Papers by Giuseppe Barbato
Sleep, Apr 1, 2018
Methods: Data were collected from a nationwide, phone-based survey of N=3,105 US adults from 23 m... more Methods: Data were collected from a nationwide, phone-based survey of N=3,105 US adults from 23 metropolitan areas. Participants were asked, "Do you crave junk food more when you lack sleep?" coded No, Some, and Much, and if they eat a snack before going to bed. Participants were also asked for bedtime and waketime (to compute habitual sleep period), poor sleep quality (0=Not at all, 4=Very much), and history of obesity, diabetes, or any other health problem. Covariates included age, sex, race/ethnicity, history of depression, and marital status. Results: Prevalence of nighttime snacking was 59.9%, and junk food craving 49.8% (Some) and 17.1% (Much). Cravings due to sleep loss were more likely among younger individuals with depression and poor sleep quality, and less likely among adults who never married. No relationship was seen for sex, race/ethnicity, or sleep duration. "Very much" poor sleep quality was associated with increased likelihood of "much" junk food cravings (OR=12.7, 95%CI[7.7,21.0], p<0.0001). In analyses adjusted for covariates, sleep duration, and sleep quality: craving junk food was associated with increased likelihood of obesity (Some OR=1.4, 95%CI[1.1,1.8], p=0.009; Much OR=2.0, 95%CI[1.5,2.8], p<0.0001), diabetes (Much OR=1.8, 95%CI[1.3,2.6], p=0.001), and any health problem (Some OR=1.3, 95%CI[1.1,1.6], p=0.01; Much OR=1.9, 95%CI[1.4,2.6], p<0.0001). When adjusted for covariates, sleep duration and quality: simply consuming a snack at night was associated with increased diabetes risk (OR=1.7, 95%CI[1.3,2.2], p<0.0001). Poor sleep quality was associated with increased likelihood of junk food cravings, which when adjusted for covariates were associated with an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and other health problems. Snacks at night were also associated with increased diabetes risk.
Arousing effect of music and cognitive functions. The role of dopamine
Valutazione della stagionalità in un campione di preadolescenti ed adolescenti italiani
Psicologia clinica dello sviluppo, 2008
Abstract Il Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (SPAQ-CA) è un... more Abstract Il Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (SPAQ-CA) è uno strumento di autovalutazione proposto per valutare la sensibilità stagionale in soggetti preadolescenti e adolescenti. Gli obiettivi di questo studio sono: a) la ...
The portrayal of patient and psychiatrist is sexually biased in psychotropic drug advertisements
Sleep, May 1, 1998
have been proposed to explain the nature of the process that governs the occurrence of rapid eye ... more have been proposed to explain the nature of the process that governs the occurrence of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. According to the oscillatory hypothesis, 1 REM sleep is an expression during sleep of the rhythm of an oscillator, the basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC), that operates continously during both wakefulness and sleep. According to the sleep-dependent hypothesis, 2 each bout of REM sleep is triggered by the occurrence of the bout of non-REM (NREM) sleep that precedes it. The two models imply different types of correlations between durations of successive NREM and REM periods. The oscillatory model would predict a negative correlation to maintain a constant cycle length. The sleep-dependent model would predict a positive correlation to satisfy homeostatic rules. Benington and Heller 4 have recently proposed a sleepdependent model for the homeostatic control of REM sleep in which the amount of REM sleep propensity discharged in each bout of REM sleep affects the timing of the subsequent REM episode. If less REM propensity is discharged, then a shorter interval of NREM sleep will intervene before the subsequent REM sleep episode. On the other hand, longer REM episodes discharge more REM propensity, so that a longer NREM interval passes before the occurrence
Brain Sciences
Rapid eye movements (REMs), an expression of REM sleep phasic activity, occur against a stable ba... more Rapid eye movements (REMs), an expression of REM sleep phasic activity, occur against a stable background of cortical desynchronization and the absence of axial tone. The significance of REMs during the sleep period was initially attributed to the mental content of dreams, linking the REMs to the dream scenario. Although fascinating, the so-called “scanning hypothesis” has not been supported by consistent evidence, and thus an alternative hypothesis is necessary to understand REMs significance during sleep. Some data suggest that the frequency of REMs during the REM sleep period, known as REM density, might be related to sleep depth or arousal during sleep. REM density increases across the night concomitantly with the progressive reduction in sleep pressure, and consistently it is higher at the circadian time when arousal appears to be higher, and it is decreased in those conditions, such as after sleep deprivation, which produce increased sleep pressure. REM density is also increas...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Several studies show that pre-sleep learning determines changes in subsequent sleep, including im... more Several studies show that pre-sleep learning determines changes in subsequent sleep, including improvements of sleep quality. Our aims were to confirm this finding using a more ecological task (learning a theatrical monologue) and to investigate whether the effect is modulated by expertise. Using a mixed design, we compared polysomnographic recordings of baseline sleep (BL, 9-h TIB) to those of post-training sleep (TR, with the same TIB but preceded by the training session), in one group of actors (N = 11) and one of non-actors (N = 11). In both groups, TR appears reorganized and re-compacted by the learning session, as shown, among others, by a significant decrease of WASO%, awakenings, arousals, and state transitions and by a trend towards an increased number of complete cycles and total cycle time. Concerning memory performance, the number of synonyms produced was significantly higher in the morning relative to immediate recall. No between-groups differences emerged either for sl...
