Using serial mediation analyses, we examined the relationships among religious commitment (as wel... more Using serial mediation analyses, we examined the relationships among religious commitment (as well as quest religious orientation), religious fundamentalism (RF), religious ethnocentrism (RE), and 6 different forms of prejudice spanning ethnic/race, sexual orientation, religion, and social class (specifically, prejudice toward gays, Muslims, Jews, Blacks, the poor, and atheists). We hypothesized that greater levels of religious commitment and greater levels of quest orientation would both directly reduce prejudice. But greater levels of religious commitment was expected to indirectly increase prejudice. Specifically, we hypothesized that greater commitment would be associated with greater RF, which in turn would lead to greater RE, and ultimately to greater prejudice. In contrast, greater quest orientation not only would directly reduce prejudice, but would also indirectly do so through lower RF, lower RE, and lower levels of prejudice. Serial mediation allowed us to examine both th...
A century of theoretical and empirical work in the psychology of religion has attempted to establ... more A century of theoretical and empirical work in the psychology of religion has attempted to establish the links between different forms of religiousness and various types of prejudice. The present study examined the connection among four types of personal religiousness and four targets of prejudice. Using a sample of college students, we found that religious fundamentalism, religious ethnocentrism or exclusivity, religious commitment, and religious quest had complex patterns of relationships across measures of anti-Muslim, anti-Black, antigay, and anti-poor hostility. The results depended on the particular form of personal religiousness, the particular target of prejudice, and type of statistical analysis used. There was one consistent finding: religious ethnocentrism was strongly and positively connected 1 This research was supported by a faculty associate grant from the Kripke Center for the Study of Religion and Society. Correspondence should be addressed to Gary Leak, Psychology ...
Social interest was Alfred Adler’s most important personality trait, and it reflects one’s genuin... more Social interest was Alfred Adler’s most important personality trait, and it reflects one’s genuine concern for the welfare of all individuals. Several measures of social interest are available, and the Social Interest Index (SII) is one of the most popular in current use. This study is the first to report the results of a confirmatory factor analysis of the SII. Using college students, three models were tested in an effort to find support for the factorial validity of this scale. All analyses showed a poor fit between the theoretical model and scale items. The results paint a fairly negative picture of the factor structure of this important scale.
The factorial invariance of the Modernity Scale was investigated by using two samples of students... more The factorial invariance of the Modernity Scale was investigated by using two samples of students (over two years) from a public university in the Pacific Northwest and two samples of students (over two semesters) from a small, church-affiliated university in the Midwest. Factor analysis consistently yielded a four factor solution, with the first factor demonstrating stability across the two church samples and across universities. However, the remaining factors failed to produce any evidence of factor stability. The lack of stability in three of four factors identified in various analyses casts doubt on the factorial validity of the entire scale. This research was supported by a grant from the Creighton University Graduate Faculty Development Fund.
The Perceived Ability to Cope With Trauma (PACT) scale measures perceived forward-focused and tra... more The Perceived Ability to Cope With Trauma (PACT) scale measures perceived forward-focused and trauma-focused coping. This measure may also have significant utility measuring positive adaption to life-threatening trauma, such as combat. Our objective was to examine perceived ability to cope with trauma, as measured by the PACT, and the relationships between this perceived ability and clinically pertinent information (anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) among U.S. military veterans. Data were provided from 71 combat veterans, consisting of 47 veterans with PTSD and 24 veterans without PTSD who had subthreshold symptoms of the disorder. All veterans completed standardized clinical interviews as well as a battery of well-validated self-report symptom measures. We found that veterans with PTSD had significantly lower PACT scores than veterans without PTSD; those without PTSD self-reported more ability to engage in forward-focused and trauma-focused coping than those with PTSD. Importantly, we also showed relationships between the PACT scores and indices of psychological difficulties as both Forward Focus and Trauma Focus coping scores negatively correlated with PTSD, depression, anxiety, and alexithymia. Finally, the Forward Focus PACT scale improved prediction of PTSD severity over combat exposure alone. The PACT, especially the Forward Focus scale, appears to be a useful measure of perceived positive coping ability with trauma in combat-exposed veterans who report symptoms of traumatic stress, extending the utility of the measure from normative to clinical populations. The importance of adopting forward-focused coping is discussed.
