The Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model specifies that when the costs outweigh the benefits o... more The Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model specifies that when the costs outweigh the benefits of substance abuse, the resulting discomfort can be a catalyst for change. The current study evaluated the roles of depression and anxiety in motivating readiness to change current drinking behaviors. Results from regression analyses of selfreport data from 233 undergraduate hazardous drinkers indicated that higher levels of depression and anxiety were associated with elevated readiness to change. Additionally, study findings showed that when considered together, anxiety accounted for more of the individual differences in alcohol change readiness than depressive symptoms. Study results were discussed in the context of existing models of change readiness and implications for further research and clinical practice.
The Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model specifies that when the costs outweigh the benefits o... more The Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model specifies that when the costs outweigh the benefits of substance abuse, the resulting discomfort can be a catalyst for change. The current study evaluated the roles of depression and anxiety in motivating readiness to change current drinking behaviors. Results from regression analyses of selfreport data from 233 undergraduate hazardous drinkers indicated that higher levels of depression and anxiety were associated with elevated readiness to change. Additionally, study findings showed that when considered together, anxiety accounted for more of the individual differences in alcohol change readiness than depressive symptoms. Study results were discussed in the context of existing models of change readiness and implications for further research and clinical practice.
The relative efficacy of two psychotherapeutic approaches to panic disorder, namely, focused cogn... more The relative efficacy of two psychotherapeutic approaches to panic disorder, namely, focused cognitive therapy (FCT)and standard cognitive therapy (SCT) was examined. FCT focused specifically on the "catastrophic misinterpretation" of physical and psychological sensations experienced during panic attacks induced in the office or occurring spontaneously between sessions. SCT focused primarily on the cognition and beliefs relevant to interpersonal concerns involved in generalized anxiety. We hypothesized that FCT would be more effective than SCT since the latter did not include an induced panic exercise (exposure condition) specific to the patient's panicogenic cognition. Forty patients diagnosed with panic disorder were randomly assigned to the SCT and FCT groups for approximately 12 to 18 sessions of treatment. Both groups reported significant decreases in the severity of the clinical measures at termination. Moreover, 89.5% of the SCT group and 84.2% of the FCT group were free of panic attacks at l-year follow-up. Contrary to the predictions, the results for measures of panic attack frequency, anxiety, and depression did not reveal any significant differences between the two groups. Results suggest that in-office "exposure" is not necessary for improvement and that a primary focus on cognition associated with generalized anxiety may be an effective intervention. However, since improvement in panic was correlated with normalizing of panic-related beliefs in both conditions, it is suggested that cognitive change may be a crucial ingredient of improvement in panic episodes. @ 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd Focused cognitive therapy for panic disorder was developed from a theoretical model of panic disorder (Beck, Emery, & Greenberg, 1985;, which proposes that panic attacks occur when benign physical sensations or psychological experiences are interpreted as dangerous. This catastrophic ap-
Prevalence data and theoretical models suggest that socially anxious individuals comprise a signi... more Prevalence data and theoretical models suggest that socially anxious individuals comprise a significant subset of college hazardous drinkers and may benefit from brief interventions for both alcohol and social anxiety problems. The present study compared hazardous drinkers who have high social anxiety (HD-HSA) with hazardous drinkers who have low social anxiety (HD-LSA) in drinking and psychological characteristics that may distinguish the two drinker groups and inform development of group-specific interventions. Method: After completing a self-report assessment battery, 152 hazardous drinkers (51% men, median age = 19) were selected from an undergraduate volunteer sample on the basis of their scores on an alcohol screen. HD-HSA (n = 76) and HD-LSA (n = 76) were hazardous drinkers who scored in the top third and the bottom third, respectively, of the volunteer sample on a social anxiety measure. Results: HD-HSA reported greater expectancies that alcohol reduces social anxiety and lower alcohol refusal self-efficacy in social drinking situations than HD-LSA did. HD-HSA also tended to report more frequent heavy drinking in negative affect situations, but the groups did not differ in consumption quantity, heavy drinking in positive affect situations or hazardous drinking levels. HD-HSA reported greater interest in attending a social anxiety workshop and showed a trend towards having stronger interest in an alcohol workshop than HD-LSA did, although the sample's overall readiness to change alcohol behaviors was low. Conclusions: Study findings highlight the importance of situational specificity in alcohol assessment and suggest a need to develop groupspecific interventions for college hazardous drinkers with high versus low social anxiety. (J.
