New information technology (IT) is a major challenge to human adaptability. A crucial issue for t... more New information technology (IT) is a major challenge to human adaptability. A crucial issue for the integration of new IT in the education system is the enhancement of its role of preserving cultural heritage, improving knowledge transferal and social integration. Software agents are computer programs that can be used to improve learning. Learning is described by five attributes: pleasure, learning how to learn, efficiency, allowing for errors in order to learn, and memory retention. These attributes guide the design of software agents that extend and support understanding, motivation, memory and reasoning capabilities. We will provide examples of agents that add pragmatics to current educational materials. They improve cooperative learning and cooperative design of pedagogical documents. These issues are discussed in the context of a critical analysis of the French educational system and the emergence of new information technology and software agents.
We have analyzed the gases transport in the human lung through a physico-mathematical model. The ... more We have analyzed the gases transport in the human lung through a physico-mathematical model. The physical mechanisms that we have t o consider are the diffusion-convection (gas.) in the conducting airways and the exchange through the alveolo-capillary barrie r.
This paper presents and discusses the imperative necessity to use complexity science principles a... more This paper presents and discusses the imperative necessity to use complexity science principles and approaches to deal with the open world where we live in. During the 20 th century, we have developed theories, methods and tools based on linear approaches to engineering systems that consider unexpected and rare events as exceptions, instead of including them in the flow of everyday events, handled by well-trained and experienced experts in specific domains. Consequently, regulations, clumsy automation and operational procedures are still accumulated in the short term instead of integrating long-term experience feedback. This results in the concept of quality assurance and human-machine interfaces (HMI) instead of focusing on human-system integration. Quality assurance promoted standardization; HMI promoted corrective ergonomics, instead of human-centered design from the early stages of product life cycle. It is time to depart from this linear approach based on standardization and procedures to investigate our non-linear dynamic world based on expertise and flexibility. We promote humancentered processes such as creativity, adaptability and problem solving. We then need to be better acquainted with risk taking, preparation, maturity management, complacency emerging from routine operations, and educated common sense. These fundamental assets are presented using examples from various life-critical domains.
This paper presents an investigation of knowledge acquisition in dynamic s ystems. The nature of ... more This paper presents an investigation of knowledge acquisition in dynamic s ystems. The nature of dynamic systems is analyzed. A first ontology of the domain is proposed. Various distinctions are presented such as the agent perspective, the percept ion of temporal progression, and the notions of conseqences and expertise in dynamic systems. We use Rasmussen's model to characterize ways knowledge can be acquired in dynamic systems. Procedures are shown to be essential knowledge entities in intera ctions with dynamic systems. An emphasis on logicism and situatedness is presented and discussed around the situation recognition and analytical reasoning model. The kn owledge block representation is introduced as a mediating representation for knowled ge acquisition in dynamic systems.
L'interaction personne-système et l'intelligence artificielle sont deux disciplines qui ont suivi... more L'interaction personne-système et l'intelligence artificielle sont deux disciplines qui ont suivi des trajectoires parallèles au cours du temps tout en se rejoignant et se complétant naturellement sur différents domaines aux problématiques riches depuis une quarantaine d'années. Sans souci d'exhaustivité mais plutôt de représentativité, après avoir dressé un historique des interfaces entre interaction personne-système et intelligence artificielle, particulièrement focalisé sur la genèse, ce chapitre passe en revue quatre domaines sources de fertilisation croisée. Les interfaces utilisateur dites intelligentes sont un premier domaine typique à ce sujet. Parmi les nombreuses approches possibles d'interaction intelligente, les agents conversationnels animés affectifs constituent un domaine à part. La capitalisation, la formalisation et l'exploitation de connaissances ergonomiques pour la conception et l'évaluation des systèmes interactifs débouchent ...
Computers in Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, 1982
All these methods assume that mean alveolar parital pressures are necessarily localised on the al... more All these methods assume that mean alveolar parital pressures are necessarily localised on the alveolar plateau of the expired gases curve. We explain why these methods are necessarily wrong when the expiratory flow wave is localised at the beginning of expiration. A dynamic mathematical model based on the three phenomena: convection, molecular diffusion and alveolar capillary exchange, has been built and tested by different numerical methods. The solutions of this model point out the great importance of the flow wave during expiration. Particularly its shape determines if the mean alveolar partial pressure value crosses the alveolar plateau or not. This theoretical result is very important to interpret the gradient between alveolar gas calculated at the mouth and arterial blood gas.
Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the …, 1997
... Guy Boy European Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Engineering (EURISCO) 4, avenue Edouard ... more ... Guy Boy European Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Engineering (EURISCO) 4, avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France 1. Introduction According to the French tradition in ergonomics, a distinction is made between task (prescribed task) and activity (effective task). ...
This paper presents the concept of articulation of operational and training materials. It is base... more This paper presents the concept of articulation of operational and training materials. It is based on the results of the ArtiFACT project (Arti culation of F COM, C ourseware and T raining.) On the one hand, operational materials are progressively shifting from paper to electronic support. Both user needs and electronic possibilities guide the subsequent transformation. Training materials are available on electronic support for a long time. Thus, it is obviously interesting to transfer training experience in the design and development of electronic support to current operational needs. On the other hand, training has progressively become performance support over the years, i.e., initial training largely continues during operations and needs to be supported consequently. Articulating operational and training materials benefits to both sectors of activity.