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 2003
Two studies were conducted to further evaluate the validity of the Faith Development Scale (FDS).... more Two studies were conducted to further evaluate the validity of the Faith Development Scale (FDS). Study 1 used a longitudinal design and evaluated the change in scores on the scale in response to normal maturational and faith-based experiences over 4 years. Study 2 examined the differences in level of faith development between entering freshmen and graduating senior college students. Both studies found differences consistent with the hypothesis that the FDS is sensitive: (a) between groups expected to differ in faith development and (b) to changes in faith development within groups over time. Despite limitations within both studies, it was concluded that the results offer further support for the validity of the FDS. Implications of these results are discussed.
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 2011
Batson, Schoenrade, and Ventis (1993) conceptualized their 12-item Religion as Quest Scale (Q Sca... more Batson, Schoenrade, and Ventis (1993) conceptualized their 12-item Religion as Quest Scale (Q Scale) as a multidimensional construct measured with three subscales. Flere, Edwards, and Klanjsek (2008) conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the scale and found support for the notion of Batson and colleagues that the Q Scale is composed of three separate dimensions or factors. But because of both inconsistencies in their results across samples and their alteration of placement of scale items across dimensions of the Q Scale, further research is needed to replicate and/or verify, and also extend their findings. In this study two samples were used: a calibration sample of 226 students (M age = 20.0, SD = 2.5; 58% males) at a Catholic university in the Midwest, USA, used to evaluate several factor models, and a cross-validation sample of 200 students (M age = 19.9; SD = 2.3; 54% males) used to replicate the models gained from the first sample. Consistent with the results gained by Flere et al. (2008), the one-factor solution had poor data-model fit, indicating that the Q Scale is not unidimensional and consequently making the total score on Q ambiguous (Carver, 1989). Although the fit indices of a three-factor solution showed dramatically improved fit (X2diff [3] = 86, p < .001), the results were only marginally adequate in an absolute sense comparative fit index (CFI) = .89, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .08 (Byrne, 2009). Flere et al. (2008) did not examine the results of their CFA with the Q Scale at the item level. I found that two items had very poor measurement qualities. Items 7 and 11 (see Batson et al., 1993, p. 170, for specific items in the scale) had squared multiple correlation values of under .10, indicating that less than 10% of the item’s variance was due to the underlying factor and more than 90% was due to measurement error. Thus I tested a revised three-factor, 10-item model after those two items were removed (the original three-factor, 10-item model yielded an inadmissible solution). This resulted in improved model fit based on CFI (.92) but not RMSEA (.08). One of the most important ways to assess the adequacy of a CFA analysis lies with successful cross-validation. The two-factor, 10-item model was tested with a new sample and found to be acceptable (X2/df = 1.8, p = .004; CFI = .96, RMSEA = .06). The original three-factor, 12-item model was not as acceptable but was still adequate (X2/df = 2.0; CFI = .90; RMSEA = .07; X2diff [17] = 42, p < .001). In this study the finding of Flere and colleagues (2008) that a single factor is inadequate to describe the Q Scale was replicated. A three-factor model of the Q Scale was found to be superior to either a one- or two-factor model when the full, 12-item Quest Scale was used. This suggests the use of subscales, and not a total score, would maximize discriminant validity in quest research. The 12-item Q Scale has two psychometrically weak items, and when those items were removed, the resulting two-factor model was found to be superior to the three-factor, 12-item model. The two-factor model was successfully cross-validated with an independent sample, supporting the generalizability of the two-factor, 10-item model of the Q Scale, and its use in future research.
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 2001
This study investigated the susceptibility of three popular measures of attachment styles to impr... more This study investigated the susceptibility of three popular measures of attachment styles to impression management (other-deception) and unconscious defensiveness (self-deception). Specifically, responses to the Attachment Style Questionnaire, Adult Attachment Scale, and the Relationship Questionnaire were correlated with the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding. Results indicate that all three measures are, to varying degrees, contaminated by impression management tendencies, while only the Relationship Questionnaire is free from a self-deceptive bias. These results have implications for interpreting responses to several frequently used measures of attachment styles, also for the theoretical issue of whether the avoidance attachment style is based on defensiveness.
Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, Volume 18
Page 278. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPIRITUALITY, ASSESSED THROUGH SELF-TRANSCENDENT GOAL STRIVING... more Page 278. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPIRITUALITY, ASSESSED THROUGH SELF-TRANSCENDENT GOAL STRIVINGS, AND POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES Gary K. Leak, Kristina M. DeNeve, and Adam ...
Many individuals have attempted to construct tests to measure different aspects of anger. Althoug... more Many individuals have attempted to construct tests to measure different aspects of anger. Although the Novaco Anger Inventory (NAI) was constructed over 16 years ago, viable validity research is still lacking. The Buss-Durke Hostility Inventory, three subscales of the PRF, and the Burt Scale were administered to assess the validity of the NAI. The Balanced Inventory for Desirable Responding was also used to measure the participants' degree of socially desirable responding. With the exception of the Burt Scale, all measures were significantly correlated with the NAI. The correlation coefficients, ranging from .413 to .503, suggest a significant degree of construct validity for the NAI. Several gender effects are also reported.
One hundred forty-three nurses served as their own controls in planning care for hypothetical pat... more One hundred forty-three nurses served as their own controls in planning care for hypothetical patients under three different manipulated conditions of decision support: (A) use of traditional resources; (B) use of a printout of a computerized protocol for care planning (NPC); and (C) use of an NPC protocol and a self study guide. A series of 3 x 5 repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were used to evaluate the main effects and interactions of the experimental treatment conditions and the two nurse attribute variables of education and experience (each with five levels). The case problems and conditions were counterbalanced to control for extraneous variables. The repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated significantly higher mean ratings of quality for care planned under both computerized decision support conditions than the traditional condition on all three patient problem situations F(2, 270) = 7.9, p less than .01. Time on task was also significant F(2, 272) = 5.8, p less th...
Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, Volume 24 , 2013
ABSTRACT Postconventional religious reasoning has been one of the best defined indicators of spir... more ABSTRACT Postconventional religious reasoning has been one of the best defined indicators of spiritual/religious development in the literature. Several theorists have suggested that postconventional religiousness emerges only after individuals confront challenges to their spiritual beliefs and assumptions. To investigate this idea, we studied postconventional spiritual/religious development among trauma survivors in an attempt to identify the types of religious challenges most relevant to the development of postconventional religiousness. Individuals who experienced: (a) more total trauma exposure, (b) more religious rifts with others in their faith group or family, (c) lower levels of religious fear and guilt, and (d) lower levels of religious comfort reported higher levels of postconventional religiousness.
We present the results of a national survey designed to determine the characteristics and correla... more We present the results of a national survey designed to determine the characteristics and correlates of teaching anxiety among college psychology teachers. The survey focused on respondents' experience with teaching anxiety, the frequency and intensity of the experience, and the demographic correlates of such anxiety. The vast majority of respondents reported having experienced some type of teaching anxiety, and a sizable number reported it to be a continuing problem for them. Several stimuli that trigger teaching anxiety were identified. Academic rank and teaching experience emerged as correlates of the experience. Suggestions for continued study focus on searching for other correlates, coping mechanisms, and preventive measures.
Students view research experience positively, and do not object to coercion, but recognize its pr... more Students view research experience positively, and do not object to coercion, but recognize its presence.
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 2002
Leak and Fish (1999) provided initial evidence for the validity of the Religious Maturity Scale –... more Leak and Fish (1999) provided initial evidence for the validity of the Religious Maturity Scale – Version 2 (RM-2). The scale was developed to assess six areas of religious maturity specified by Allport (1950). Consequently, information concerning the number and nature of factors underlying responses to the scale is important. The analysis revealed four factors corresponding to the dynamic, differentiated, comprehensive, and heuristic aspects of religious maturity. The results have implications for the future development of specific subscales as well as for the value of Allport's theory of religious maturity.
