Gary Freedman

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I am an amateur writer and novelist.
Phone: 202-362-7064
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Amanullah Farahi

Kardan Univerisy, Kabul Afghanistan

Kathleen Clark

Washington University in St. Louis

Zena D. Crenshaw-Logal

Andrew U D Straw

Somil Trivedi

Michael Loadenthal

University of Cincinnati

Josh Gupta-Kagan

University of South Carolina School of Law

Stuart Green

Sarah Forman

Washington University in St. Louis

Lawrence Gostin

Georgetown University

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Papers by Gary Freedman

Letter To District Court Re Akin Gump Perjury PDF Justice Crime & Violence

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Against all Reason: Trusting in Trust

Burkard Sievers, 2003

Trust is a double-edged sword. It can open opportunities of mutual productive work and at the sam... more Trust is a double-edged sword. It can open opportunities of mutual productive work and at the same time, can be a sophisticated trap, in which the partners of trust are captured. (Amitzi and Schonberg, 2000) Trust is a peculiar quality. It can't be bought. It can't be downloaded. It can't be instant.. .. It can only accumulate very slowly, over multiple interactions. But it can disappear in a blink. (Kelly, 1999) A crisis of trust cannot be overcome by a blind rush to place more trust. (O'Neill, 2002) On September 11, 2001. .. Americans realized the fragility of trust.. .. Our trust was shaken again only a couple of months later with the stunning collapse of Enron.

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Epistemic dimensions of gaslighting: peerdisagreement, self-trust, and epistemic injustice

Andrew D. Spear, 2019

Miranda Fricker has characterized epistemic injustice as “a kind of injustice in which someone is... more Miranda Fricker has characterized epistemic injustice as “a kind of injustice in which someone is wronged specifically in her capacity as a knower” (2007, Epistemic injustice: Power & the ethics of knowing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 20). Gaslighting, where one agent seeks to gain control over another by undermining the other’s conception of herself as an independent locus of judgment and deliberation, would thus seem to be a paradigm example. Yet, in the most thorough analysis of gaslighting to date (Abramson, K. 2014. “Turning up the lights on gaslighting.” Philosophical Perspectives 28, Ethics: 1–30), the idea that gaslighting has crucial epistemic dimensions is rather roundly rejected on grounds that gaslighting works by means of a strategy of assertion and manipulation that is not properly understood in epistemic terms. I argue that Abramson’s focus on the gaslighter and on the moral
wrongness of his actions leads her to downplay ways in which gaslighters nevertheless deploy genuinely epistemic strategies, and to devote less attention to the standpoint and reasoning processes of the victim, for whom the experience of gaslighting has substantial and essential epistemic features. Taking these features into account reveals that all gaslighting has epistemic dimensions and helps to clarify what resistance to gaslighting might look like.

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Gaslighting

Miranda Fricker has characterized epistemic injustice as "a kind of injustice in which someone is... more Miranda Fricker has characterized epistemic injustice as "a kind of injustice in which someone is wronged specifically in her capacity as a knower" (2007, Epistemic injustice: Power & the ethics of knowing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 20). Gaslighting, where one agent seeks to gain control over another by undermining the other's conception of herself as an independent locus of judgment and deliberation, would thus seem to be a paradigm example. Yet, in the most thorough analysis of gaslighting to date (Abramson, K. 2014. "Turning up the lights on gaslighting." Philosophical Perspectives 28, Ethics: 1-30), the idea that gaslighting has crucial epistemic dimensions is rather roundly rejected on grounds that gaslighting works by means of a strategy of assertion and manipulation that is not properly understood in epistemic terms. I argue that Abramson's focus on the gaslighter and on the moral wrongness of his actions leads her to downplay ways in which gaslighters nevertheless deploy genuinely epistemic strategies, and to devote less attention to the standpoint and reasoning processes of the victim, for whom the experience of gaslighting has substantial and essential epistemic features. Taking these features into account reveals that all gaslighting has epistemic dimensions and helps to clarify what resistance to gaslighting might look like.

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Free Association

Christopher Bollas, 2002

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Differentiation of the Psychotic from the Non-Psychotic Personalities

Wilfred Bion , 1957

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The Internal Working Models Concept: What Do We Really Know About the Self in Relation to Others

Paula R. Pietromonaco and Lisa Feldman Barrett, 2000

The internal working models concept is the foundation for understanding how attachment processes ... more The internal working models concept is the foundation for understanding how attachment processes operate in adult relationships, yet many questions exist about the precise nature and structure of working models. To clarify the working models concept, the authors evaluate the empirical evidence relevant to the content, structure, operation, and stability of working models in adult relationships. They also identify 4 theoretical issues that are critical for clarifying the properties of working models. These issues focus on the central role of affect and goals in working models, the degree to which working models are individual difference or relational variables, and the definition of attachment relationships and felt security in adulthood.