New information technology (IT) is a major challenge to human adaptability. A crucial issue for t... more New information technology (IT) is a major challenge to human adaptability. A crucial issue for the integration of new IT in the education system is the enhancement of its role of preserving cultural heritage, improving knowledge transferal and social integration. Software agents are computer programs that can be used to improve learning. Learning is described by five attributes: pleasure, learning how to learn, efficiency, allowing for errors in order to learn, and memory retention. These attributes guide the design of software agents that extend and support understanding, motivation, memory and reasoning capabilities. We will provide examples of agents that add pragmatics to current educational materials. They improve cooperative learning and cooperative design of pedagogical documents. These issues are discussed in the context of a critical analysis of the French educational system and the emergence of new information technology and software agents.
We have analyzed the gases transport in the human lung through a physico-mathematical model. The ... more We have analyzed the gases transport in the human lung through a physico-mathematical model. The physical mechanisms that we have t o consider are the diffusion-convection (gas.) in the conducting airways and the exchange through the alveolo-capillary barrie r.
This paper presents and discusses the imperative necessity to use complexity science principles a... more This paper presents and discusses the imperative necessity to use complexity science principles and approaches to deal with the open world where we live in. During the 20 th century, we have developed theories, methods and tools based on linear approaches to engineering systems that consider unexpected and rare events as exceptions, instead of including them in the flow of everyday events, handled by well-trained and experienced experts in specific domains. Consequently, regulations, clumsy automation and operational procedures are still accumulated in the short term instead of integrating long-term experience feedback. This results in the concept of quality assurance and human-machine interfaces (HMI) instead of focusing on human-system integration. Quality assurance promoted standardization; HMI promoted corrective ergonomics, instead of human-centered design from the early stages of product life cycle. It is time to depart from this linear approach based on standardization and procedures to investigate our non-linear dynamic world based on expertise and flexibility. We promote humancentered processes such as creativity, adaptability and problem solving. We then need to be better acquainted with risk taking, preparation, maturity management, complacency emerging from routine operations, and educated common sense. These fundamental assets are presented using examples from various life-critical domains.
This paper presents an investigation of knowledge acquisition in dynamic s ystems. The nature of ... more This paper presents an investigation of knowledge acquisition in dynamic s ystems. The nature of dynamic systems is analyzed. A first ontology of the domain is proposed. Various distinctions are presented such as the agent perspective, the percept ion of temporal progression, and the notions of conseqences and expertise in dynamic systems. We use Rasmussen's model to characterize ways knowledge can be acquired in dynamic systems. Procedures are shown to be essential knowledge entities in intera ctions with dynamic systems. An emphasis on logicism and situatedness is presented and discussed around the situation recognition and analytical reasoning model. The kn owledge block representation is introduced as a mediating representation for knowled ge acquisition in dynamic systems.
L'interaction personne-système et l'intelligence artificielle sont deux disciplines qui ont suivi... more L'interaction personne-système et l'intelligence artificielle sont deux disciplines qui ont suivi des trajectoires parallèles au cours du temps tout en se rejoignant et se complétant naturellement sur différents domaines aux problématiques riches depuis une quarantaine d'années. Sans souci d'exhaustivité mais plutôt de représentativité, après avoir dressé un historique des interfaces entre interaction personne-système et intelligence artificielle, particulièrement focalisé sur la genèse, ce chapitre passe en revue quatre domaines sources de fertilisation croisée. Les interfaces utilisateur dites intelligentes sont un premier domaine typique à ce sujet. Parmi les nombreuses approches possibles d'interaction intelligente, les agents conversationnels animés affectifs constituent un domaine à part. La capitalisation, la formalisation et l'exploitation de connaissances ergonomiques pour la conception et l'évaluation des systèmes interactifs débouchent ...
Computers in Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, 1982
All these methods assume that mean alveolar parital pressures are necessarily localised on the al... more All these methods assume that mean alveolar parital pressures are necessarily localised on the alveolar plateau of the expired gases curve. We explain why these methods are necessarily wrong when the expiratory flow wave is localised at the beginning of expiration. A dynamic mathematical model based on the three phenomena: convection, molecular diffusion and alveolar capillary exchange, has been built and tested by different numerical methods. The solutions of this model point out the great importance of the flow wave during expiration. Particularly its shape determines if the mean alveolar partial pressure value crosses the alveolar plateau or not. This theoretical result is very important to interpret the gradient between alveolar gas calculated at the mouth and arterial blood gas.
Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the …, 1997
... Guy Boy European Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Engineering (EURISCO) 4, avenue Edouard ... more ... Guy Boy European Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Engineering (EURISCO) 4, avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France 1. Introduction According to the French tradition in ergonomics, a distinction is made between task (prescribed task) and activity (effective task). ...
This paper presents the concept of articulation of operational and training materials. It is base... more This paper presents the concept of articulation of operational and training materials. It is based on the results of the ArtiFACT project (Arti culation of F COM, C ourseware and T raining.) On the one hand, operational materials are progressively shifting from paper to electronic support. Both user needs and electronic possibilities guide the subsequent transformation. Training materials are available on electronic support for a long time. Thus, it is obviously interesting to transfer training experience in the design and development of electronic support to current operational needs. On the other hand, training has progressively become performance support over the years, i.e., initial training largely continues during operations and needs to be supported consequently. Articulating operational and training materials benefits to both sectors of activity.
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