With a sample of 120 Gulf War veterans, the present study investigated the main effects of childh... more With a sample of 120 Gulf War veterans, the present study investigated the main effects of childhood and lifetime trauma, combat exposure, and coping strategies on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as combat exposure's moderating effects on the other variables' relationships with PTSD. Logistic regression results indicated correct classification of PTSD diagnosis for 88% of the participants, with combat exposure and avoidant coping making significant contributions to this classification. Multiple regression results indicated that lifetime trauma, combat exposure, and avoidant coping were strongly related to PTSD symptoms. Multiple regression results also revealed that combat exposure moderated the strength and direction of PTSD's relationships with childhood trauma and avoidant coping. Study findings have implications for longitudinal investigation of PTSD development and preventive interventions.
Abstract The study was designed to address two broad purposes:(a) to investigate further the reli... more Abstract The study was designed to address two broad purposes:(a) to investigate further the reliability and validity of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and (b) to examine the relationship of parental warmth and overprotection to specific anxiety disorders and their ...
This study examined coping responses and alcohol outcome expectancies in alcohol abusing and nona... more This study examined coping responses and alcohol outcome expectancies in alcohol abusing and nonabusing social phobics. The sample consisted of social phobics with current alcohol abuse or dependence (SPAs, n= 19), social phobics without lifetime ...
Research methodologies provoke much debate in cross-cultural and interlanguage pragmatics researc... more Research methodologies provoke much debate in cross-cultural and interlanguage pragmatics research. They have different advantages and disadvantages, though the goal of many methodologies remains the controlled elicitation of data that is comparable to real-life production. In this ...
Urban, poor, crack cocaine-dependent clients were randomly assigned to outpatient addiction couns... more Urban, poor, crack cocaine-dependent clients were randomly assigned to outpatient addiction counseling (n=39) or day treatment (n=40). Participants in both conditions received equivalent individual cognitive–behavioral counseling and earned equivalent payment vouchers for providing cocaine-negative urine samples. However, day treatment participants attended significantly more psychoeducational and recreational groups and received two meals per day. Prior to random assignment, more participants expressed
Psychosocial interventions that are practical, transportable, and effective in promoting treatmen... more Psychosocial interventions that are practical, transportable, and effective in promoting treatment adherence and effi cacy are greatly needed in both research and clinical settings involving alcohol-dependence pharmacotherapy. In this article, we describe the development and preliminary evaluation of an integrative treatment blending motivational interviewing and compliance enhancement therapy (MI-CET) as a means of enhancing adherence and retention in an ongoing clinical trial. Method: Medication adherence, session attendance, and study completion rates were examined for 121 treatment-seeking, alcohol-dependent adults participating in a randomized clinical trial of citalopram (n = 81) versus placebo (n = 40). All participants received the manual-guided MI-CET intervention as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy. Preliminary adherence and retention data for this trial were compared with data from prior studies involving treatment for alcohol dependence with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Results: High rates of medication adherence (79% of citalopram and 91% of placebo completers took ≥80% of doses), session attendance (average of 90% for citalopram and 93% for placebo groups), and study completion (81% for citalopram and 88% for placebo groups) were obtained in the present study using MI-CET. These rates were at least comparable to or were, in some cases, 20%-30% higher than rates obtained in the comparison trials. Conclusions: These results suggest that MI-CET is feasible as a psychosocial adjunct to alcohol-dependence pharmacotherapy. Given its strengths as a clinical and research intervention (e.g., practicality, transportability), further evaluation of its effi cacy is warranted. (J. Stud.
Various empirical studies have demonstrated a relationship between Social Phobia (SP) and Alcohol... more Various empirical studies have demonstrated a relationship between Social Phobia (SP) and Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD), with the presence of one disorder increasing the risk of having the other by two to three times in epidemiological samples (Kushner, Krueger, Frye ...