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Insight and creativity

Pinchas Noy, M.D., 1978

with intellect. The creative person was considered someone with a superior intellect, which in co... more with intellect. The creative person was considered someone with a superior intellect, which in combination with a particular innate gift enabled him to soar far above the ordinary. Research carried out during the past few decades has shown repeatedly that creativity cannot be automatically equated with intellect (Getzels and Jackson, 1962; Wallach and Kagan, 1965), but should be described as a kind of logical thought enriched by certain "paralogical" elements. These "additional" elements, the exact nature of which the various schools of psychology have not yet agreed upon, empower the intellect to transcend its ordinary boundaries to achievements far beyond the usual. My aim in the present paper is to examine the similarities between the creative process in art and science and the phenomenon of insight in psychoanalysis and to show that both are based on the same pattern of "enriched" intellect and that both the artist or scientist in his creation and the psychoanalyst and his patient, in their efforts to reach new insights, use similar techniques to overcome the limitations of the intellect and to deal with problems and situations which they would otherwise not be able to handle. The human intellect is an instrument designed by nature to deal with reality. Its function is to enable man to orient himself in his physical and social environment, to understand the inner relationships between the objects and events in reality, to discern regularities and rules, to use past experience in an attempt to predict and cope with future happenings, to adapt behavior to the requirements of reality, and to change nature by adapting it to serve his needs. Human intellect is regarded as the most advanced biological adaptive system, the most perfectly adjusted to its reality-oriented functions, but it is precisely this adjustment that limits the intellect: as a very efficient instrument for dealing with everything related to reality, it may prove very unsatisfactory when required to deal with the self, its sensations, feelings, and emotional experiences. Henri Bergson wrote in 1911: "We see that intellect, so skillful in dealing with the inert, is awkward the moment it touches the living. Whether it wants to treat the life of the body or the life of the mind, it proceeds with the rigor, the stiffness and the. the brutality of an instrument not designed for such use intellect is characterized by a natural inability to comprehend life" (pp. 180-181). The limitations of the intellect are demonstrated especially in the function of language, which is the main instrument serving the intellect in its communication with outer social reality as well as in its inner logical operations. While language is a highly efficient system for the articulation and transmission of information and knowledge, it is very awkward when called upon to deal with feelings, emotions, and the communication of human experience because, as a reality-oriented system, it is simply not designed for such purposes. It may even be said that the requirement of language to transmit objective information in the most accurate and reliable way may only be hampered by the expression of feelings and emotion, which is regarded by many communication scientists as merely "the noise in the system." The main function of the creative artist is to transcend the reality-oriented limits of intellect and to broaden its scope so that it may also be used for dealing with feelings and emotional experiences. This is well demonstrated in the arts that use language as their medium, such as poetry, drama, and literature. The poet or writer utilizes all the primary properties of language-clang, rhythm, rhyme, etc.-injects it with symbols, metaphors, and puns, and enriches it with images and allusions, in order to be able to use it as a vehicle for expressing and communicating his feelings and states of experience. Something similar occurs in the psychoanalytic process: language, the main medium of communication between patient and therapist, is bent to serve as a means for the expression and transmission of experience by loosening its logical structure through free associations and enriching it by the deliberate use of symbols, metaphors, images, and allusions. My thesis is that the main feature common to the process of creativity and the phenomenon of insight in psychoanalysis is the ability to transcend the rigid, reality-oriented frame of the intellect and transform it into a flexible apparatus suitable for dealing with the self in its needs, its defenses, and its striving for expression and contact with objects. I shall examine in detail the way in which this is accomplished, according to four of the most salient organizational characteristics of the intellect: categorization, abstraction, context, and association. Each of these characteristics will be examined in

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Bion's Four Principles of Mental Functioning

Thomas H. Ogden, M.D., 2008

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The Interpretation of Dreams