Frontiers in Physiology, 2021
Many people are concerned about whether they are getting “enough” sleep, and if they can “sleep t... more Many people are concerned about whether they are getting “enough” sleep, and if they can “sleep too much.” These concerns can be approached scientifically using experiments probing long-term (i.e., multi-night) sleep homeostatic processes, since homeostatic processes move the system toward its physiological setpoint (i.e., between “not enough” and “too much”). We analyzed sleep data from two human studies with sleep opportunities much longer than people usually stay in bed (i.e., conditions in which sleep homeostatic responses could be documented): sleep opportunities were 14–16 h per day for 3–28 days. Across the nights of the extended sleep opportunities, total sleep duration, Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep duration and non-REM sleep durations decreased and sleep latency increased. Multiple nights were required to reach approximately steady-state values. These results suggest a multi-day homeostatic sleep process responding to self-selected insufficient sleep duration prior to the...
La sperimentazione clinica in psicofarmacologia
Journal of Sleep Research, 2021
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, wh... more This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019
Recent contributions have reported sleep disorders as one of the health impairment outcomes of wo... more Recent contributions have reported sleep disorders as one of the health impairment outcomes of workaholism. A possible factor affecting the sleep-wake cycle might be the intensive use of smartphones. The current study aimed to explore the role of intensive smartphone use in the relationship between workaholism and the sleep-wake cycle. Two serial multiple mediation models were tested on a sample of 418 employees, who filled self-report questionnaires measuring workaholism, use of smartphones, sleep quality and daytime sleepiness, using conditional process analysis for testing direct and indirect effects. Results supported our hypotheses regarding two serial multiple mediation models—that intensive smartphone use and poor sleep quality mediated the relationship between workaholism and daytime sleepiness, and that smartphone use and daytime sleepiness mediated the relationship between workaholism and poor quality of sleep. Although the use of a cross-sectional design and the snowball ...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021
Standard polysomnographic analysis of sleep has not provided evidence of an objective measure of ... more Standard polysomnographic analysis of sleep has not provided evidence of an objective measure of sleep quality; however, factors such as sleep duration and sleep efficiency are those more consistently associated with the subjective perception of sleep quality. Sleep reduction as currently occurs in our 24/7 society has had a profound impact on sleep quality; the habitual sleep period should fit within what is a limited nighttime window and may not be sufficient to satisfy the whole sleep process; moreover, the use of artificial light during the evening and early night hours can delay and disturb the circadian rhythms, especially affecting REM sleep. The correct phase relationship of the sleep period with the circadian pacemaker is an important factor to guarantee adequate restorative sleep duration and sleep continuity, thus providing the necessary background for a good night’s sleep. Due to the fact that REM sleep is controlled by the circadian clock, it can provide a window-like m...
Seasonal variation of spontaneous blink rate and beta EEG activity
Psychiatry Research
Effects of Prolonged Wakefulness: The Role of PERIOD3 Genotypes and Personality TRAITS1
Http Dx Doi Org 10 2466 09 16 Pr0 113x19z4, Oct 1, 2013
The roles of personality traits, as assessed by Eysenck Personality Inventory, and of the clock g... more The roles of personality traits, as assessed by Eysenck Personality Inventory, and of the clock gene PERIODS (PER3) were analysed on the subjective effects of prolonged wakefulness. A sample of 70 healthy participants (7 men, 63 women; M age = 24.2 yr., SD = 3.2) was studied during forced wakefulness between 7:30 p.m. and 9:30 a.m. According to Eysenck&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s arousal model, it was hypothesized that prolonged wakefulness might affect in a different way those classified as Introverted and Extraverted. During the forced wakefulness period, the Introverted group showed greater decrease in subjective measures of vigilance than did the Extraverted group, but no differences were observed between groups with high and low scores on Psychoticism and Neuroticism. Prolonged wakefulness had a negative effect on subjective sleepiness and mood in all three PER3 polymorphisms analysed.
