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G. Vilardo

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Università degli Studi di Firenze (University of Florence)

Claudio Antonio Tranne

Università di Bologna

Coffee N Caffeine

Francesca Forni

Maria Luce Frezzotti

Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca

University of Perugia, Italy

Massimo Chiappini

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Papers by G. Vilardo

Geodynamic significance of the Aeolian volcanism (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) in light of structural, seismological, and geochemical data

by G. Astis and G. Vilardo

Tectonics, 2003

1] The Aeolian volcanoes are located between the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea back arc and the Calabri... more 1] The Aeolian volcanoes are located between the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea back arc and the Calabrian Arc forearc region. Structural, geochemical and seismological data indicate that the early phases of volcanic activity (1.3 Myr) developed in the western sector along WNW-ESE tear faults controlling the southeastward migration of the forearc -back arc system. This magmatism ceased when delamination processes affected the Calabrian Arc. At 0.8 Myr, the volcanism migrated southeastward and concentrated on the ''new'' formed NNW-SSE tear faults related to the postsubduction extensional strain. The compressive strain deduced by focal mechanism of earthquakes in the western sector explains the volcanism ending. The still active volcanism in the central and eastern sectors develops on a NNW-SSE striking lithospheric discontinuity that crosses the ring-shaped volcanic belt. Moho upwelling occurs in the area of active volcanism. Fault-slip data and focal mechanisms from M > 5 earthquakes indicate that the NNW-SSE discontinuity moves in response to an oblique (strikeslip/normal) stress related to a WNW-ESE extension. This direction of extension is consistent with that of the forearc region, where thrust-type events are lacking and the last compressive phases occurred during Pliocene. The later phases of the Aeolian volcanism are related to the melting of shallower source(s) consistent with a continental rift magmatism. The Aeolian Islands represent a postcollisional, rift-type volcanism emplaced in an older collision zone.

Measuring non-linear deformation of the Campi Flegrei caldera (Naples, Italy) using a multi-method insar-geophysical approach

by Carlo Del Gaudio, V. Siniscalchi, G. Vilardo, and G. Berrino

2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2012

Geodetic monitoring of Campi Flegrei caldera, west of Naples (Italy), has been historically carri... more Geodetic monitoring of Campi Flegrei caldera, west of Naples (Italy), has been historically carried out through ground-based networks and integrated at the end of the nineties with space-borne InSAR techniques, exploiting the C-band sensors onboard ERS1-2 and ENVISAT satellites. In the last years C-band monitoring has been complemented by high-resolution X-band (TerraSAR-X) investigations, in order to point out also small deformations which are typical in the area. The uplift event starting in 2011 was strong enough to be detected by both ENVISAT and TerraSAR-X observations and confirmed by classical geodetic techniques. Besides the integration of geodetical and geochemical data with the InSAR results, we also include the outcomes of the InfraRed (IR) thermal camera located at Pisciarelli site, in order to get also a very local information.

Struttura crostale delle aree vulcaniche attive dell'Italia meridionale da indagini di sismica attiva (DSS) e passiva: area vulcanica campana; Isole Eolie meridionali

Relationships among crustal structure, volcanism and strike-slip tectonics in the Lipari-Vulcano Volcanic Complex (Aeolian Islands, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)

Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 1999

Relationships among crustal structure, volcanism and strike-slip ž tectonics in the Lipari-Vulcan... more Relationships among crustal structure, volcanism and strike-slip ž tectonics in the Lipari-Vulcano Volcanic Complex Aeolian Abstract Ž . The Lipari-Vulcano Volcanic Complex LVVC, Aeolian Arc, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy develops along a strike-slip fault system that bisects the Aeolian Arc. The LVVC crustal structure is investigated by applying seismic methods to two data sets: P-wavefronts generated by local and distant events constrain the shallow velocity structure; DSS data provide shape and depth of the main crustal discontinuities. The obtained velocity model shows that the LVVC shallow structure is characterized by the presence of two sharp lateral discontinuities. The northern discontinuity bounds a low velocity basin-like structure including the La Fossa Caldera and Mt. Guardia Caldera depressions. The southern discontinuity coincides with the southern boundary of a high-velocity diffractor located beneath the La Fossa Cone. Direct modeling of DSS data define three crustal discontinuities showing a complex geometry. The intra-crustal interfaces and the Moho discontinuity show an upheaval beneath the LVVC central sector. The estimated crustal velocities are lower than those generally reported for the continental crust. This feature is due to the high heat flux and fluid circulation affecting the LVVC area. The ratio between the thickness of the upper and lower crust and the presence of the Moho upheaval are consistent with that reported for continental areas affected by extensional strain. The collected geophysical data, combined with volcanologi-Ž . cal and structural information, indicate that: a the Mt. Guardia and La Fossa Caldera depressions represent the surface Ž . expression of a single structure whose formation is mainly due to tectonic processes; b the LVVC crustal structure and the evolution of the volcanism are consistent with those recognized in zones of transition from arc-related to rift volcanism. In addition, results of a preliminary mechanical analysis based on the available structural data indicate low values of the ratio between magmatic overpressure and tectonic stress. This suggests a passive mechanism of mantle upwelling. The mantle upwelling is due the post-collisional normal strike-slip tectonics affecting the Aeolian Arc. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Development of a web-based information system for shield tunnel construction projects

Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2013

A WEB-based information system oriented to scientific and technical data production and dissemina... more A WEB-based information system oriented to scientific and technical data production and dissemination has been developed at regional scale with the aim to (a) ensure the fast diffusion and efficient management of the geographic information in an area with high natural hazard, and (b) support National Civil Protection Agency (DPC) and local councils of the Campania Region to enhance the decision support systems for disaster prevention. The WEB-GIS is INSPIRE OGC standard compliant providing efficient perception of the most significant geomorphological, geophysical, and territorial data of Campania Region. It represents an useful tool for geological hazards analysis allowing the interoperability of large amount of data from different sources. The WEG-GIS system combines, in the same environment, both qualitative and quantitative factors and data and represents a powerful instrument for an efficient diffusion of multi-parametric information towards the Scientific Community and not specialized readers, as well as, Institutional Customers like local public agencies, which used it as an additional tool for hazard assessment and for planning and decision making purposes.