Sigmund Freud, 1900

Wheras there was a space of nine years between the first and second editions of this book, the ne... more Wheras there was a space of nine years between the first and second editions of this book, the need of a third edition was apparent when little more than a year had elapsed. I ought to be gratified by this change; but if I was unwilling previously to attribute the neglect of my work to its small value, I cannot take the interest which is now making its appearance as proof of its quality. But the very context to which our subject owes its importance must be held responsible for the deficiencies of the following chapters. The abundant lacunae in this exposition represent so many points of contact at which the problem of dream-formation is linked up with the more comprehensive problems of psycho-pathology; problems which cannot be treated in these pages, but which, if time and powers suffice and if further material presents itself, may be elaborated elsewhere. The peculiar nature of the material employed to exemplify the interpretation of dreams has made the writing even of this treatise a difficult task. Consideration of the methods of dream-interpretation will show why the dreams recorded in the literature on the subject, or those collected by persons unknown to me, were useless for my purpose; I had only the choice between my own dreams and those of the patients whom I was treating by psychoanalytic methods. But this later material was inadmissible, since the dream-processes were undesirably complicated by the intervention of neurotic characters. And if I relate my own dreams I must inevitably reveal to the gaze of strangers more of the intimacies of my psychic life than is agreeable to me, and more than seems fitting in a writer who is not a poet but a scientific investigator. To do so is painful, but unavoidable; I have submitted to the necessity, for otherwise I could not have demonstrated my psychological conclusions. Sometimes, of course, I could not resist the temptation to mitigate my indiscretions by omissions and substitutions; but wherever I have done so the value of the example cited has been very definitely diminished. I can only express the hope that my readers will understand my difficult position, and will be indulgent; and further, that all those persons who are in any way concerned in the dreams recorded will not seek to forbid our dream-life at all events to exercise freedom of thought! The Interpretation of Dreams CHAPTER 1 THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE OF DREAM-PROBLEMS (UP TO 1900) In the following pages I shall demonstrate that there is a psychological technique which makes it possible to interpret dreams, and that on the application of this technique every dream will reveal itself as a psychological structure, full of significance, and one which may be assigned to a specific place in the psychic activities of the waking state. Further, I shall endeavour to elucidate the processes which underlie the strangeness and obscurity of dreams, and to deduce from these processes the nature of the psychic forces whose conflict or cooperation is responsible for our dreams. This done, my investigation will terminate, as it will have reached the point where the problem of the dream merges into more comprehensive problems, and to solve these we must have recourse to material of a different kind. I shall begin by giving a short account of the views of earlier writers on this subject, and of the status of the dream-problem in contemporary science; since in the course of this treatise I shall not often have occasion to refer to either. In spite of thousands of years of endeavour, little progress has been made in the scientific understanding of dreams. This fact has been so universally acknowledged by previous writers on the subject that it seems hardly necessary to quote individual opinions. The reader will find, in the works listed at the end of this work, many stimulating observations, and plenty of interesting material relating to our subject, but little or nothing that concerns the true nature of the dream, or that solves definitely any of its enigmas. The educated layman, of course, knows even less of the matter. The conception of the dream that was held in prehistoric ages by primitive peoples, and the influence which it may have exerted on the formation of their conceptions of the universe, and of the soul, is a theme of such great interest that it is only with reluctance that I refrain from dealing with it in these pages. I will refer the reader to the well-known works of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury), Herbert Spencer, E. B. Tylor, and other writers; I will only add that we shall not realize the importance of these problems and speculations until we have completed the task of dreaminterpretation that lies before us. A reminiscence of the concept of the dream that was held in primitive times seems to underlie the evaluation of the dream which was current among the peoples of classical antiquity.[1] They took it for granted that dreams were related to the world of the supernatural beings in whom they believed, and that they brought inspirations from the gods and demons. Moreover, it appeared to them that dreams must serve a special purpose in respect of the dreamer; that, as a rule, they predicted the future. The extraordinary variations in the content of dreams, and in the impressions which they produced on the dreamer, made it, of course, very difficult to formulate a coherent conception of them, and necessitated manifold differentiations and group-formations, according to their value and reliability. The valuation of dreams by the individual philosophers of antiquity naturally depended on the importance which they were prepared to attribute to manticism in general. In the two works of Aristotle in which there is mention of dreams, they are already regarded as constituting a problem of psychology. We are told Hildebrandt (p. 23): "It has already been expressly admitted that a dream sometimes brings back to the mind, with a wonderful power of reproduction, remote and even forgotten experiences from the earliest periods of one's life." Strumpell (p. 40): "The subject becomes more interesting still when we remember how the dream sometimes drags out, as it were, from the deepest and densest psychic deposits which later years have piled upon the earliest experiences of childhood, the pictures of certain persons, places and things, quite intact, and in all their original freshness. This is confined not merely to such impressions as were vividly perceived at the time of their occurrence, or were associated with intense psychological values, to recur later in the dream as actual reminiscences which give pleasure to the waking mind. On the contrary, the depths of the dream-memory rather contain such images of persons, places, things and early experiences as either possessed but little consciousness and no psychic value whatsoever, or have long since lost both, and therefore appear totally strange and unknown, both in the dream and in the waking state, until their early origin is revealed." Volkelt (p. 119): "It is especially to be remarked how readily infantile and youthful reminiscences enter into our dreams. What we have long ceased to think about, what has long since lost all importance for us, is constantly recalled by the dream." The control which the dream exercises over material from our childhood, most of which, as is well known, falls into the lacunae of our conscious memory, is responsible for the production of interesting hypermnesic dreams, of which I shall cite a few more examples. Maury relates (p. 92) that as a child he often went from his native city, Meaux, to the neighbouring Trilport, where his father was superintending the construction of a bridge. One night a dream transported him to Trilport and he was once more playing in the streets there. A man approached him, wearing a sort of uniform. Maury asked him his name, and he introduced himself, saying that his name was C, and that he was a bridgeguard. On waking, Maury, who still doubted the actuality of the reminiscence, asked his old servant, who had been with him in his childhood, whether she remembered a man of this name. "Of course," was the reply; "he used to be watchman on the bridge which your father was building then." Maury records another example, which demonstrates no less clearly the reliability of the reminiscences of childhood that emerge in our dreams. M. F., who as a child had lived in Montbrison, decided, after an absence of twenty-five years, to visit his home and the old friends of his family. The night before his departure he dreamt that he had reached his destination, and that near Montbrison he met a man whom he did not know by sight, and who told him that he was M. F., a friend of his father's. The dreamer remembered that as a child he had known a gentleman of this name, but on waking he could no longer recall his features. Several days later, having actually arrived at Montbrison, he found once more the locality of his dream, which he had thought was unknown to him, and there he met a man whom he at once recognized as the M. F. of his dream, with only this difference, that the real person was very much older than his dream-image. Here I might relate one of my own dreams, in which the recalled impression takes the form of an association. In my dream I saw a man whom I recognized, while dreaming, as the doctor of my native town. His face was not distinct, but his features were blended with those of one of my schoolmasters, whom I still meet from time to time. What association there was between the two persons I could not discover on waking, but upon questioning my mother concerning the doctor I learned that he was a one-eyed man. The schoolmaster, whose image in my dream obscured that of the physician, had also only one eye. I had not seen the doctor for thirty-eight years, and as far as I know I had never thought of him in my waking state, although a scar on my chin might have reminded me of his professional...

