This report evaluates International Development Association (IDA) support to Nepal during 2003-20... more This report evaluates International Development Association (IDA) support to Nepal during 2003-2008. IDA’s overarching goal during this period was to support the Government’s efforts to reduce poverty and improve human well-being. IDA focused on helping to foster broad-based growth, social development, social inclusion, and good governance. The evaluation highlights the need to introduce greater realism into the country assistance strategy, and to retain flexibility to adjust to changing circumstances. It also stresses the need to consult widely and continually with national stakeholders and development partners. In addition, it points to the importance of making agriculture and rural development central to the program. The evaluation also focuses on the significance of designing and implementing a mechanism to systematically track the impact of the Poverty Alleviation Fund and adjust its design to enhance benefits to the poor. Finally, supporting reforms in public finance management through policy based lending or (if the prerequisites for budget support cannot be met) a sector-wide approach is also a key.
The nature and extent of community participation in Bank-financed social sector projects has chan... more The nature and extent of community participation in Bank-financed social sector projects has changed significantly over the years. While initially, community participation was limited to provision of voluntary labor by communities, or participation of Non-Governmental Organizations in capacity building exercises, it now actively involves communities in the design and implementation of projects. Consequently, communities are increasingly involved in procurement related activities as actual recipients and controllers of project funds. As a reflection of this increasing empowerment of communities and devolution of financial control to the community level, the recently issued World Bank Procurement Guidelines (1995) explicitly permit more flexible procurement mechanisms in social sector projects with community participation. Designing procurement and disbursement mechanisms in projects with community participation is, however, a complex task. Committees associated with World Bank social sector projects often live in remote and rural areas. They have weak institutional and financial capacities. They do not use banking fadilities and operate in micro scales of economies. How do such community groups enter into contracts? How does the project disburse funds when community groups cannot access bank facilities? Further, increased flexibility in the use of funds clearly denotes the need for increased accountability. How does the project ensure the joint liability of a community group for the use of funds? In these circumstances, project designers need guidance on mechanisms for community participation. This Manual provides a preliminary tool for project designers wishing to involve communities in procurement. It not only identifies issues commonly faced by project designer.s, but actually takes a project designer through the important steps in procurement planning. While the Africa Technical Department initiated the preparation of this Manual, it has been developed in close coordination with the Regional Procurement Advisor's Office and the Africa Disbursements Division of the Loan Department. A number of World Bank staff have also contributed, sharing experiences and providing detailed comments. We would like to thank them for their valuable inputs.
Les questions relatives à l'inégalité entre les sexes, plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne l... more Les questions relatives à l'inégalité entre les sexes, plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne le statut des femmes, ont pendant une longue période, été en première position dans le dialogue des donateurs avec l'Afrique sur les questions sociales. Alors que les pays africains ont pleinement reconnu l'importance de ces questions et du besoin urgent pour une action, le dialogue est en grande partie dirigé par les donateurs qui identifient les questions et déterminent les priorités. Reconnaissant le besoin pour une nouvelle approche dans ce domaine important pour le progrès en Afrique, la Banque Mondiale en collaboration avec la Commission économique pour l'Afrique a, lors d'une conférence organisée en Octobre 1997 à Addis Ababa, en Ethiopie, initié un programme sur la condition féminine et la loi. Ce programme transmet aux parties prenantes dans les pays concernés, la responsabilité d'identifier et de définir les thèmes, les questions et les priorités, auparavant dévolue aux donateurs. Questions et approches Les délégués à la Conférence, parmi lesquels on comptait des ministres, des juges, des universitaires, des juristes travaillant pour des organisations non-gouvernementales (ONG) et le secteur privé, représentaient six pays Africains, notamment, l'Ethiopie, l'Erythrée, le Kenya, la Tanzanie, l'Ouganda et le Zimbabwe. Les délégués ont présenté des communications sur des sujets choisis au terme d'un processus participatif dans le pays et ont échangé des points de vue, discuté des contraintes légales à un développement qui tienne compte de la problématique hommes-femmes dans leurs pays respectifs. Ce fut une conférence unique du genre, dans ce sens que, conformément à l'approche de base du Programme, les praticiens et les décideurs politiques ont mis en place et articulé un programme de travail. Ceci a traduit un grand changement du paradigme pour les débats sur les questions relatives à l'inégalité des sexesles bailleurs de fonds étaient plutôt des auditeurs tandis que les parties prenantes africaines étaient des orateurs. Pendant la conférence, la délégation de chaque pays a présenté ses priorités pour le changement. Les questions présentées comprenaient les problèmes à résoudre dans le domaine
Discussion Papers present results of country analysis or research that are circulated to encou:ra... more Discussion Papers present results of country analysis or research that are circulated to encou:rage discussion and comment within the development community. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, ot to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data. included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly.