Ground deformation due to tectonic, hydrothermal, gravity, hydrogeological, and anthropic processes in the Campania Region (Southern Italy) from Permanent Scatterers Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry

Remote Sensing of Environment, 2009

Viscosity of crystal-bearing melts and its implication for magma ascent

Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 2010

Experiments were performed at high temperature and pressure to determine the effective viscosity ... more Experiments were performed at high temperature and pressure to determine the effective viscosity of a crystalbearing andesite using the falling sphere method. Because viscosity experiments with partly crystallized samples are difficult to realize (i.e., due to high sensitivity of phase equilibria to P, T and water content), we have added zircon crystals to adjust precisely the volume fraction and the size of crystals in a magma. Using this approach, the anhydrous melt composition does not vary significantly with temperature and water content of the melt and, hence, the effects of crystals on effective viscosity can be worked out accurately. The investigated systems (magma analogue) were composed of an andesitic melt containing 0.5 wt% to 4.1 wt% H 2 O and 15 vol% to 40 vol% of zircon crystals with grain size <100 µm. Most experiments were performed at 300 MPa and 1523 K. The ZrO 2 content dissolved in the melt under these conditions is 1.61 wt% ± 0.16 wt% (0.5 -4.0 wt% H 2 O in melt) with no significant dependence on water content, which is about twice the value predicted by the model of . The falling velocity of large platinum spheres was measured in the experimental magmas. The radius of the spheres (between 130 µm and 510 µm) was always much larger than the crystal sizes and the intergrain distances, implying that the falling velocity of the spheres can be used to calculate the effective viscosity of the magmas. For magmas containing 15 vol% zircon, the measured viscosity was 0.7 log to 1.6 log units higher than the melt viscosity. The effective magma viscosity is higher than expected from literature models. The spheres did not move in systems containing 30 vol% to 40 vol% of crystals, even after 16 h at 1523 K. We attribute this observation to the presence of yield strength of more than 100 Pa, i.e., a threshold of accelerating force needs to be passed before the sphere can move in the magma.

Geomorphological map of the 1944 Vesuvius lava flow (Italy)

Journal of Maps, 2008

The map of the 1944 lava flow shows the geomorphological characteristics of a sector of the Vesuv... more The map of the 1944 lava flow shows the geomorphological characteristics of a sector of the Vesuvius volcano (Italy) covered by the products emitted during the last effusive phase. The map has been produced based on the analysis and interpretation of (a) thematic maps (slope, aspect, relative relief) derived from a high resolution (0.33 m pixel) Digital Terrain Model obtained by an Airborne Laser Scanning survey, and (b) a 1 m pixel digital colour orthophoto. Different flow structures and morphologies have been interpreted. The analytical approach proposed here can be used to characterize the smaller scale topographic/geomorphological features of volcanoes and gives constraints on the mechanism of emplacement and modelling strategies of lava flows.

Non-volcanic CO 2 Earth degassing: Case of Mefite d'Ansanto (southern Apennines), Italy

by G. Vilardo and Rosario Avino

Geophysical Research Letters, 2010

Una metodologia sistemica per la valutazione della vulnerabilità sismica dei Comuni della Provincia di Benevento

Atti 11a Conferenza …, 2007

Atti 11 a Conferenza Nazionale ASITA, Centro Congressi Lingotto, Torino 6 9 novembre 2007 Vol... more

Digital elevation model of the Naples Bay and adjacent areas (Eastern Tyrrhenian Sea)

et al. Mapping Geology in Italy. APAT, Dipartimento Difesa del Suolo–Servizio Geologico d'Italia, Roma, Aug 1, 2004

An extensive, high-resolution bathymetric survey has recently been carried out, portraying the co... more An extensive, high-resolution bathymetric survey has recently been carried out, portraying the continental shelf-slope system of the Campania Region, in southern Italy (Eastern Tyrrhenian Sea). The relative bathymetric data were acquired between 1997 and 2002, using multibeam systems with an average vertical resolution of < 0.25 % water depth and a position accuracy of < 10 m. The survey data were successively merged with a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) created from topographic maps of the onshore coastal area and islands of theNaples Bay, to produce a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) based on a homogeneous grid with cell-spacing of 20 m. The shaded-relief, colour scale map of the Naples Bay presented in this study provides new, detailed information on the morphology of the coastal Campania Region. This continental margin displays evidence of the interplay between tectonics and volcanism and their interference with sedimentary processes during the latest Neogene and Quaternary. The major morphological features revealed by the 3D digital maps are: 1)

Measuring non-linear deformation of the Campi Flegrei caldera (Naples, Italy) using a multi-method insar-geophysical approach

by Giovanna Berrino and G. Vilardo

2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2012

Geodetic monitoring of Campi Flegrei caldera, west of Naples (Italy), has been historically carri... more Geodetic monitoring of Campi Flegrei caldera, west of Naples (Italy), has been historically carried out through ground-based networks and integrated at the end of the nineties with space-borne InSAR techniques, exploiting the C-band sensors onboard ERS1-2 and ENVISAT satellites. In the last years C-band monitoring has been complemented by high-resolution X-band (TerraSAR-X) investigations, in order to point out also small deformations which are typical in the area. The uplift event starting in 2011 was strong enough to be detected by both ENVISAT and TerraSAR-X observations and confirmed by classical geodetic techniques. Besides the integration of geodetical and geochemical data with the InSAR results, we also include the outcomes of the InfraRed (IR) thermal camera located at Pisciarelli site, in order to get also a very local information.