Using serial mediation analyses, we examined the relationships among religious commitment (as wel... more Using serial mediation analyses, we examined the relationships among religious commitment (as well as quest religious orientation), religious fundamentalism (RF), religious ethnocentrism (RE), and 6 different forms of prejudice spanning ethnic/race, sexual orientation, religion, and social class (specifically, prejudice toward gays, Muslims, Jews, Blacks, the poor, and atheists). We hypothesized that greater levels of religious commitment and greater levels of quest orientation would both directly reduce prejudice. But greater levels of religious commitment was expected to indirectly increase prejudice. Specifically, we hypothesized that greater commitment would be associated with greater RF, which in turn would lead to greater RE, and ultimately to greater prejudice. In contrast, greater quest orientation not only would directly reduce prejudice, but would also indirectly do so through lower RF, lower RE, and lower levels of prejudice. Serial mediation allowed us to examine both th...
A century of theoretical and empirical work in the psychology of religion has attempted to establ... more A century of theoretical and empirical work in the psychology of religion has attempted to establish the links between different forms of religiousness and various types of prejudice. The present study examined the connection among four types of personal religiousness and four targets of prejudice. Using a sample of college students, we found that religious fundamentalism, religious ethnocentrism or exclusivity, religious commitment, and religious quest had complex patterns of relationships across measures of anti-Muslim, anti-Black, antigay, and anti-poor hostility. The results depended on the particular form of personal religiousness, the particular target of prejudice, and type of statistical analysis used. There was one consistent finding: religious ethnocentrism was strongly and positively connected 1 This research was supported by a faculty associate grant from the Kripke Center for the Study of Religion and Society. Correspondence should be addressed to Gary Leak, Psychology ...
Social interest was Alfred Adler’s most important personality trait, and it reflects one’s genuin... more Social interest was Alfred Adler’s most important personality trait, and it reflects one’s genuine concern for the welfare of all individuals. Several measures of social interest are available, and the Social Interest Index (SII) is one of the most popular in current use. This study is the first to report the results of a confirmatory factor analysis of the SII. Using college students, three models were tested in an effort to find support for the factorial validity of this scale. All analyses showed a poor fit between the theoretical model and scale items. The results paint a fairly negative picture of the factor structure of this important scale.
The factorial invariance of the Modernity Scale was investigated by using two samples of students... more The factorial invariance of the Modernity Scale was investigated by using two samples of students (over two years) from a public university in the Pacific Northwest and two samples of students (over two semesters) from a small, church-affiliated university in the Midwest. Factor analysis consistently yielded a four factor solution, with the first factor demonstrating stability across the two church samples and across universities. However, the remaining factors failed to produce any evidence of factor stability. The lack of stability in three of four factors identified in various analyses casts doubt on the factorial validity of the entire scale. This research was supported by a grant from the Creighton University Graduate Faculty Development Fund.
The Perceived Ability to Cope With Trauma (PACT) scale measures perceived forward-focused and tra... more The Perceived Ability to Cope With Trauma (PACT) scale measures perceived forward-focused and trauma-focused coping. This measure may also have significant utility measuring positive adaption to life-threatening trauma, such as combat. Our objective was to examine perceived ability to cope with trauma, as measured by the PACT, and the relationships between this perceived ability and clinically pertinent information (anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) among U.S. military veterans. Data were provided from 71 combat veterans, consisting of 47 veterans with PTSD and 24 veterans without PTSD who had subthreshold symptoms of the disorder. All veterans completed standardized clinical interviews as well as a battery of well-validated self-report symptom measures. We found that veterans with PTSD had significantly lower PACT scores than veterans without PTSD; those without PTSD self-reported more ability to engage in forward-focused and trauma-focused coping than those with PTSD. Importantly, we also showed relationships between the PACT scores and indices of psychological difficulties as both Forward Focus and Trauma Focus coping scores negatively correlated with PTSD, depression, anxiety, and alexithymia. Finally, the Forward Focus PACT scale improved prediction of PTSD severity over combat exposure alone. The PACT, especially the Forward Focus scale, appears to be a useful measure of perceived positive coping ability with trauma in combat-exposed veterans who report symptoms of traumatic stress, extending the utility of the measure from normative to clinical populations. The importance of adopting forward-focused coping is discussed.