Lucy, alias Dinkeshi (literally "you are lovely"), is thefirst womani in Ethiopian hiistory, inld... more Lucy, alias Dinkeshi (literally "you are lovely"), is thefirst womani in Ethiopian hiistory, inldeed in the hlistory of the cooil,i. She was a daintty little person, an intrepid walker who came down from the trees some 3 million years ago mi the hf ar! n-i of eastern Ethiopia.. . The extent of her influence or power willforever remain a mystery. Whereas Lucy's fossilized bones are real, nothing is known of her story. But when it comes to the Queen of Sheba, thZ.' :sa great story, yet no concrete evidence to support it. Do not deny her existence in Ethiopia, hozvcVcer According to the Ethiopian nationial epic, Kabra Negast, compiled in thefourteenith century, Makeda, the Qucen of Sheba uZ/lo 7;isited Kin, Solomon in the Old Testament times, camefrom Tigre in Northern Ethiopia.... In Ethiopia, it was considered tptite niatlina? that a womani should have held supreme power.
The Operations Evaluation Department (OED) is an independent unit within the World Bank; it repor... more The Operations Evaluation Department (OED) is an independent unit within the World Bank; it reports directly to the Bank's Board of Executive Directors. OED assesses what works, and what does not; how a borrower plans to run and maintain a project; and the lasting contribution of the Bank to a country's overall development. The goals of evaluation are to learn from experience, to provide an objective basis for assessing the results of the Bank's work, and to provide accountability in the achievement of its objectives. It also improves Bank work by identifying and disseminating the lessons learned from experience and by framing recommendations drawn from evaluation findings.
Findings reports on ongoing operational, economic and sector work carried out by the World Bank a... more Findings reports on ongoing operational, economic and sector work carried out by the World Bank and its member governments in the Africa Region. It is published periodically by the Africa Technical Department on behalf of the Region. Designing for Community Participation in Procurement and Disbursement Community participation in the planning, design and implementation of development projects is seen as an effective tool in enhancing project sustainability through increase in community ownership and commitment. The World Bank's experience suggests that such participation tends to increase the access of disadvantaged communities to project benefits, enhance motivation of communities, increase ownership of projects, encourage self-reliance by transfer of skills, build local institutional capacities, and ensure that greater proportions of project benefits flow directly to targeted and deserving beneficiaries. An examination of Bank experience demonstrates that procurement and disbursement have been key issues during preparation and implementation of projects involving community participation. However, Bank policies for procurement and disbursement were designed to facilitate supply of goods, works and services by large contractors and suppliers. While this approach was suitable for large investment projects, as the Bank increasingly financed projects in the social sector and focused on community participation as a means of enhancing project sustainability, the Procurement Guidelines, while flexible, were perceived as being inadequate in providing the necessary guidance in funding community participation. The recently issued Procurement Guidelines (1994) therefore, includes a paragraph specific to procurement in social sector projects. A number of the Bank's operational policies require the participation of communities not only during the implementation of Bank-financed projects, but also in the planning and design of projects, a concept that is not yet prevalent in many of the Bank's borrowing countries. However, there has been very little guidance on the mechanisms of converting the intent into concrete project designs. Two documents recently published by the Technical Department of the Africa Region now provide guidance to project designers. These are World Bank-Financed Projects with Coinniunity Participation : Procurement and Disbursement Issues and Bank-Financed Projects With Community
In view of the growing number of projects in the social sector, this study examines procurement a... more In view of the growing number of projects in the social sector, this study examines procurement and disbursement issues in Bank-financed projects with community participation to collate and analyze Bank-wide experience, to identify issues, present cases of best practices, and suggest, where feasible, possible enhancements to existing policies and procedures.
... actualization. Special thanks go to ECA and in particular KY Amoako and Josephine Ouedraogo. ... more ... actualization. Special thanks go to ECA and in particular KY Amoako and Josephine Ouedraogo. Sector Manager in charge: Ruth Kagia. Country Directors: James W. Adams, Barbara Kafka, Oey A. Meesook, and Harold E. Wackman. ...