Studies suggest that experience and expectations of intimate partner violence (IPV) among college... more Studies suggest that experience and expectations of intimate partner violence (IPV) among college women may be positively related. We investigated their association using modified versions of two standard measures: the Conflict Tactics Scale and the Multidimensional Emotional Abuse Scale. Five hundred and thirty-four college women completed each measure twice: once based on their partner’s actual behaviors and once based on what they expected a male partner would do in a relationship. Results demonstrated that IPV experience and IPV expectations are significantly and positively related. Results also showed that respondents expected more IPV than they reportedly experienced, suggesting that college women may believe that IPV occurs more frequently in others’ relationships than in their own. Findings suggest that behavioral interventions for IPV victims should address IPV expectations.
Treatment compliance is an important variable in drug use intervention. For pregnant drug-misusin... more Treatment compliance is an important variable in drug use intervention. For pregnant drug-misusing women, compliance with treatment has been particularly problematic, even in specialized and more intensive treatment programs. The present study, conducted from March 1999 to June 2000, compared maternal/infant outcomes in pregnant drug-using women who were either compliant or noncompliant with drug use interventions offered through a prenatal care clinic. Compliant women (N = 11) completed four therapy sessions (behavioral reinforcement of drug abstinence + brief motivational therapy), while noncompliant women (N = 20) participated in zero to three therapy sessions. The two groups were similar on demographic and drug use severity measures. Compliant mothers, however, gave birth to infants with higher birthweights than noncompliant mothers. Over half of compliant mothers were also drug-free at delivery, compared to one-fourth of noncompliant mothers. These data support an association between treatment compliance and birth outcomes, and highlight the need to develop strategies for improving compliance with such interventions.
Prior findings show that men as a group seek psychological help at relatively low rates. The curr... more Prior findings show that men as a group seek psychological help at relatively low rates. The current study sought to provide preliminary evidence that Ajzen's (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior can integrate prior research findings and help explain men's psychological help-seeking by testing a mediation model among a young adult sample. Structural equation modeling was utilized to investigate the impact of traditional masculinity ideology and attitudes toward psychological help-seeking on men's intention to seek psychological help. Results (N ϭ 307) provided support for a mediation effect of attitudes toward psychological help-seeking on the relationship between traditional masculinity ideology and psychological help-seeking intentions, 2 (1, N ϭ 306) ϭ 1.56, p ϭ .21, standardized root-mean-square residual ϭ .022, Comparative Fit Index ϭ .997, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation Index ϭ .043. Together, the predictors accounted for 29.6% of the variance in men's psychological help-seeking intentions. Study findings integrate and build upon prior research and highlight recommendations for developing interventions to facilitate help-seeking among traditionally masculine men. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the Theory of Planned Behavior may be a promising model to help understand men's psychological helpseeking.
The percentage of female soldiers and officers in the U.S. Army has increased dramatically during... more The percentage of female soldiers and officers in the U.S. Army has increased dramatically during the last few decades. Gender appears to be correlated with rank, age, education, and race, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the effects of gender on retention or readiness. Evidence regarding gender and retention is mixed, but available evidence on gender and individual and unit readiness suggests that gender does not adversely influence readiness at either level. However, there is little evidence to date on the effects of gender within combat units, leaving that question open to debate.
The present study examined the validity of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)... more The present study examined the validity of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) typology for pregnant drug-dependent women. A 3-cluster solution based on 7 MMPI-2 clinical scales emerged as the best model and was replicated across split-half samples and different primary substance-use diagnoses and treatment modalities. The 3 subtypes identified included Type I (n = 40, 24%) with no clinical elevation, Type II (n = 72, 42%) with elevated psychopathic deviate scale, and Type III (n = 58, 34%) with elevations on all 7 scales. Analyses with interview and self-report measures showed good concurrent validity. Type II had higher retention than Type I and Type III across methadone and medication-free treatments, showing some predictive validity. An a priori method for classifying new cases on the basis of the proposed typology was developed and validated. Study findings support MMPI-2's use with pregnant drug-dependent women for assessment and possibly treatment planning.
The Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model specifies that when the costs outweigh the benefits o... more The Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model specifies that when the costs outweigh the benefits of substance abuse, the resulting discomfort can be a catalyst for change. The current study evaluated the roles of depression and anxiety in motivating readiness to change current drinking behaviors. Results from regression analyses of selfreport data from 233 undergraduate hazardous drinkers indicated that higher levels of depression and anxiety were associated with elevated readiness to change. Additionally, study findings showed that when considered together, anxiety accounted for more of the individual differences in alcohol change readiness than depressive symptoms. Study results were discussed in the context of existing models of change readiness and implications for further research and clinical practice.
The Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model specifies that when the costs outweigh the benefits o... more The Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model specifies that when the costs outweigh the benefits of substance abuse, the resulting discomfort can be a catalyst for change. The current study evaluated the roles of depression and anxiety in motivating readiness to change current drinking behaviors. Results from regression analyses of selfreport data from 233 undergraduate hazardous drinkers indicated that higher levels of depression and anxiety were associated with elevated readiness to change. Additionally, study findings showed that when considered together, anxiety accounted for more of the individual differences in alcohol change readiness than depressive symptoms. Study results were discussed in the context of existing models of change readiness and implications for further research and clinical practice.
The relative efficacy of two psychotherapeutic approaches to panic disorder, namely, focused cogn... more The relative efficacy of two psychotherapeutic approaches to panic disorder, namely, focused cognitive therapy (FCT)and standard cognitive therapy (SCT) was examined. FCT focused specifically on the "catastrophic misinterpretation" of physical and psychological sensations experienced during panic attacks induced in the office or occurring spontaneously between sessions. SCT focused primarily on the cognition and beliefs relevant to interpersonal concerns involved in generalized anxiety. We hypothesized that FCT would be more effective than SCT since the latter did not include an induced panic exercise (exposure condition) specific to the patient's panicogenic cognition. Forty patients diagnosed with panic disorder were randomly assigned to the SCT and FCT groups for approximately 12 to 18 sessions of treatment. Both groups reported significant decreases in the severity of the clinical measures at termination. Moreover, 89.5% of the SCT group and 84.2% of the FCT group were free of panic attacks at l-year follow-up. Contrary to the predictions, the results for measures of panic attack frequency, anxiety, and depression did not reveal any significant differences between the two groups. Results suggest that in-office "exposure" is not necessary for improvement and that a primary focus on cognition associated with generalized anxiety may be an effective intervention. However, since improvement in panic was correlated with normalizing of panic-related beliefs in both conditions, it is suggested that cognitive change may be a crucial ingredient of improvement in panic episodes. @ 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd Focused cognitive therapy for panic disorder was developed from a theoretical model of panic disorder (Beck, Emery, & Greenberg, 1985;, which proposes that panic attacks occur when benign physical sensations or psychological experiences are interpreted as dangerous. This catastrophic ap-
Prevalence data and theoretical models suggest that socially anxious individuals comprise a signi... more Prevalence data and theoretical models suggest that socially anxious individuals comprise a significant subset of college hazardous drinkers and may benefit from brief interventions for both alcohol and social anxiety problems. The present study compared hazardous drinkers who have high social anxiety (HD-HSA) with hazardous drinkers who have low social anxiety (HD-LSA) in drinking and psychological characteristics that may distinguish the two drinker groups and inform development of group-specific interventions. Method: After completing a self-report assessment battery, 152 hazardous drinkers (51% men, median age = 19) were selected from an undergraduate volunteer sample on the basis of their scores on an alcohol screen. HD-HSA (n = 76) and HD-LSA (n = 76) were hazardous drinkers who scored in the top third and the bottom third, respectively, of the volunteer sample on a social anxiety measure. Results: HD-HSA reported greater expectancies that alcohol reduces social anxiety and lower alcohol refusal self-efficacy in social drinking situations than HD-LSA did. HD-HSA also tended to report more frequent heavy drinking in negative affect situations, but the groups did not differ in consumption quantity, heavy drinking in positive affect situations or hazardous drinking levels. HD-HSA reported greater interest in attending a social anxiety workshop and showed a trend towards having stronger interest in an alcohol workshop than HD-LSA did, although the sample's overall readiness to change alcohol behaviors was low. Conclusions: Study findings highlight the importance of situational specificity in alcohol assessment and suggest a need to develop groupspecific interventions for college hazardous drinkers with high versus low social anxiety. (J.