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 2003
Two studies were conducted to further evaluate the validity of the Faith Development Scale (FDS).... more Two studies were conducted to further evaluate the validity of the Faith Development Scale (FDS). Study 1 used a longitudinal design and evaluated the change in scores on the scale in response to normal maturational and faith-based experiences over 4 years. Study 2 examined the differences in level of faith development between entering freshmen and graduating senior college students. Both studies found differences consistent with the hypothesis that the FDS is sensitive: (a) between groups expected to differ in faith development and (b) to changes in faith development within groups over time. Despite limitations within both studies, it was concluded that the results offer further support for the validity of the FDS. Implications of these results are discussed.
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 2011
Batson, Schoenrade, and Ventis (1993) conceptualized their 12-item Religion as Quest Scale (Q Sca... more Batson, Schoenrade, and Ventis (1993) conceptualized their 12-item Religion as Quest Scale (Q Scale) as a multidimensional construct measured with three subscales. Flere, Edwards, and Klanjsek (2008) conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the scale and found support for the notion of Batson and colleagues that the Q Scale is composed of three separate dimensions or factors. But because of both inconsistencies in their results across samples and their alteration of placement of scale items across dimensions of the Q Scale, further research is needed to replicate and/or verify, and also extend their findings. In this study two samples were used: a calibration sample of 226 students (M age = 20.0, SD = 2.5; 58% males) at a Catholic university in the Midwest, USA, used to evaluate several factor models, and a cross-validation sample of 200 students (M age = 19.9; SD = 2.3; 54% males) used to replicate the models gained from the first sample. Consistent with the results gained by Flere et al. (2008), the one-factor solution had poor data-model fit, indicating that the Q Scale is not unidimensional and consequently making the total score on Q ambiguous (Carver, 1989). Although the fit indices of a three-factor solution showed dramatically improved fit (X2diff [3] = 86, p < .001), the results were only marginally adequate in an absolute sense comparative fit index (CFI) = .89, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .08 (Byrne, 2009). Flere et al. (2008) did not examine the results of their CFA with the Q Scale at the item level. I found that two items had very poor measurement qualities. Items 7 and 11 (see Batson et al., 1993, p. 170, for specific items in the scale) had squared multiple correlation values of under .10, indicating that less than 10% of the item’s variance was due to the underlying factor and more than 90% was due to measurement error. Thus I tested a revised three-factor, 10-item model after those two items were removed (the original three-factor, 10-item model yielded an inadmissible solution). This resulted in improved model fit based on CFI (.92) but not RMSEA (.08). One of the most important ways to assess the adequacy of a CFA analysis lies with successful cross-validation. The two-factor, 10-item model was tested with a new sample and found to be acceptable (X2/df = 1.8, p = .004; CFI = .96, RMSEA = .06). The original three-factor, 12-item model was not as acceptable but was still adequate (X2/df = 2.0; CFI = .90; RMSEA = .07; X2diff [17] = 42, p < .001). In this study the finding of Flere and colleagues (2008) that a single factor is inadequate to describe the Q Scale was replicated. A three-factor model of the Q Scale was found to be superior to either a one- or two-factor model when the full, 12-item Quest Scale was used. This suggests the use of subscales, and not a total score, would maximize discriminant validity in quest research. The 12-item Q Scale has two psychometrically weak items, and when those items were removed, the resulting two-factor model was found to be superior to the three-factor, 12-item model. The two-factor model was successfully cross-validated with an independent sample, supporting the generalizability of the two-factor, 10-item model of the Q Scale, and its use in future research.
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 2001
This study investigated the susceptibility of three popular measures of attachment styles to impr... more This study investigated the susceptibility of three popular measures of attachment styles to impression management (other-deception) and unconscious defensiveness (self-deception). Specifically, responses to the Attachment Style Questionnaire, Adult Attachment Scale, and the Relationship Questionnaire were correlated with the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding. Results indicate that all three measures are, to varying degrees, contaminated by impression management tendencies, while only the Relationship Questionnaire is free from a self-deceptive bias. These results have implications for interpreting responses to several frequently used measures of attachment styles, also for the theoretical issue of whether the avoidance attachment style is based on defensiveness.
Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, Volume 18
Page 278. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPIRITUALITY, ASSESSED THROUGH SELF-TRANSCENDENT GOAL STRIVING... more Page 278. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPIRITUALITY, ASSESSED THROUGH SELF-TRANSCENDENT GOAL STRIVINGS, AND POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES Gary K. Leak, Kristina M. DeNeve, and Adam ...
Many individuals have attempted to construct tests to measure different aspects of anger. Althoug... more Many individuals have attempted to construct tests to measure different aspects of anger. Although the Novaco Anger Inventory (NAI) was constructed over 16 years ago, viable validity research is still lacking. The Buss-Durke Hostility Inventory, three subscales of the PRF, and the Burt Scale were administered to assess the validity of the NAI. The Balanced Inventory for Desirable Responding was also used to measure the participants' degree of socially desirable responding. With the exception of the Burt Scale, all measures were significantly correlated with the NAI. The correlation coefficients, ranging from .413 to .503, suggest a significant degree of construct validity for the NAI. Several gender effects are also reported.
One hundred forty-three nurses served as their own controls in planning care for hypothetical pat... more One hundred forty-three nurses served as their own controls in planning care for hypothetical patients under three different manipulated conditions of decision support: (A) use of traditional resources; (B) use of a printout of a computerized protocol for care planning (NPC); and (C) use of an NPC protocol and a self study guide. A series of 3 x 5 repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were used to evaluate the main effects and interactions of the experimental treatment conditions and the two nurse attribute variables of education and experience (each with five levels). The case problems and conditions were counterbalanced to control for extraneous variables. The repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated significantly higher mean ratings of quality for care planned under both computerized decision support conditions than the traditional condition on all three patient problem situations F(2, 270) = 7.9, p less than .01. Time on task was also significant F(2, 272) = 5.8, p less th...
Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, Volume 24 , 2013
ABSTRACT Postconventional religious reasoning has been one of the best defined indicators of spir... more ABSTRACT Postconventional religious reasoning has been one of the best defined indicators of spiritual/religious development in the literature. Several theorists have suggested that postconventional religiousness emerges only after individuals confront challenges to their spiritual beliefs and assumptions. To investigate this idea, we studied postconventional spiritual/religious development among trauma survivors in an attempt to identify the types of religious challenges most relevant to the development of postconventional religiousness. Individuals who experienced: (a) more total trauma exposure, (b) more religious rifts with others in their faith group or family, (c) lower levels of religious fear and guilt, and (d) lower levels of religious comfort reported higher levels of postconventional religiousness.
We present the results of a national survey designed to determine the characteristics and correla... more We present the results of a national survey designed to determine the characteristics and correlates of teaching anxiety among college psychology teachers. The survey focused on respondents' experience with teaching anxiety, the frequency and intensity of the experience, and the demographic correlates of such anxiety. The vast majority of respondents reported having experienced some type of teaching anxiety, and a sizable number reported it to be a continuing problem for them. Several stimuli that trigger teaching anxiety were identified. Academic rank and teaching experience emerged as correlates of the experience. Suggestions for continued study focus on searching for other correlates, coping mechanisms, and preventive measures.
Students view research experience positively, and do not object to coercion, but recognize its pr... more Students view research experience positively, and do not object to coercion, but recognize its presence.
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 2002
Leak and Fish (1999) provided initial evidence for the validity of the Religious Maturity Scale –... more Leak and Fish (1999) provided initial evidence for the validity of the Religious Maturity Scale – Version 2 (RM-2). The scale was developed to assess six areas of religious maturity specified by Allport (1950). Consequently, information concerning the number and nature of factors underlying responses to the scale is important. The analysis revealed four factors corresponding to the dynamic, differentiated, comprehensive, and heuristic aspects of religious maturity. The results have implications for the future development of specific subscales as well as for the value of Allport's theory of religious maturity.
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Papers by Gary Leak