Gender issues, particularly with respect to women's status and rights, have for a considerabl... more Gender issues, particularly with respect to women's status and rights, have for a considerable period, been in the forefront of donor's dialogue on social issues with Africa. While Africa countries have fully acknowledged the seriousness of the issues and the urgent need for action, the dialogue has been largely donor-driven and issues and priorities been donor-set. Recognizing the need for a new approach in this important area for Africa's progress, the Bank, in collaboration with the Economic Commission for Africa, initiated a Gender and Law Program, in October 1997, at a Conference held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Program shifts responsibility for identification and implementation of themes, issues, and priorities to in-country stakeholders rather than with donors. During the Conference, each country delegation voiced its priorities for change. The issues included land-related challenges, family law, violence against women, employment and labor, and decentralized governance frameworks. Land and the division of household property are prime areas where gender-based disparities marginalize and disenfranchise women of Eastern Africa. In an effort to improve women's social and economic life, two main themes emerged: the impact of customary laws and practices and the need for effective implementation. The delegates emphasized the need to initiate action for change at grassroots, institutional, and policy making levels.
Lucy, alias Dinkeshi (literally "you are lovely"), is thefirst womani in Ethiopian hiistory, inld... more Lucy, alias Dinkeshi (literally "you are lovely"), is thefirst womani in Ethiopian hiistory, inldeed in the hlistory of the cooil,i. She was a daintty little person, an intrepid walker who came down from the trees some 3 million years ago mi the hf ar! n-i of eastern Ethiopia.. . The extent of her influence or power willforever remain a mystery. Whereas Lucy's fossilized bones are real, nothing is known of her story. But when it comes to the Queen of Sheba, thZ.' :sa great story, yet no concrete evidence to support it. Do not deny her existence in Ethiopia, hozvcVcer According to the Ethiopian nationial epic, Kabra Negast, compiled in thefourteenith century, Makeda, the Qucen of Sheba uZ/lo 7;isited Kin, Solomon in the Old Testament times, camefrom Tigre in Northern Ethiopia.... In Ethiopia, it was considered tptite niatlina? that a womani should have held supreme power.
Les questions relatives à l'inégalité entre les sexes, plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne l... more Les questions relatives à l'inégalité entre les sexes, plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne le statut des femmes, ont pendant une longue période, été en première position dans le dialogue des donateurs avec l'Afrique sur les questions sociales. Alors que les pays africains ont pleinement reconnu l'importance de ces questions et du besoin urgent pour une action, le dialogue est en grande partie dirigé par les donateurs qui identifient les questions et déterminent les priorités. Reconnaissant le besoin pour une nouvelle approche dans ce domaine important pour le progrès en Afrique, la Banque Mondiale en collaboration avec la Commission économique pour l'Afrique a, lors d'une conférence organisée en Octobre 1997 à Addis Ababa, en Ethiopie, initié un programme sur la condition féminine et la loi. Ce programme transmet aux parties prenantes dans les pays concernés, la responsabilité d'identifier et de définir les thèmes, les questions et les priorités, auparavant dévolue aux donateurs. Questions et approches Les délégués à la Conférence, parmi lesquels on comptait des ministres, des juges, des universitaires, des juristes travaillant pour des organisations non-gouvernementales (ONG) et le secteur privé, représentaient six pays Africains, notamment, l'Ethiopie, l'Erythrée, le Kenya, la Tanzanie, l'Ouganda et le Zimbabwe. Les délégués ont présenté des communications sur des sujets choisis au terme d'un processus participatif dans le pays et ont échangé des points de vue, discuté des contraintes légales à un développement qui tienne compte de la problématique hommes-femmes dans leurs pays respectifs. Ce fut une conférence unique du genre, dans ce sens que, conformément à l'approche de base du Programme, les praticiens et les décideurs politiques ont mis en place et articulé un programme de travail. Ceci a traduit un grand changement du paradigme pour les débats sur les questions relatives à l'inégalité des sexesles bailleurs de fonds étaient plutôt des auditeurs tandis que les parties prenantes africaines étaient des orateurs. Pendant la conférence, la délégation de chaque pays a présenté ses priorités pour le changement. Les questions présentées comprenaient les problèmes à résoudre dans le domaine
This report evaluates International Development Association (IDA) support to Nepal during 2003-20... more This report evaluates International Development Association (IDA) support to Nepal during 2003-2008. IDA’s overarching goal during this period was to support the Government’s efforts to reduce poverty and improve human well-being. IDA focused on helping to foster broad-based growth, social development, social inclusion, and good governance. The evaluation highlights the need to introduce greater realism into the country assistance strategy, and to retain flexibility to adjust to changing circumstances. It also stresses the need to consult widely and continually with national stakeholders and development partners. In addition, it points to the importance of making agriculture and rural development central to the program. The evaluation also focuses on the significance of designing and implementing a mechanism to systematically track the impact of the Poverty Alleviation Fund and adjust its design to enhance benefits to the poor. Finally, supporting reforms in public finance management through policy based lending or (if the prerequisites for budget support cannot be met) a sector-wide approach is also a key.