Shear-wave polarization alignment on the eastern flank of Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy)

by G. Vilardo and Francesca Bianco

Annals of …, Jan 1, 1996

Emplacement mechanism of gravity flows inferred from high resolution Lidar data: The 1944 Somma–Vesuvius lava flow (Italy)

Geomorphology, 2008

A Digital Terrain Model derived from high resolution Lidar data allow us to determine the morphom... more A Digital Terrain Model derived from high resolution Lidar data allow us to determine the morphometric and physical parameters of a lava flow erupted from the Somma-Vesuvius volcano in 1944. The downstream variation of the morphometric parameters, which include slope, aspect, range, thickness, width, and cross sectional area, is analyzed, and the changes in viscosity, velocity and flow rate are estimated. The aim is to recognize different flow surfaces, to reconstruct the flow kinematics, and to obtain information on the mechanism of emplacement. Results indicate that the 1944 lava can be divided in three sectors: a near vent sector (NVS) characterized by a toe-like surface, an intermediate sector (IS) with an 'a'ātype, brittle surface, and a distal sector (DS) with a sheet-like, ductile surface. Lateral leveé and channels are lacking in NVS, whereas they are well developed in IS. In DS, leveés grow up moving away from the vent. Fold-like surfaces occur in NVS and DS and reveal local shortening processes due to a decrease in the slope of the substratum and to overflows from the main channel. IS and DS emplaced between 18 and 21 March 1944, whereas NVS emplaced on 19 March and partly overlaps IS. The morphometric and physical parameters indicate that IS moved in a 'tube'-like regime, whereas DS emplaced in a 'mobile crust' regime. The IS to DS transition is marked by an increase in velocity and flow rate, and by a decrease in thickness, width, cross sectional area, and viscosity. This transition is due to an abrupt increase in the slope of the substratum. The estimated velocity values are in good 2 agreement with the measurements carried out during the 1944 eruption. The analysis used

Terrain modelling of the complex volcanic terrain of Ischia Island, Italy

Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 2009

@= = 7 4 W<= 6 A@; 8<79 <7; @W@9 8?8; e @; = 4 = <?88=; @I8>= 88=J; @9 9 d9I@757 :<I89?83<4 =n; @... more @= = 7 4 W<= 6 A@; 8<79 <7; @W@9 8?8; e @; = 4 = <?88=; @I8>= 88=J; @9 9 d9I@757 :<I89?83<4 =n; @Bd= 3:?8?8J; <9 = 87J8>= 7 :4 ?@>@; X9 8T je 4 >= 87 I7 d= @= 4 :>?8J; <9 = 87J8>= 7 :4 ?98=; @?4 9 = 7 4 W<= 4 :>9 I@= 4 @; 8?893<4 =57 :<I89@7 dAd; d<>8:7 5@>4 9 @= 4 :>J:>= 7 k; d8I@7; 89 I7 :J89 9 <98>?:5m>89C = 8J= :>4 \<88=A:; J@>4 \<8G8=8Z:5m>89C d7 :9 4 :>G TE>I@7 = 4 J<; 4 87 U; 8957 :<I89I87 B8= = 7 8; e 4 ?8>= 4 K 4 J@= 4 :> ?89= :I:57 @I34 \<89?<57 @A4 = dC J:<; d89?8; @A8U?kB89 U5; 4 9 9 8B8>= 9?8= 87 7 @4 >UJ:<; d89?8?dW7 4 9 G U= 8J= :>4 \<8C K @4 ; ; 89 G U8=; 89 9 = 7 <J= <7 89A:; J@>4 \<89C 7 d9 <7 58>J8W; :JG T op q p rs tup utvrq wxy

InSAR Permanent Scatterer analysis reveals fault re-activation during inflation and deflation episodes at Campi Flegrei caldera

Remote Sensing of Environment, 2010

Permanent Scatterers Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (PSInSAR) and Global Position System... more Permanent Scatterers Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (PSInSAR) and Global Position System (GPS) are applied to investigate the most recent surface deformation of the Campi Flegrei caldera. The PSInSAR analysis, based on SAR data acquired by ERS-1/2 sensors during the 1992-2001 time interval and by the Radarsat sensor during 2003-2007, identifies displacement patterns over wide areas with high spatial resolution. GPS data acquired by the Neapolitan Volcanic Continuous GPS network provide detailed ground velocity information of specific sites. The satellite-derived data allow us to characterize the deformation pattern that affected the Campi Flegrei caldera during two recent subsidence (1992-1999) and uplift (2005-2006) phases. PSInSAR results show the re-activation of the caldera ring-faults, intra-caldera faults, and eruptive fissures. We discuss the results in the light of the available volcanological, structural and geophysical data and propose a relationship between the structures activated during the recent unrest episodes and those responsible for the recent (b 3.8-4 ka) volcanism. The combined interpretation of the collected data show that (a) the caldera consists of two sectors separated by a N-S striking faulting zone and (b) the intra-caldera NW-SE faults and eruptive fissures in the central-eastern sector re-activated during the studied unrest episodes and represent possible pathways for the ascent of magma and/or gas to the surface. In this sector, maximum horizontal strain, recent volcanism (3.8-4 ka), active degassing and seismicity concentrate. The fault re-activation is related to the dynamics of the caldera and not to tectonic stress. The deformation fields of the uplift and subsidence episodes are consistent with hydrothermal processes and degassing from a magmatic reservoir that is significantly smaller than the large (∼ 40 km 3 ) magma chamber responsible for the caldera formation. We provide evidence that the monitoring of the horizontal and vertical components of deformation improves the identification of active, aseismic faults. Accordingly, we suggest that future ground deformation models should include the re-activation of the detected structures.