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Cuenco initial assessment

IDENTIFYING DATA: The patient is a 38-year-old single white male, a law graduate, born and raised... more IDENTIFYING DATA: The patient is a 38-year-old single white male, a law graduate, born and raised in Pennsylvania, who is currently unemployed. He used to work as a legal assistant. CHIEF COMPLAINT: Feelings of loneliness, isolation, and hopelessness of several months' duration. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: Patient said that he has had various contacts with mental health professionals since age 19. Reportedly, he was doing relatively well until he was terminated from his job as a legal assistant last October 1991. He said that he got fired in spite of excellent evaluations he earned during his three years of stay in the office. In retrospect, he feels that the evaluations were a mere cover-up to the negative thoughts people had about him. All along he knew that there was a scheme against him and this was probably due to his coworkers' concerns about his "weird personality." He said that they thought that he was a homosexual and that he was crazy. He said that they also believed that his office-mates were scared of him because they thought that impulsively he could just get a gun and shoot everyone. Patient said that he has had similar difficulties in the past, that he tends to elicit a similar response from people. He feels that people tend to be paranoid about him, to take advantage of him, and to trap him in double-bind situations. As a result, he feels that he has become increasingly lonely. He feels isolated and somewhat hopeless. He has not been in contact with anyone outside his family.

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Uncanny Scale

Measures the sense of uncanniness.