With a sample of 120 Gulf War veterans, the present study investigated the main effects of childh... more With a sample of 120 Gulf War veterans, the present study investigated the main effects of childhood and lifetime trauma, combat exposure, and coping strategies on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as combat exposure's moderating effects on the other variables' relationships with PTSD. Logistic regression results indicated correct classification of PTSD diagnosis for 88% of the participants, with combat exposure and avoidant coping making significant contributions to this classification. Multiple regression results indicated that lifetime trauma, combat exposure, and avoidant coping were strongly related to PTSD symptoms. Multiple regression results also revealed that combat exposure moderated the strength and direction of PTSD's relationships with childhood trauma and avoidant coping. Study findings have implications for longitudinal investigation of PTSD development and preventive interventions.
Abstract The study was designed to address two broad purposes:(a) to investigate further the reli... more Abstract The study was designed to address two broad purposes:(a) to investigate further the reliability and validity of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and (b) to examine the relationship of parental warmth and overprotection to specific anxiety disorders and their ...
This study examined coping responses and alcohol outcome expectancies in alcohol abusing and nona... more This study examined coping responses and alcohol outcome expectancies in alcohol abusing and nonabusing social phobics. The sample consisted of social phobics with current alcohol abuse or dependence (SPAs, n= 19), social phobics without lifetime ...
Research methodologies provoke much debate in cross-cultural and interlanguage pragmatics researc... more Research methodologies provoke much debate in cross-cultural and interlanguage pragmatics research. They have different advantages and disadvantages, though the goal of many methodologies remains the controlled elicitation of data that is comparable to real-life production. In this ...
Urban, poor, crack cocaine-dependent clients were randomly assigned to outpatient addiction couns... more Urban, poor, crack cocaine-dependent clients were randomly assigned to outpatient addiction counseling (n=39) or day treatment (n=40). Participants in both conditions received equivalent individual cognitive–behavioral counseling and earned equivalent payment vouchers for providing cocaine-negative urine samples. However, day treatment participants attended significantly more psychoeducational and recreational groups and received two meals per day. Prior to random assignment, more participants expressed
Psychosocial interventions that are practical, transportable, and effective in promoting treatmen... more Psychosocial interventions that are practical, transportable, and effective in promoting treatment adherence and effi cacy are greatly needed in both research and clinical settings involving alcohol-dependence pharmacotherapy. In this article, we describe the development and preliminary evaluation of an integrative treatment blending motivational interviewing and compliance enhancement therapy (MI-CET) as a means of enhancing adherence and retention in an ongoing clinical trial. Method: Medication adherence, session attendance, and study completion rates were examined for 121 treatment-seeking, alcohol-dependent adults participating in a randomized clinical trial of citalopram (n = 81) versus placebo (n = 40). All participants received the manual-guided MI-CET intervention as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy. Preliminary adherence and retention data for this trial were compared with data from prior studies involving treatment for alcohol dependence with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Results: High rates of medication adherence (79% of citalopram and 91% of placebo completers took ≥80% of doses), session attendance (average of 90% for citalopram and 93% for placebo groups), and study completion (81% for citalopram and 88% for placebo groups) were obtained in the present study using MI-CET. These rates were at least comparable to or were, in some cases, 20%-30% higher than rates obtained in the comparison trials. Conclusions: These results suggest that MI-CET is feasible as a psychosocial adjunct to alcohol-dependence pharmacotherapy. Given its strengths as a clinical and research intervention (e.g., practicality, transportability), further evaluation of its effi cacy is warranted. (J. Stud.
Various empirical studies have demonstrated a relationship between Social Phobia (SP) and Alcohol... more Various empirical studies have demonstrated a relationship between Social Phobia (SP) and Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD), with the presence of one disorder increasing the risk of having the other by two to three times in epidemiological samples (Kushner, Krueger, Frye ...