Fault geometries from the space distribution of the 1990–1997 Sannio–Benevento earthquakes: inferences on the active deformation in Southern Apennines

Tectonophysics, 2003

In this study, we analyze the recent (1990 -1997) seismicity that affected the northern sector (S... more In this study, we analyze the recent (1990 -1997) seismicity that affected the northern sector (Sannio -Benevento area) of the Southern Apennines chain. We applied the Best Estimate Method (BEM), which collapses hypocentral clouds, to the events of low energy (M d max = 4.1) seismic sequences in order to constrain the location and geometry of the seismogenetic structures.

InSAR Permanent Scatterer analysis reveals fault re-activation during inflation and deflation episodes at Campi Flegrei caldera

Remote Sensing of Environment, 2010

Permanent Scatterers Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (PSInSAR) and Global Position System... more Permanent Scatterers Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (PSInSAR) and Global Position System (GPS) are applied to investigate the most recent surface deformation of the Campi Flegrei caldera. The PSInSAR analysis, based on SAR data acquired by ERS-1/2 sensors during the 1992-2001 time interval and by the Radarsat sensor during 2003-2007, identifies displacement patterns over wide areas with high spatial resolution. GPS data acquired by the Neapolitan Volcanic Continuous GPS network provide detailed ground velocity information of specific sites. The satellite-derived data allow us to characterize the deformation pattern that affected the Campi Flegrei caldera during two recent subsidence (1992-1999) and uplift (2005-2006) phases. PSInSAR results show the re-activation of the caldera ring-faults, intra-caldera faults, and eruptive fissures. We discuss the results in the light of the available volcanological, structural and geophysical data and propose a relationship between the structures activated during the recent unrest episodes and those responsible for the recent (b 3.8-4 ka) volcanism. The combined interpretation of the collected data show that (a) the caldera consists of two sectors separated by a N-S striking faulting zone and (b) the intra-caldera NW-SE faults and eruptive fissures in the central-eastern sector re-activated during the studied unrest episodes and represent possible pathways for the ascent of magma and/or gas to the surface. In this sector, maximum horizontal strain, recent volcanism (3.8-4 ka), active degassing and seismicity concentrate. The fault re-activation is related to the dynamics of the caldera and not to tectonic stress. The deformation fields of the uplift and subsidence episodes are consistent with hydrothermal processes and degassing from a magmatic reservoir that is significantly smaller than the large (∼ 40 km 3 ) magma chamber responsible for the caldera formation. We provide evidence that the monitoring of the horizontal and vertical components of deformation improves the identification of active, aseismic faults. Accordingly, we suggest that future ground deformation models should include the re-activation of the detected structures.

Re-assessing volcanic hazard maps for improving volcanic risk communication: application to Stromboli Island, Italy

Journal of Maps, 2010

Hazard and risk maps are tools for both mitigating against risk and informing and preparing the g... more Hazard and risk maps are tools for both mitigating against risk and informing and preparing the general public. Recent studies have highlighted that volcanic hazard and risk maps used during emergencies can be difficult to interpret. Our research focuses on evaluating and improving the efficacy of currently available maps of Stromboli volcano on Stromboli island (Italy) for the communication of volcanic hazard and risk information. Stromboli is an active volcano characterised by persistent explosive activity, sporadic lava effusions and landslides on the volcanos northwestern flank, which sometimes generates tsunamis, most recently in 2002. This study used semi-structured interviews conducted with local legislators, administrators and 'enforcers' to understand their perceptions of available risk information; to evaluate the respondents mental spatial maps; and to determine the most important components in encouraging risk-reducing behaviour in a hazardous situation. Respondents were asked to evaluate a contour map, an aerial photograph, a digital elevation model (DEM) and an innovative 3D tsunami risk map. These results enabled the development of different volcanic risk maps for use by 'experts' and 'tourists' using a contour map and a DEM (Scale 1:12.500). A 3D map focused on the tsunami risk (Scale 1:6.500) area was also produced.

Structural features of the shallow plumbing system of Vulcano Island Italy

Bulletin of Volcanology, 2004

In this study, we integrate information gathered from surface geology and tectonics with the resu... more In this study, we integrate information gathered from surface geology and tectonics with the results of a shallow (0-2 km b.s.l.) seismic tomography of Vulcano Island (Italy), obtained from the analysis of local earthquakes. The observed low Vp regions correspond to caldera filling products, mainly consisting of pyroclastics, tuffs, lava flows and hyaloclastites. High-velocity anomalies represent intrusive bodies. The striking correspondence between the stratigraphy from deep wells and the calculated velocity structure allows us to reconstruct the geometry and distribution of a main intrusion and to recognize some intra-caldera depressions. The shape and location of the high and low Vp anomalies are consistent with NW-SE and N-S strikes. Eruptive centres younger than 42 kyr, as well as the structural depressions of Vulcano and of the neighbour Lipari Island, align along a N-S direction. The combined interpretation of the available structural data and of the results from the tomography suggests that magmatic reservoirs of Vulcano at shallow depth (>0.5 km) align along a NW-SE strike but their shape is controlled by N-S striking normal faults and/or cracks that accommodate the right-lateral movements of the NW-SE strike-slip fault system.

