjects, results indicated a broad trend for decreased interhemispheric coherence with advancing age. Using canonical correlation, the coherence-based factors also successfully predicted spectral variables, previously found to maximally illustrate age-related EEG desynchronization. We speculate that age-related reduction of interhemispheric coherence may in part explain age-related EEG desynchrony and stems from age-related reduction of cortical connectivity. Gender differences of interhemispheric coherence were also evident. Females demonstrated higher interhemispheric coherence 1;han males. Within a smaller subpopulation of 63 subjects (21 left and 42 right handed), there was a gender-byhandedness interaction, with higher interhemispheric coherence in right-handed females than right-handed males and the reverse in left-handed male a~ad female subjects. Quantitative EEG Interhemispheric coherence Healthy adults Age Gender Handedness Corpus callosum Principal components analysis Analysis of variance Canonical correlation
Clinical electroencephalography, Jul 1, 2001
Our previous study demonstrated a physiologic deficit in two-tone discrimination in poor readers.... more Our previous study demonstrated a physiologic deficit in two-tone discrimination in poor readers. This was specific to the left parietal area suggesting that poor readers handled rapid tones differently. The current paper extends this finding in the same population, demonstrating that poor readers also have difficulty with phonemic discrimination. Long latency auditory evoked potentials (AEP) were formed using a phonemic discrimination task in a group of children with reading disabilities and controls. Measuring peak-to-peak amplitude of the waveforms, we found reduced N1-P2 amplitude in the Poor Reader group. Using the t-statistic significance probability map (SPM) technique, we also found a group difference, maximal over the mid-parietal area, from 584 msec to 626 msec after the stimulus onset. This difference was due to a lower amplitude on the Poor Reader group. We hypothesized that this late difference constitutes a P3 response and that the Poor Reader group generated smaller P3 waves. These auditory evoked response (AER) data support a discrimination deficit for close phonemes in the Poor Reader group as they had smaller N1-P2 absolute amplitude and developed smaller P3 waves. Based on these data we should be able to differentiate between Good and Poor readers based on long latency potentials created from phonemic stimuli.
Current Women's Health Reviews, Aug 1, 2011
Annals of Neurology, Oct 1, 1984
A combined neurophysiological (electroencephalographic [EEG] and sensory evoked potential) and ne... more A combined neurophysiological (electroencephalographic [EEG] and sensory evoked potential) and neuropsychological investigation was performed on 63 healthy men ranging in age from 30 to 80 years. Although alpha frequency diminished slightly with age, neither amplitude nor frequency demonstrated a high age correlation. Alpha blocking, in contrast, did correlate with age, in the direction of reduced alpha reactivity. EEG background activity underwent significant age‐correlated change, consisting of reductions in slow activity and augmentation of fast activity i.e., EEG desynchronization. Previously reported age‐related EEG slowing may be related to the presence of disease in the populations studied. Topographic analysis revealed that the greatest change occurred in the temporal lobes. More change was noted either early or late in the age span, suggesting that aging is a nonlinear process. More features were derived from the right hemisphere than from the left, suggesting that the aging process is not completely symmetrical.
This work presents a supra-threshold fiber cluster (STFC) analysis that leverages the whole brain... more This work presents a supra-threshold fiber cluster (STFC) analysis that leverages the whole brain fiber geometry to enhance statistical group difference analysis. The proposed method consists of (1) a study-specific data-driven tractography parcellation to obtain white matter (WM) tract parcels according to the WM anatomy and (2) a nonparametric permutation-based STFC test to identify significant differences between study populations (e.g. disease and healthy). The basic idea of our method is that a WM parcel’s neighborhood (parcels with similar WM anatomy) can support the parcel’s statistical significance when correcting for multiple comparisons. The method is demonstrated by application to a multi-shell diffusion MRI dataset from 59 individuals, including 30 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and 29 healthy controls (HCs). Evaluations are conducted using both synthetic and real data. The results indicate that our STFC method gives greater sensitivity in findi...
Cerebral Cortex, 2011
Using a population-based sampling strategy, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Magnetic Reso... more Using a population-based sampling strategy, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Normal Brain Development compiled a longitudinal normative reference database of neuroimaging and correlated clinical/behavioral data from a demographically representative sample of healthy children and adolescents aged newborn through early adulthood. The present paper reports brain volume data for 325 children, ages 4.5-18 years, from the first cross-sectional time point. Measures included volumes of whole-brain gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM), left and right lateral ventricles, frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobe GM and WM, subcortical GM (thalamus, caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus), cerebellum, and brainstem. Associations with cross-sectional age, sex, family income, parental education, and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated. Key observations are: 1) age-related decreases in lobar GM most prominent in parietal and occipital cortex; 2) age-related increases in lobar WM, greatest in occipital, followed by the temporal lobe; 3) age-related trajectories predominantly curvilinear in females, but linear in males; and 4) small systematic associations of brain tissue volumes with BMI but not with IQ, family income, or parental education. These findings constitute a normative reference on regional brain volumes in children and adolescents.
Infant Behavior & Development, Jul 1, 1988
This study investigates the association between gestational age at birth and behavioral functioni... more This study investigates the association between gestational age at birth and behavioral functioning 2 weeks after due date. Ninety-eight healthy newborns were stratified into three gestational age groups-early-born preterms (PPT). Z7 to 32 weeks; middle-group preterms (PT), 33 to 37 weeks; and full-terms (FT), 38 to 41 weeks-and their behavior was examined using the system scores of the Assessment of Preterm Infants' Behavior (APIS). All infants were free of medical complications. The PPTs (n=33) and the PTs (n=31) showed significantly more autonomic, motoric, state, ottentional. and self-regulatory disorganization and reactivity. and required substantially more examiner facilitation than the FTs (n=3.4). The differences between PPTs and PTs ware less pronounced and did not reach significance. Prospective classification of a second sample of 20 full-terms and 20 preterms under 3J-:eeks gestation using discrimination rules based upon the first sample hod an overall success of 92.5%. This study suggests that healthy preterm infants show significantly more disorganized behavior than healthy full• terms at 2 weeks after due date. The APIB appears to be a robust measure of such preterm-full•term differences.. APIS behavior preterrn-ful'-term behavioral differences This study investigates whether or not healthy preterm infants of varying ges tational age at birth "catch up" behaviorally to full-term infants by the time they reach 2 weeks after expected due date. Behavioral differences between preterms and full-terms have been variously attributed to the medically more This research was supponed by NICHD grants ROIHDl86S4 to H. Als and ROIHDI8761 to F.H. Duffy, NIDRR grant 0008720110 to H. Als, and the Mental Retardation Grant P30HDl86SS to C.F. Barlow. Data used for replication werecoUCCled with suppon from NIMH grant HDI0889 to T .B. Brazelton whom we thank together with his coUaborators B.M. Lester and M.W. Yogman. We thank our Department Chairmen. S. Walzer (Psychiatry) and C.F. Barlow (Neurology). for their suppon and M.F. Epstein, Director. Joint Program in Neonatology. and his medical and nursing staff for their continued facilitation of our research efforts. We also thank our assistants D. Moir, S. Phillips, S. Gillis. and A. Rossow; our research secretaries C. Murray and C. Taymor; and our editor D. McAnulty for their supponive efforts. Foremost. we thank all families for their generous panicipation.
The Lancet Psychiatry, 2018
Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2021
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Papers by Gloria McAnulty