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Psychotherapy Reflections

Gary Freedman, 2020

Patients summarizes and critically analyzes selected sessions from a nine-month course of treatme... more

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NARCISSISM AND OBJECTALITY: CONTRIBUTIONS, CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS, AND LINKS BETWEEN THE MODELS OF SIDNEY BLATT AND HEINZ KOHUT

Rui C. Campos, PhD, * and Isabel Mesquita, PhD

In this chapter, we present the theories of Sidney Blatt and Heinz Kohut regarding normal and abn... more In this chapter, we present the theories of Sidney Blatt and Heinz Kohut regarding normal and abnormal psychological development, the clinical implications of those theories, and links between them. We begin by describing Blatt's model. In the second section of the chapter, we present Kohut's model of psychological development and how the failure by the object to meet the needs of the self may lead to psychopathology. In the third section, we discuss the clinical implications of both theories. We then look at the links between the two models. Several aspects of the models are compared, such as how they each view psychopathology. The chapter ends with a discussion of the bipolarity of narcissism versus objectality, as applied to psychopathology.

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PARENT-CWILD INTERACTION IN THE ETIOLOGY OF DEPENDENT AND SELF-CRITICAL DEPRESSION

Sidney J. Blatt and Erika Homann, 1992

The role of caring parent-child relationships in the development of depression has been investiga... more The role of caring parent-child relationships in the development of depression has been investigated in three types of research strategies: (a) the study of secure and insecure ~tachme~t patterns in infants and young &hi~ren; fb) the study of depressed mother-child int~a~t~o~ based on the ~sumpt~on that the caring batter in thesefami~~es of children at risk for depression could contribute to the understanding of the etiology of depression; and (c) the study of normal and depressed ad&s retrospective accounts of ear& caring experiences with their parents. A major conclusion from all three research methodologies is that mental representations or internal working models of attachment of care-giving relationships are central constructs in understanding the development of a vulnerability to depression. Secure and disturbed patterns of caring relationships are internalized by the child as mental representations; impaired mental representations based on disturbed relationships can create a vulnerability to later depression. There are suggestions that an anxious or ambivalent insecure attachment may lead to a depression focused on issues of dependency, loss, and abandonment, whereas an avoidant insecure attachment may result in a depression focused on issues of sey-worth and self-criticism, with angry feelings directed toward both the caregiver and toward the self indications of possible critical per&& in the developm~t of vu~n~abil~~ to depression are atso ~onsid~ed. From various theoretical perspectives and using very different research methodologies, several research teams have investigated the role of the parent-child relationship in the etiology of depression. They have independently concluded that impairments in "mental representations" (e.g., Blatt, 1974) or "internal working models" (e.g., Bowlby, 1980; Main, Kaplan, & Cassidy, 1985) or care-giving relationships are a central construct in understanding the development of a vulnerability to depression. Some research groups have studied attachment behavior in infants and young children

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A Measure of Kohut's Narcissistic Personality Types

Terence David Estrin , 1994

I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay ... more I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the titIe of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. Tt is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.

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Narrative Medicine A Model for Empathy, Reflection, Profession, and Trust

Rita Charon, M.D., Ph.D., 2001

The turn toward narrative knowledge Narrative competence in medicine Patient-physician: empathic ... more The turn toward narrative knowledge Narrative competence in medicine Patient-physician: empathic engagement Physician-self: reflection in practice Physician-Physician-society: the public trust Research and programmatic implications Conclusion References Download PDF To adopt the model of narrative medicine provides access to a large body of theory and practice that examines and illuminates narrative acts. 7 From the humanities, and especially literary studies, physicians can learn how to perform the narrative aspects of their practice with new effectiveness. Not so much a new specialty as a new frame for clinical work, narrative medicine can give physicians and surgeons the skills, methods, and texts to learn how to imbue the facts and objects of health and illness with their consequences and meanings for individual patients and physicians. 8,9 The turn toward narrative knowledge Not only medicine but also nursing, law, history, philosophy, anthropology, sociology, religious studies, and government have recently realized the importance of narrative knowledge. 10-13 Narrative knowledge is what one uses to understand the meaning and significance of stories through cognitive, symbolic, and affective means. This kind of knowledge provides a rich, resonant comprehension of a singular person's situation as it unfolds in time, whether in such texts as novels, novel newspaper stories, movies, and scripture or in such life settings as courtrooms, battlefields, marriages, and illnesses. 14-16 As literary critic R. W. B. Lewis 17 writes, "Narrative deals with experiences, not with propositions." Unlike its complement, logicoscientific knowledge, through which a detached and replaceable observer generates or comprehends replicable and generalizable notices, narrative knowledge leads to local and particular understandings about one situation by one participant or observer. 18,19 Logicoscientific knowledge attempts to illuminate the universally true by transcending the particular; narrative knowledge attempts to illuminate the universally true by revealing the particular. Narrative considerations probe the intersubjective domains of human knowledge and activity, that is to say, those aspects of life that are enacted in the relation between 2 persons. Literary scholar Barbara Herrnstein Smith 20 defines narrative discourse as "someone telling someone else that something happened," emphasizing narrative's requirement for a teller and a listener, a writer and a reader, a communion of some sort. The narratively competent reader or listener realizes that the meaning of any narrative-a novel, a textbook, a joke-must novel be judged in the light of its narrative situation: Who tells it? Who hears it? Why and how is it told? 21-23 The narratively skilled reader further understands that the meaning of a text arises from the ground between the writer and the reader, 24,25 and that "the reader," as Henry James writes in an essay on George Eliot, "does quite half the labour." 26 With narrative competence, multiple sources of local-and possibly contradicting-authority replace master authorities; instead of being monolithic and hierarchically given, meaning is apprehended collaboratively, by the reader and the writer, the observer and the observed, the physician and the patient. Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue 