Geodynamic significance of the Aeolian volcanism (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) in light of structural, seismological, and geochemical data

by G. Astis and G. Vilardo

Tectonics, 2003

1] The Aeolian volcanoes are located between the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea back arc and the Calabri... more 1] The Aeolian volcanoes are located between the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea back arc and the Calabrian Arc forearc region. Structural, geochemical and seismological data indicate that the early phases of volcanic activity (1.3 Myr) developed in the western sector along WNW-ESE tear faults controlling the southeastward migration of the forearc -back arc system. This magmatism ceased when delamination processes affected the Calabrian Arc. At 0.8 Myr, the volcanism migrated southeastward and concentrated on the ''new'' formed NNW-SSE tear faults related to the postsubduction extensional strain. The compressive strain deduced by focal mechanism of earthquakes in the western sector explains the volcanism ending. The still active volcanism in the central and eastern sectors develops on a NNW-SSE striking lithospheric discontinuity that crosses the ring-shaped volcanic belt. Moho upwelling occurs in the area of active volcanism. Fault-slip data and focal mechanisms from M > 5 earthquakes indicate that the NNW-SSE discontinuity moves in response to an oblique (strikeslip/normal) stress related to a WNW-ESE extension. This direction of extension is consistent with that of the forearc region, where thrust-type events are lacking and the last compressive phases occurred during Pliocene. The later phases of the Aeolian volcanism are related to the melting of shallower source(s) consistent with a continental rift magmatism. The Aeolian Islands represent a postcollisional, rift-type volcanism emplaced in an older collision zone.

Measuring non-linear deformation of the Campi Flegrei caldera (Naples, Italy) using a multi-method insar-geophysical approach

by Carlo Del Gaudio, V. Siniscalchi, G. Vilardo, and G. Berrino

2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2012

Geodetic monitoring of Campi Flegrei caldera, west of Naples (Italy), has been historically carri... more Geodetic monitoring of Campi Flegrei caldera, west of Naples (Italy), has been historically carried out through ground-based networks and integrated at the end of the nineties with space-borne InSAR techniques, exploiting the C-band sensors onboard ERS1-2 and ENVISAT satellites. In the last years C-band monitoring has been complemented by high-resolution X-band (TerraSAR-X) investigations, in order to point out also small deformations which are typical in the area. The uplift event starting in 2011 was strong enough to be detected by both ENVISAT and TerraSAR-X observations and confirmed by classical geodetic techniques. Besides the integration of geodetical and geochemical data with the InSAR results, we also include the outcomes of the InfraRed (IR) thermal camera located at Pisciarelli site, in order to get also a very local information.

Struttura crostale delle aree vulcaniche attive dell'Italia meridionale da indagini di sismica attiva (DSS) e passiva: area vulcanica campana; Isole Eolie meridionali

Relationships among crustal structure, volcanism and strike-slip tectonics in the Lipari-Vulcano Volcanic Complex (Aeolian Islands, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)

Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 1999

Relationships among crustal structure, volcanism and strike-slip ž tectonics in the Lipari-Vulcan... more Relationships among crustal structure, volcanism and strike-slip ž tectonics in the Lipari-Vulcano Volcanic Complex Aeolian Abstract Ž . The Lipari-Vulcano Volcanic Complex LVVC, Aeolian Arc, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy develops along a strike-slip fault system that bisects the Aeolian Arc. The LVVC crustal structure is investigated by applying seismic methods to two data sets: P-wavefronts generated by local and distant events constrain the shallow velocity structure; DSS data provide shape and depth of the main crustal discontinuities. The obtained velocity model shows that the LVVC shallow structure is characterized by the presence of two sharp lateral discontinuities. The northern discontinuity bounds a low velocity basin-like structure including the La Fossa Caldera and Mt. Guardia Caldera depressions. The southern discontinuity coincides with the southern boundary of a high-velocity diffractor located beneath the La Fossa Cone. Direct modeling of DSS data define three crustal discontinuities showing a complex geometry. The intra-crustal interfaces and the Moho discontinuity show an upheaval beneath the LVVC central sector. The estimated crustal velocities are lower than those generally reported for the continental crust. This feature is due to the high heat flux and fluid circulation affecting the LVVC area. The ratio between the thickness of the upper and lower crust and the presence of the Moho upheaval are consistent with that reported for continental areas affected by extensional strain. The collected geophysical data, combined with volcanologi-Ž . cal and structural information, indicate that: a the Mt. Guardia and La Fossa Caldera depressions represent the surface Ž . expression of a single structure whose formation is mainly due to tectonic processes; b the LVVC crustal structure and the evolution of the volcanism are consistent with those recognized in zones of transition from arc-related to rift volcanism. In addition, results of a preliminary mechanical analysis based on the available structural data indicate low values of the ratio between magmatic overpressure and tectonic stress. This suggests a passive mechanism of mantle upwelling. The mantle upwelling is due the post-collisional normal strike-slip tectonics affecting the Aeolian Arc. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Development of a web-based information system for shield tunnel construction projects

Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2013

A WEB-based information system oriented to scientific and technical data production and dissemina... more A WEB-based information system oriented to scientific and technical data production and dissemination has been developed at regional scale with the aim to (a) ensure the fast diffusion and efficient management of the geographic information in an area with high natural hazard, and (b) support National Civil Protection Agency (DPC) and local councils of the Campania Region to enhance the decision support systems for disaster prevention. The WEB-GIS is INSPIRE OGC standard compliant providing efficient perception of the most significant geomorphological, geophysical, and territorial data of Campania Region. It represents an useful tool for geological hazards analysis allowing the interoperability of large amount of data from different sources. The WEG-GIS system combines, in the same environment, both qualitative and quantitative factors and data and represents a powerful instrument for an efficient diffusion of multi-parametric information towards the Scientific Community and not specialized readers, as well as, Institutional Customers like local public agencies, which used it as an additional tool for hazard assessment and for planning and decision making purposes.