The nature and extent of community participation in Bank-financed social sector projects has chan... more The nature and extent of community participation in Bank-financed social sector projects has changed significantly over the years. While initially, community participation was limited to provision of voluntary labor by communities, or participation of Non-Governmental Organizations in capacity building exercises, it now actively involves communities in the design and implementation of projects. Consequently, communities are increasingly involved in procurement related activities as actual recipients and controllers of project funds. As a reflection of this increasing empowerment of communities and devolution of financial control to the community level, the recently issued World Bank Procurement Guidelines (1995) explicitly permit more flexible procurement mechanisms in social sector projects with community participation. Designing procurement and disbursement mechanisms in projects with community participation is, however, a complex task. Committees associated with World Bank social sector projects often live in remote and rural areas. They have weak institutional and financial capacities. They do not use banking fadilities and operate in micro scales of economies. How do such community groups enter into contracts? How does the project disburse funds when community groups cannot access bank facilities? Further, increased flexibility in the use of funds clearly denotes the need for increased accountability. How does the project ensure the joint liability of a community group for the use of funds? In these circumstances, project designers need guidance on mechanisms for community participation. This Manual provides a preliminary tool for project designers wishing to involve communities in procurement. It not only identifies issues commonly faced by project designer.s, but actually takes a project designer through the important steps in procurement planning. While the Africa Technical Department initiated the preparation of this Manual, it has been developed in close coordination with the Regional Procurement Advisor's Office and the Africa Disbursements Division of the Loan Department. A number of World Bank staff have also contributed, sharing experiences and providing detailed comments. We would like to thank them for their valuable inputs.
Les questions relatives à l'inégalité entre les sexes, plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne l... more Les questions relatives à l'inégalité entre les sexes, plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne le statut des femmes, ont pendant une longue période, été en première position dans le dialogue des donateurs avec l'Afrique sur les questions sociales. Alors que les pays africains ont pleinement reconnu l'importance de ces questions et du besoin urgent pour une action, le dialogue est en grande partie dirigé par les donateurs qui identifient les questions et déterminent les priorités. Reconnaissant le besoin pour une nouvelle approche dans ce domaine important pour le progrès en Afrique, la Banque Mondiale en collaboration avec la Commission économique pour l'Afrique a, lors d'une conférence organisée en Octobre 1997 à Addis Ababa, en Ethiopie, initié un programme sur la condition féminine et la loi. Ce programme transmet aux parties prenantes dans les pays concernés, la responsabilité d'identifier et de définir les thèmes, les questions et les priorités, auparavant dévolue aux donateurs. Questions et approches Les délégués à la Conférence, parmi lesquels on comptait des ministres, des juges, des universitaires, des juristes travaillant pour des organisations non-gouvernementales (ONG) et le secteur privé, représentaient six pays Africains, notamment, l'Ethiopie, l'Erythrée, le Kenya, la Tanzanie, l'Ouganda et le Zimbabwe. Les délégués ont présenté des communications sur des sujets choisis au terme d'un processus participatif dans le pays et ont échangé des points de vue, discuté des contraintes légales à un développement qui tienne compte de la problématique hommes-femmes dans leurs pays respectifs. Ce fut une conférence unique du genre, dans ce sens que, conformément à l'approche de base du Programme, les praticiens et les décideurs politiques ont mis en place et articulé un programme de travail. Ceci a traduit un grand changement du paradigme pour les débats sur les questions relatives à l'inégalité des sexesles bailleurs de fonds étaient plutôt des auditeurs tandis que les parties prenantes africaines étaient des orateurs. Pendant la conférence, la délégation de chaque pays a présenté ses priorités pour le changement. Les questions présentées comprenaient les problèmes à résoudre dans le domaine
Discussion Papers present results of country analysis or research that are circulated to encou:ra... more Discussion Papers present results of country analysis or research that are circulated to encou:rage discussion and comment within the development community. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, ot to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data. included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly.