Effects of different SPDs of LED and fluorescent lamps on melatonin suppression
Neuroscience Letters, Aug 1, 2009
Sleep-wake rhythms in the elderly are deeply modified compared to young subjects, irrespective of... more Sleep-wake rhythms in the elderly are deeply modified compared to young subjects, irrespective of physical or mental illnesses. However, still controversial are the results about age-related circadian variations of sleepiness levels. The objective of this study is to investigate the profile of diurnal sleepiness in healthy elderly subjects through subjective scales and by measuring spontaneous eye-blink rate (BR). In fact, we have previously found that BR, a reliable and non-invasive peripheral measure of central dopamine activity, increases in the young at times when subjective sleepiness is increased. Twelve healthy elderly volunteers (F = 9, M = 3, age range 64-79) participated in the experiment. At four times during the day (10 a.m., 1.30 p.m., 5 p.m., 8.30 p.m.), Karolinska sleepiness scale and a visual analogue scale for mood were administered to the subjects and BR was measured through vertical EOG. Alpha EEG power was used as objective measure of sleepiness. Sleepiness significantly changes across the day; according to post hoc contrasts, this is due to more sleepiness at 5 p.m. Future research should be aimed at clarifying whether this peak is related to phase-advanced core body temperature in elderly people. Differently from the young, no significant differences were found in BR across the day, suggesting that an age-related modification of dopaminergic arousal mechanisms counteracting the rising sleep drive should be further explored.
Archives italiennes de biologie, 2009
Twenty-four hour sleep patterns were measured in six healthy male volunteers during a 90-minute s... more Twenty-four hour sleep patterns were measured in six healthy male volunteers during a 90-minute short sleep-wake (SW 30:60) cycle protocol for 48 hours. Sleep pressure estimates (amount of Slow Wave Sleep [SWS], SWA, and Rate of Synchronization [RoS: the rate of SWA build-up at the beginning of the NREM period]) were compared with the 24-hour patterns of body temperature (Tb24) and sleep propensity. A moderate sleep debt was incurred over the 48 hour study as indicated by decreased levels of 24 hour sleep. On day 1, ultradian patterns of REM and SWS sleep were prominent; on day 2, more prominent were circadian patterns of REM sleep, SWS, Sleep Latency, TST and Tb24. Also on Day 2, biphasic patterns of SWA and RoS were expressed, with peaks occurring during the falling and rising limbs of Tb24. The biphasic peaks in SWA and RoS may be associated with phase-specific interactions of the circadian pacemaker with the sleep homeostat during conditions of moderate sleep pressure. Further r...
Conservation of photoperiod-responsive mechanisms in humans
The American journal of physiology, 1993
In animals, circadian pacemakers respond to seasonal changes in day length by making correspondin... more In animals, circadian pacemakers respond to seasonal changes in day length by making corresponding adjustments in the durations of diurnal and nocturnal periods of circadian rhythms; these adjustments mediate effects of photoperiod on breeding and other seasonally recurring phenomena. Little is known about photoperiod responses of human circadian pacemakers. To investigate this question, we recorded and compared circadian rhythm profiles of 15 individuals after chronic exposures to short (8 h) and long (14 h) nights. As occurs in animals, durations of nocturnal periods of active melatonin secretion (11.9 +/- 1.6 vs. 10.3 +/- 1.3 h, df = 14, t = 4.583, P < 0.0005, paired t test), high prolactin secretion (12.9 +/- 2.1 vs. 9.9 +/- 2.2 h, df = 11, t = 2.917, P < 0.01), and sleep (10.6 +/- 0.8 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.4 h, df = 14, t = 17.122, P < 0.0005) were longer after exposure to long nights than after short ones. Durations of nocturnal periods of low rectal temperature (11.6 +/- 2.3...
Subjective responses to different light sources. A study on light preferences and comparison of standard light measures with human individual estimates
Effective illuminances for the five photopigments in the human eye determined by LED and fluorescent light scenes
The paper presents a brief overview of the evolution of models to predict non-image forming (NIF)... more The paper presents a brief overview of the evolution of models to predict non-image forming (NIF) responses that were proposed during the years. The Irradiance Toolbox, proposed by Lucas et al. (2013), is then used to predict the degree of photoactivation of the five photopigments in the human eye by eight fluorescent and LED light scenes. The results show that the greatest amount of cyanopic, melanopic, rhodopic light is achieved with fluorescent and LED light scenes with a CCT of about 6000 K. For chloropic light the result is the same but there is less difference between the light scenes. The maximum amount of erythropic light is instead obtained with a 4000 K fluorescent light scene and a 3000 K LED light scene but, in this case, the values calculated for the other light scenes are really close to the maximum ones.
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Papers by Giuseppe Barbato