Ground deformation due to tectonic, hydrothermal, gravity, hydrogeological, and anthropic processes in the Campania Region (Southern Italy) from Permanent Scatterers Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry

Remote Sensing of Environment, 2009

Viscosity of crystal-bearing melts and its implication for magma ascent

Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 2010

Experiments were performed at high temperature and pressure to determine the effective viscosity ... more Experiments were performed at high temperature and pressure to determine the effective viscosity of a crystalbearing andesite using the falling sphere method. Because viscosity experiments with partly crystallized samples are difficult to realize (i.e., due to high sensitivity of phase equilibria to P, T and water content), we have added zircon crystals to adjust precisely the volume fraction and the size of crystals in a magma. Using this approach, the anhydrous melt composition does not vary significantly with temperature and water content of the melt and, hence, the effects of crystals on effective viscosity can be worked out accurately. The investigated systems (magma analogue) were composed of an andesitic melt containing 0.5 wt% to 4.1 wt% H 2 O and 15 vol% to 40 vol% of zircon crystals with grain size <100 µm. Most experiments were performed at 300 MPa and 1523 K. The ZrO 2 content dissolved in the melt under these conditions is 1.61 wt% ± 0.16 wt% (0.5 -4.0 wt% H 2 O in melt) with no significant dependence on water content, which is about twice the value predicted by the model of . The falling velocity of large platinum spheres was measured in the experimental magmas. The radius of the spheres (between 130 µm and 510 µm) was always much larger than the crystal sizes and the intergrain distances, implying that the falling velocity of the spheres can be used to calculate the effective viscosity of the magmas. For magmas containing 15 vol% zircon, the measured viscosity was 0.7 log to 1.6 log units higher than the melt viscosity. The effective magma viscosity is higher than expected from literature models. The spheres did not move in systems containing 30 vol% to 40 vol% of crystals, even after 16 h at 1523 K. We attribute this observation to the presence of yield strength of more than 100 Pa, i.e., a threshold of accelerating force needs to be passed before the sphere can move in the magma.

Geomorphological map of the 1944 Vesuvius lava flow (Italy)

Journal of Maps, 2008

The map of the 1944 lava flow shows the geomorphological characteristics of a sector of the Vesuv... more The map of the 1944 lava flow shows the geomorphological characteristics of a sector of the Vesuvius volcano (Italy) covered by the products emitted during the last effusive phase. The map has been produced based on the analysis and interpretation of (a) thematic maps (slope, aspect, relative relief) derived from a high resolution (0.33 m pixel) Digital Terrain Model obtained by an Airborne Laser Scanning survey, and (b) a 1 m pixel digital colour orthophoto. Different flow structures and morphologies have been interpreted. The analytical approach proposed here can be used to characterize the smaller scale topographic/geomorphological features of volcanoes and gives constraints on the mechanism of emplacement and modelling strategies of lava flows.

Non-volcanic CO 2 Earth degassing: Case of Mefite d'Ansanto (southern Apennines), Italy

by G. Vilardo and Rosario Avino

Geophysical Research Letters, 2010

Una metodologia sistemica per la valutazione della vulnerabilità sismica dei Comuni della Provincia di Benevento

Atti 11a Conferenza …, 2007

Atti 11 a Conferenza Nazionale ASITA, Centro Congressi Lingotto, Torino 6 9 novembre 2007 Vol... more

Digital elevation model of the Naples Bay and adjacent areas (Eastern Tyrrhenian Sea)

et al. Mapping Geology in Italy. APAT, Dipartimento Difesa del Suolo–Servizio Geologico d'Italia, Roma, Aug 1, 2004

An extensive, high-resolution bathymetric survey has recently been carried out, portraying the co... more An extensive, high-resolution bathymetric survey has recently been carried out, portraying the continental shelf-slope system of the Campania Region, in southern Italy (Eastern Tyrrhenian Sea). The relative bathymetric data were acquired between 1997 and 2002, using multibeam systems with an average vertical resolution of < 0.25 % water depth and a position accuracy of < 10 m. The survey data were successively merged with a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) created from topographic maps of the onshore coastal area and islands of theNaples Bay, to produce a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) based on a homogeneous grid with cell-spacing of 20 m. The shaded-relief, colour scale map of the Naples Bay presented in this study provides new, detailed information on the morphology of the coastal Campania Region. This continental margin displays evidence of the interplay between tectonics and volcanism and their interference with sedimentary processes during the latest Neogene and Quaternary. The major morphological features revealed by the 3D digital maps are: 1)

Measuring non-linear deformation of the Campi Flegrei caldera (Naples, Italy) using a multi-method insar-geophysical approach

by Giovanna Berrino and G. Vilardo

2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2012

Geodetic monitoring of Campi Flegrei caldera, west of Naples (Italy), has been historically carri... more Geodetic monitoring of Campi Flegrei caldera, west of Naples (Italy), has been historically carried out through ground-based networks and integrated at the end of the nineties with space-borne InSAR techniques, exploiting the C-band sensors onboard ERS1-2 and ENVISAT satellites. In the last years C-band monitoring has been complemented by high-resolution X-band (TerraSAR-X) investigations, in order to point out also small deformations which are typical in the area. The uplift event starting in 2011 was strong enough to be detected by both ENVISAT and TerraSAR-X observations and confirmed by classical geodetic techniques. Besides the integration of geodetical and geochemical data with the InSAR results, we also include the outcomes of the InfraRed (IR) thermal camera located at Pisciarelli site, in order to get also a very local information.