Lucy, alias Dinkeshi (literally "you are lovely"), is thefirst womani in Ethiopian hiistory, inld... more Lucy, alias Dinkeshi (literally "you are lovely"), is thefirst womani in Ethiopian hiistory, inldeed in the hlistory of the cooil,i. She was a daintty little person, an intrepid walker who came down from the trees some 3 million years ago mi the hf ar! n-i of eastern Ethiopia.. . The extent of her influence or power willforever remain a mystery. Whereas Lucy's fossilized bones are real, nothing is known of her story. But when it comes to the Queen of Sheba, thZ.' :sa great story, yet no concrete evidence to support it. Do not deny her existence in Ethiopia, hozvcVcer According to the Ethiopian nationial epic, Kabra Negast, compiled in thefourteenith century, Makeda, the Qucen of Sheba uZ/lo 7;isited Kin, Solomon in the Old Testament times, camefrom Tigre in Northern Ethiopia.... In Ethiopia, it was considered tptite niatlina? that a womani should have held supreme power.
The Operations Evaluation Department (OED) is an independent unit within the World Bank; it repor... more The Operations Evaluation Department (OED) is an independent unit within the World Bank; it reports directly to the Bank's Board of Executive Directors. OED assesses what works, and what does not; how a borrower plans to run and maintain a project; and the lasting contribution of the Bank to a country's overall development. The goals of evaluation are to learn from experience, to provide an objective basis for assessing the results of the Bank's work, and to provide accountability in the achievement of its objectives. It also improves Bank work by identifying and disseminating the lessons learned from experience and by framing recommendations drawn from evaluation findings.
Findings reports on ongoing operational, economic and sector work carried out by the World Bank a... more Findings reports on ongoing operational, economic and sector work carried out by the World Bank and its member governments in the Africa Region. It is published periodically by the Africa Technical Department on behalf of the Region. Designing for Community Participation in Procurement and Disbursement Community participation in the planning, design and implementation of development projects is seen as an effective tool in enhancing project sustainability through increase in community ownership and commitment. The World Bank's experience suggests that such participation tends to increase the access of disadvantaged communities to project benefits, enhance motivation of communities, increase ownership of projects, encourage self-reliance by transfer of skills, build local institutional capacities, and ensure that greater proportions of project benefits flow directly to targeted and deserving beneficiaries. An examination of Bank experience demonstrates that procurement and disbursement have been key issues during preparation and implementation of projects involving community participation. However, Bank policies for procurement and disbursement were designed to facilitate supply of goods, works and services by large contractors and suppliers. While this approach was suitable for large investment projects, as the Bank increasingly financed projects in the social sector and focused on community participation as a means of enhancing project sustainability, the Procurement Guidelines, while flexible, were perceived as being inadequate in providing the necessary guidance in funding community participation. The recently issued Procurement Guidelines (1994) therefore, includes a paragraph specific to procurement in social sector projects. A number of the Bank's operational policies require the participation of communities not only during the implementation of Bank-financed projects, but also in the planning and design of projects, a concept that is not yet prevalent in many of the Bank's borrowing countries. However, there has been very little guidance on the mechanisms of converting the intent into concrete project designs. Two documents recently published by the Technical Department of the Africa Region now provide guidance to project designers. These are World Bank-Financed Projects with Coinniunity Participation : Procurement and Disbursement Issues and Bank-Financed Projects With Community
In view of the growing number of projects in the social sector, this study examines procurement a... more In view of the growing number of projects in the social sector, this study examines procurement and disbursement issues in Bank-financed projects with community participation to collate and analyze Bank-wide experience, to identify issues, present cases of best practices, and suggest, where feasible, possible enhancements to existing policies and procedures.
... actualization. Special thanks go to ECA and in particular KY Amoako and Josephine Ouedraogo. ... more ... actualization. Special thanks go to ECA and in particular KY Amoako and Josephine Ouedraogo. Sector Manager in charge: Ruth Kagia. Country Directors: James W. Adams, Barbara Kafka, Oey A. Meesook, and Harold E. Wackman. ...