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THE SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF TRADEMARK LAW

Barton Beebe, 2004

Current thinking about trademark law is dominated by economic analysis, which views the law as a ... more Current thinking about trademark law is dominated by economic analysis, which views the law as a system of rules designed to promote informational efficiencies. Yet the economic analysis has failed to explain, because it is unequipped to do so, a number of concepts of fundamental importance in the law, most notably the concepts of trademark "distinctive-ness" and trademark "dilution." This Article proposes that a more robust understanding of trademark law may be achieved by viewing the law through the lens of semiotics, a systems-theoretical field of knowledge, of which structural linguistics forms a part, dedicated to the study of signs and sign-systems. The Article begins in Part I with a brief survey of semiotics. In isolation from each other, semiotic thought and trademark doctrine have developed remarkably similar accounts of semiosis, that is, of the workings of sign systems. While the Article notes certain homologies between the two fields of knowledge, its primary goal is the refinement of trademark doctrine. Towards that end, Part II analyzes the internal structure of the trademark. This structural analysis clarifies various ambiguities in trademark doctrine. Part III then urges on semiotic grounds that trademark distinctiveness be reconceptualized as consisting of two forms: source dis-tinctiveness, which describes the trademark's distinctiveness of source, and differential distinctiveness, which describes the trademark's distinctiveness from other trademarks. In determining whether a trademark falls within the subject matter of anti-infringement protection, a court should consider whether or not it possesses source distinctiveness. In determining the scope of anti-infringement protection to be accorded to an eligible mark, a court should consider the extent of its differential distinctiveness.

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How Camus and Sartre split up over the question of how to be free

Sam Dresser, 2020

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Trauma at Home: How Betrayal Trauma and Attachment Theories Understand the Human Response to Abuse by an Attachment Figure

Rosemary E. Bernstein and Jennifer J. Freyd, 2014

A t its foundation, attachment theory (AT) (Bowlby, 1969) is a theory of developmental psychology... more A t its foundation, attachment theory (AT) (Bowlby, 1969) is a theory of developmental psychology that uses evolutionary and ethological frameworks to describe how the caregiver*-child relationship emerges and how it influences subsequent social, emotional, and cognitive development. And while AT emerged out of observations of child-caregiver dynamics, it was quickly and readily generalised to address similar psychosocial phenomena within adult romantic relationships (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1994). Betrayal trauma theory (BTT) (Freyd, 1994, 1996), building on the most central concepts of AT, has focused very specifically on understanding psychological responses to trauma. Like AT, BTT proposes that trauma occurring within the context of an attachment relationship is qualitatively different than trauma that takes place outside of one. Also as with AT, BTT was first developed with the child-caregiver relationship in mind but has since been applied to other adult relationships, including not only romantic relationships but hierarchical relationships (such as that between an employer and an employee, or an institution and its member) as well (e.g., Freyd, 1996; Smith & Freyd, 2013). Regarding the specific circumstance of maltreatment or traumatisation by an attachment figure, both AT and BTT make specific predictions about how humans adaptively respond. The following paper aims to describe where and how these predictions overlap, and where they differ. More specifically, we will argue that the significant theoretical concordances include: 1. A central assumption that humans have evolved a strong motivation to maintain affectional bonds with close others. 2. The rationale that it is adaptive to defensively exclude knowledge of and/or selectively process experiences of maltreatment by a caregiver, as complete ATTACHMENT:

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Letter To District Court Re Akin Gump Perjury PDF Justice Crime & Violence

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Against all Reason: Trusting in Trust

Burkard Sievers, 2003

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Epistemic dimensions of gaslighting: peerdisagreement, self-trust, and epistemic injustice

Andrew D. Spear, 2019