Shear-wave polarization alignment on the eastern flank of Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy)

by G. Vilardo and Francesca Bianco

Annals of …, Jan 1, 1996

Emplacement mechanism of gravity flows inferred from high resolution Lidar data: The 1944 Somma–Vesuvius lava flow (Italy)

Geomorphology, 2008

A Digital Terrain Model derived from high resolution Lidar data allow us to determine the morphom... more A Digital Terrain Model derived from high resolution Lidar data allow us to determine the morphometric and physical parameters of a lava flow erupted from the Somma-Vesuvius volcano in 1944. The downstream variation of the morphometric parameters, which include slope, aspect, range, thickness, width, and cross sectional area, is analyzed, and the changes in viscosity, velocity and flow rate are estimated. The aim is to recognize different flow surfaces, to reconstruct the flow kinematics, and to obtain information on the mechanism of emplacement. Results indicate that the 1944 lava can be divided in three sectors: a near vent sector (NVS) characterized by a toe-like surface, an intermediate sector (IS) with an 'a'ātype, brittle surface, and a distal sector (DS) with a sheet-like, ductile surface. Lateral leveé and channels are lacking in NVS, whereas they are well developed in IS. In DS, leveés grow up moving away from the vent. Fold-like surfaces occur in NVS and DS and reveal local shortening processes due to a decrease in the slope of the substratum and to overflows from the main channel. IS and DS emplaced between 18 and 21 March 1944, whereas NVS emplaced on 19 March and partly overlaps IS. The morphometric and physical parameters indicate that IS moved in a 'tube'-like regime, whereas DS emplaced in a 'mobile crust' regime. The IS to DS transition is marked by an increase in velocity and flow rate, and by a decrease in thickness, width, cross sectional area, and viscosity. This transition is due to an abrupt increase in the slope of the substratum. The estimated velocity values are in good 2 agreement with the measurements carried out during the 1944 eruption. The analysis used

Terrain modelling of the complex volcanic terrain of Ischia Island, Italy

Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 2009

@= = 7 4 W<= 6 A@; 8<79 <7; @W@9 8?8; e @; = 4 = <?88=; @I8>= 88=J; @9 9 d9I@757 :<I89?83<4 =n; @... more @= = 7 4 W<= 6 A@; 8<79 <7; @W@9 8?8; e @; = 4 = <?88=; @I8>= 88=J; @9 9 d9I@757 :<I89?83<4 =n; @Bd= 3:?8?8J; <9 = 87J8>= 7 :4 ?@>@; X9 8T je 4 >= 87 I7 d= @= 4 :>?8J; <9 = 87J8>= 7 :4 ?98=; @?4 9 = 7 4 W<= 4 :>9 I@= 4 @; 8?893<4 =57 :<I89@7 dAd; d<>8:7 5@>4 9 @= 4 :>J:>= 7 k; d8I@7; 89 I7 :J89 9 <98>?:5m>89C = 8J= :>4 \<88=A:; J@>4 \<8G8=8Z:5m>89C d7 :9 4 :>G TE>I@7 = 4 J<; 4 87 U; 8957 :<I89I87 B8= = 7 8; e 4 ?8>= 4 K 4 J@= 4 :> ?89= :I:57 @I34 \<89?<57 @A4 = dC J:<; d89?8; @A8U?kB89 U5; 4 9 9 8B8>= 9?8= 87 7 @4 >UJ:<; d89?8?dW7 4 9 G U= 8J= :>4 \<8C K @4 ; ; 89 G U8=; 89 9 = 7 <J= <7 89A:; J@>4 \<89C 7 d9 <7 58>J8W; :JG T op q p rs tup utvrq wxy

InSAR Permanent Scatterer analysis reveals fault re-activation during inflation and deflation episodes at Campi Flegrei caldera

Remote Sensing of Environment, 2010

Permanent Scatterers Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (PSInSAR) and Global Position System... more Permanent Scatterers Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (PSInSAR) and Global Position System (GPS) are applied to investigate the most recent surface deformation of the Campi Flegrei caldera. The PSInSAR analysis, based on SAR data acquired by ERS-1/2 sensors during the 1992-2001 time interval and by the Radarsat sensor during 2003-2007, identifies displacement patterns over wide areas with high spatial resolution. GPS data acquired by the Neapolitan Volcanic Continuous GPS network provide detailed ground velocity information of specific sites. The satellite-derived data allow us to characterize the deformation pattern that affected the Campi Flegrei caldera during two recent subsidence (1992-1999) and uplift (2005-2006) phases. PSInSAR results show the re-activation of the caldera ring-faults, intra-caldera faults, and eruptive fissures. We discuss the results in the light of the available volcanological, structural and geophysical data and propose a relationship between the structures activated during the recent unrest episodes and those responsible for the recent (b 3.8-4 ka) volcanism. The combined interpretation of the collected data show that (a) the caldera consists of two sectors separated by a N-S striking faulting zone and (b) the intra-caldera NW-SE faults and eruptive fissures in the central-eastern sector re-activated during the studied unrest episodes and represent possible pathways for the ascent of magma and/or gas to the surface. In this sector, maximum horizontal strain, recent volcanism (3.8-4 ka), active degassing and seismicity concentrate. The fault re-activation is related to the dynamics of the caldera and not to tectonic stress. The deformation fields of the uplift and subsidence episodes are consistent with hydrothermal processes and degassing from a magmatic reservoir that is significantly smaller than the large (∼ 40 km 3 ) magma chamber responsible for the caldera formation. We provide evidence that the monitoring of the horizontal and vertical components of deformation improves the identification of active, aseismic faults. Accordingly, we suggest that future ground deformation models should include the re-activation of the detected structures.