Studies suggest that experience and expectations of intimate partner violence (IPV) among college... more Studies suggest that experience and expectations of intimate partner violence (IPV) among college women may be positively related. We investigated their association using modified versions of two standard measures: the Conflict Tactics Scale and the Multidimensional Emotional Abuse Scale. Five hundred and thirty-four college women completed each measure twice: once based on their partner’s actual behaviors and once based on what they expected a male partner would do in a relationship. Results demonstrated that IPV experience and IPV expectations are significantly and positively related. Results also showed that respondents expected more IPV than they reportedly experienced, suggesting that college women may believe that IPV occurs more frequently in others’ relationships than in their own. Findings suggest that behavioral interventions for IPV victims should address IPV expectations.
Treatment compliance is an important variable in drug use intervention. For pregnant drug-misusin... more Treatment compliance is an important variable in drug use intervention. For pregnant drug-misusing women, compliance with treatment has been particularly problematic, even in specialized and more intensive treatment programs. The present study, conducted from March 1999 to June 2000, compared maternal/infant outcomes in pregnant drug-using women who were either compliant or noncompliant with drug use interventions offered through a prenatal care clinic. Compliant women (N = 11) completed four therapy sessions (behavioral reinforcement of drug abstinence + brief motivational therapy), while noncompliant women (N = 20) participated in zero to three therapy sessions. The two groups were similar on demographic and drug use severity measures. Compliant mothers, however, gave birth to infants with higher birthweights than noncompliant mothers. Over half of compliant mothers were also drug-free at delivery, compared to one-fourth of noncompliant mothers. These data support an association between treatment compliance and birth outcomes, and highlight the need to develop strategies for improving compliance with such interventions.
Prior findings show that men as a group seek psychological help at relatively low rates. The curr... more Prior findings show that men as a group seek psychological help at relatively low rates. The current study sought to provide preliminary evidence that Ajzen's (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior can integrate prior research findings and help explain men's psychological help-seeking by testing a mediation model among a young adult sample. Structural equation modeling was utilized to investigate the impact of traditional masculinity ideology and attitudes toward psychological help-seeking on men's intention to seek psychological help. Results (N ϭ 307) provided support for a mediation effect of attitudes toward psychological help-seeking on the relationship between traditional masculinity ideology and psychological help-seeking intentions, 2 (1, N ϭ 306) ϭ 1.56, p ϭ .21, standardized root-mean-square residual ϭ .022, Comparative Fit Index ϭ .997, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation Index ϭ .043. Together, the predictors accounted for 29.6% of the variance in men's psychological help-seeking intentions. Study findings integrate and build upon prior research and highlight recommendations for developing interventions to facilitate help-seeking among traditionally masculine men. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the Theory of Planned Behavior may be a promising model to help understand men's psychological helpseeking.
The percentage of female soldiers and officers in the U.S. Army has increased dramatically during... more The percentage of female soldiers and officers in the U.S. Army has increased dramatically during the last few decades. Gender appears to be correlated with rank, age, education, and race, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the effects of gender on retention or readiness. Evidence regarding gender and retention is mixed, but available evidence on gender and individual and unit readiness suggests that gender does not adversely influence readiness at either level. However, there is little evidence to date on the effects of gender within combat units, leaving that question open to debate.
The present study examined the validity of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)... more The present study examined the validity of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) typology for pregnant drug-dependent women. A 3-cluster solution based on 7 MMPI-2 clinical scales emerged as the best model and was replicated across split-half samples and different primary substance-use diagnoses and treatment modalities. The 3 subtypes identified included Type I (n = 40, 24%) with no clinical elevation, Type II (n = 72, 42%) with elevated psychopathic deviate scale, and Type III (n = 58, 34%) with elevations on all 7 scales. Analyses with interview and self-report measures showed good concurrent validity. Type II had higher retention than Type I and Type III across methadone and medication-free treatments, showing some predictive validity. An a priori method for classifying new cases on the basis of the proposed typology was developed and validated. Study findings support MMPI-2's use with pregnant drug-dependent women for assessment and possibly treatment planning.
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