Gender issues, particularly with respect to women's status and rights, have for a considerabl... more Gender issues, particularly with respect to women's status and rights, have for a considerable period, been in the forefront of donor's dialogue on social issues with Africa. While Africa countries have fully acknowledged the seriousness of the issues and the urgent need for action, the dialogue has been largely donor-driven and issues and priorities been donor-set. Recognizing the need for a new approach in this important area for Africa's progress, the Bank, in collaboration with the Economic Commission for Africa, initiated a Gender and Law Program, in October 1997, at a Conference held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Program shifts responsibility for identification and implementation of themes, issues, and priorities to in-country stakeholders rather than with donors. During the Conference, each country delegation voiced its priorities for change. The issues included land-related challenges, family law, violence against women, employment and labor, and decentralized governance frameworks. Land and the division of household property are prime areas where gender-based disparities marginalize and disenfranchise women of Eastern Africa. In an effort to improve women's social and economic life, two main themes emerged: the impact of customary laws and practices and the need for effective implementation. The delegates emphasized the need to initiate action for change at grassroots, institutional, and policy making levels.
Lucy, alias Dinkeshi (literally "you are lovely"), is thefirst womani in Ethiopian hiistory, inld... more Lucy, alias Dinkeshi (literally "you are lovely"), is thefirst womani in Ethiopian hiistory, inldeed in the hlistory of the cooil,i. She was a daintty little person, an intrepid walker who came down from the trees some 3 million years ago mi the hf ar! n-i of eastern Ethiopia.. . The extent of her influence or power willforever remain a mystery. Whereas Lucy's fossilized bones are real, nothing is known of her story. But when it comes to the Queen of Sheba, thZ.' :sa great story, yet no concrete evidence to support it. Do not deny her existence in Ethiopia, hozvcVcer According to the Ethiopian nationial epic, Kabra Negast, compiled in thefourteenith century, Makeda, the Qucen of Sheba uZ/lo 7;isited Kin, Solomon in the Old Testament times, camefrom Tigre in Northern Ethiopia.... In Ethiopia, it was considered tptite niatlina? that a womani should have held supreme power.
Les questions relatives à l'inégalité entre les sexes, plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne l... more Les questions relatives à l'inégalité entre les sexes, plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne le statut des femmes, ont pendant une longue période, été en première position dans le dialogue des donateurs avec l'Afrique sur les questions sociales. Alors que les pays africains ont pleinement reconnu l'importance de ces questions et du besoin urgent pour une action, le dialogue est en grande partie dirigé par les donateurs qui identifient les questions et déterminent les priorités. Reconnaissant le besoin pour une nouvelle approche dans ce domaine important pour le progrès en Afrique, la Banque Mondiale en collaboration avec la Commission économique pour l'Afrique a, lors d'une conférence organisée en Octobre 1997 à Addis Ababa, en Ethiopie, initié un programme sur la condition féminine et la loi. Ce programme transmet aux parties prenantes dans les pays concernés, la responsabilité d'identifier et de définir les thèmes, les questions et les priorités, auparavant dévolue aux donateurs. Questions et approches Les délégués à la Conférence, parmi lesquels on comptait des ministres, des juges, des universitaires, des juristes travaillant pour des organisations non-gouvernementales (ONG) et le secteur privé, représentaient six pays Africains, notamment, l'Ethiopie, l'Erythrée, le Kenya, la Tanzanie, l'Ouganda et le Zimbabwe. Les délégués ont présenté des communications sur des sujets choisis au terme d'un processus participatif dans le pays et ont échangé des points de vue, discuté des contraintes légales à un développement qui tienne compte de la problématique hommes-femmes dans leurs pays respectifs. Ce fut une conférence unique du genre, dans ce sens que, conformément à l'approche de base du Programme, les praticiens et les décideurs politiques ont mis en place et articulé un programme de travail. Ceci a traduit un grand changement du paradigme pour les débats sur les questions relatives à l'inégalité des sexesles bailleurs de fonds étaient plutôt des auditeurs tandis que les parties prenantes africaines étaient des orateurs. Pendant la conférence, la délégation de chaque pays a présenté ses priorités pour le changement. Les questions présentées comprenaient les problèmes à résoudre dans le domaine
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