Fault geometries from the space distribution of the 1990–1997 Sannio–Benevento earthquakes: inferences on the active deformation in Southern Apennines

Tectonophysics, 2003

In this study, we analyze the recent (1990 -1997) seismicity that affected the northern sector (S... more In this study, we analyze the recent (1990 -1997) seismicity that affected the northern sector (Sannio -Benevento area) of the Southern Apennines chain. We applied the Best Estimate Method (BEM), which collapses hypocentral clouds, to the events of low energy (M d max = 4.1) seismic sequences in order to constrain the location and geometry of the seismogenetic structures.

InSAR Permanent Scatterer analysis reveals fault re-activation during inflation and deflation episodes at Campi Flegrei caldera

Remote Sensing of Environment, 2010

Permanent Scatterers Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (PSInSAR) and Global Position System... more Permanent Scatterers Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (PSInSAR) and Global Position System (GPS) are applied to investigate the most recent surface deformation of the Campi Flegrei caldera. The PSInSAR analysis, based on SAR data acquired by ERS-1/2 sensors during the 1992-2001 time interval and by the Radarsat sensor during 2003-2007, identifies displacement patterns over wide areas with high spatial resolution. GPS data acquired by the Neapolitan Volcanic Continuous GPS network provide detailed ground velocity information of specific sites. The satellite-derived data allow us to characterize the deformation pattern that affected the Campi Flegrei caldera during two recent subsidence (1992-1999) and uplift (2005-2006) phases. PSInSAR results show the re-activation of the caldera ring-faults, intra-caldera faults, and eruptive fissures. We discuss the results in the light of the available volcanological, structural and geophysical data and propose a relationship between the structures activated during the recent unrest episodes and those responsible for the recent (b 3.8-4 ka) volcanism. The combined interpretation of the collected data show that (a) the caldera consists of two sectors separated by a N-S striking faulting zone and (b) the intra-caldera NW-SE faults and eruptive fissures in the central-eastern sector re-activated during the studied unrest episodes and represent possible pathways for the ascent of magma and/or gas to the surface. In this sector, maximum horizontal strain, recent volcanism (3.8-4 ka), active degassing and seismicity concentrate. The fault re-activation is related to the dynamics of the caldera and not to tectonic stress. The deformation fields of the uplift and subsidence episodes are consistent with hydrothermal processes and degassing from a magmatic reservoir that is significantly smaller than the large (∼ 40 km 3 ) magma chamber responsible for the caldera formation. We provide evidence that the monitoring of the horizontal and vertical components of deformation improves the identification of active, aseismic faults. Accordingly, we suggest that future ground deformation models should include the re-activation of the detected structures.

Re-assessing volcanic hazard maps for improving volcanic risk communication: application to Stromboli Island, Italy

Journal of Maps, 2010

Hazard and risk maps are tools for both mitigating against risk and informing and preparing the g... more Hazard and risk maps are tools for both mitigating against risk and informing and preparing the general public. Recent studies have highlighted that volcanic hazard and risk maps used during emergencies can be difficult to interpret. Our research focuses on evaluating and improving the efficacy of currently available maps of Stromboli volcano on Stromboli island (Italy) for the communication of volcanic hazard and risk information. Stromboli is an active volcano characterised by persistent explosive activity, sporadic lava effusions and landslides on the volcanos northwestern flank, which sometimes generates tsunamis, most recently in 2002. This study used semi-structured interviews conducted with local legislators, administrators and 'enforcers' to understand their perceptions of available risk information; to evaluate the respondents mental spatial maps; and to determine the most important components in encouraging risk-reducing behaviour in a hazardous situation. Respondents were asked to evaluate a contour map, an aerial photograph, a digital elevation model (DEM) and an innovative 3D tsunami risk map. These results enabled the development of different volcanic risk maps for use by 'experts' and 'tourists' using a contour map and a DEM (Scale 1:12.500). A 3D map focused on the tsunami risk (Scale 1:6.500) area was also produced.

Structural features of the shallow plumbing system of Vulcano Island Italy

Bulletin of Volcanology, 2004

In this study, we integrate information gathered from surface geology and tectonics with the resu... more In this study, we integrate information gathered from surface geology and tectonics with the results of a shallow (0-2 km b.s.l.) seismic tomography of Vulcano Island (Italy), obtained from the analysis of local earthquakes. The observed low Vp regions correspond to caldera filling products, mainly consisting of pyroclastics, tuffs, lava flows and hyaloclastites. High-velocity anomalies represent intrusive bodies. The striking correspondence between the stratigraphy from deep wells and the calculated velocity structure allows us to reconstruct the geometry and distribution of a main intrusion and to recognize some intra-caldera depressions. The shape and location of the high and low Vp anomalies are consistent with NW-SE and N-S strikes. Eruptive centres younger than 42 kyr, as well as the structural depressions of Vulcano and of the neighbour Lipari Island, align along a N-S direction. The combined interpretation of the available structural data and of the results from the tomography suggests that magmatic reservoirs of Vulcano at shallow depth (>0.5 km) align along a NW-SE strike but their shape is controlled by N-S striking normal faults and/or cracks that accommodate the right-lateral movements of the NW-SE strike-slip fault system.