Researchers studying the movements of the human body often encounter data measured in angles (e.g... more Researchers studying the movements of the human body often encounter data measured in angles (e.g., angular displacements of joints). The evaluation of these circular data requires special statistical methods. The authors introduce a new test for the analysis of order-constrained hypotheses for circular data. Through this test, researchers can evaluate their expectations regarding the outcome of an experiment directly by representing their ideas in the form of a hypothesis containing inequality constraints. The resulting data analysis is generally more powerful than one using standard null hypothesis testing. Two examples of circular data from human movement science are presented to illustrate the use of the test. Results from a simulation study show that the test performs well.
Anticipation has recently been rediscovered by psychologists as a fundamental aspect of human cog... more Anticipation has recently been rediscovered by psychologists as a fundamental aspect of human cognitive–motoric activity. Cognitive anticipation is connected to goal directedness and purposefulness of mental activity. Humans perceive and cogitate in service of goals and purposes, i.e. in an action-related and action-relevant way that gives special status to goals and anticipation. With this in mind, I suggest that there
This study uses the example of the tennis serve to investigate the nature and role of long-term m... more This study uses the example of the tennis serve to investigate the nature and role of long-term memory in skilled athletic performance. Information processing linked with complex movements has always been notoriously difficult to investigate. However, a new experimental method revealed that athletic expertise was characterized by well-integrated networks of so-called basic action concepts (BACs) that each corresponded to functionally meaningful submovements. In high-level experts, these representational frameworks were organized in a distinctive hierarchical tree-like structure, were remarkably similar between individuals and were well matched with the functional and biomechanical demands of the task. In comparison, action representations in low-level players and nonplayers were organized less hierarchically, were more variable between persons and were less well matched with functional and biomechanical demands. It is concluded that, in concert with situational goals and constraints, movement representations of this kind in long-term memory might provide the basis for action control in skilled voluntary movements in the form of suitably organized perceptual-cognitive reference structures.
The present study investigated the role of ideation and visual feedback, and their interaction in... more The present study investigated the role of ideation and visual feedback, and their interaction in movement control in the absence of somatosensory feedback, with the hypothesis that visual imagery and internal visual models may play a crucial role in performance even without feedback. Two chronically deafferented participants, GL and IW, circled bimanually two occluded cranks first without vision and then with hand-congruent and hand-incongruent visual feedback provided by visible flags. Without vision, GL was unable to circle the cranks. In contrast, IW performed spontaneously a symmetric pattern. Again without feedback, IW performed an instructed symmetric crank pattern well, but was unable to perform anti-phase cranking. With hand-congruent visual feedback, GL and IW were able to perform both symmetric and anti-phase movements, with symmetry being more accurate. Visual feedback during preceding trials made possible trials without visual feedback in GL and improved anti-phase trials in IW. Frequency-transformed incongruent visual feedback resulted in poor performance in part due to unsuitable hand-related strategies. However, IW improved in the latter task after detailed explanations of the condition. In conclusion, we suggest that both participants use visual imagery and visual forward models to control their hand movements. Visual updating of the forward model also improves performance with no vision. In addition, IW seemed to have been able to move from a focus on hand position to one on the transformed visual feedback to improve movement control in the incongruent feedback/movement condition.
It is a matter of much debate whether voluntary movement performance and learning takes place in ... more It is a matter of much debate whether voluntary movement performance and learning takes place in a perceptual-cognitive medium only or relies on an additional level of coordinative processes in the motor system. Here, I will argue in favor of the “perception and cognition only” working hypothesis, which says that there is no level or stage in human motor control where coherent muscular activity patterns are organized as such. Instead I propose that human movements are planned, executed, and stored in memory by addressing their anticipated perceptual consequences. Many factors including physical, biomechanical and neuro-muscular ones influence these consequences. However, the criteria ruling the coordinative action are those of the perceptual-cognitive system, in the first place. I present some experiments on bimanual interference whose outcome suggest that these phenomena are perceptual-conceptual in nature.
In bimanual coordination subjects typically show a spontaneous preference for movement symmetry. ... more In bimanual coordination subjects typically show a spontaneous preference for movement symmetry. While there is experimental evidence for the principle of muscle homology, recent evidence suggested that bimanual coordination may be mediated as perceptual goals (Mechsner et al., 2001). To explore this controversy we performed a fMRI study in 11 healthy, right-handed subjects using bimanual index finger abductions and adductions in a congruous condition, i.e. both palms down, and incongruous conditions with either the left or right palm up. Our fMRI data showed a widespread bihemispheric network mediating proprioceptive coordination of the two hands with significant differences mainly for a perceptual dissociation: in the incongruous conditions with the one palm up there was a BOLD signal increase in a bilateral frontoparietal network involving the motor and premotor cortical areas, particularly in the right palm-up condition. These results accord with the notion that perceptual cues play an important role in the control of bilateral hand movements.
The author argues that movements are planned, executed, and stored in memory as perceptible event... more The author argues that movements are planned, executed, and stored in memory as perceptible events, without regard to efferent patterns. Spontaneous bimanual coordination phenomena are hypothesized to originate on a perceptual-cognitive level, with the muscles automatically tuned in service to preferred perceptible movement properties. The perceptual-cognitive system is hypothesized to control skilled complex movements as well. In perceptual-cognitive control, the full potential of the perceptual-cognitive system could be exploited. Thus, movements could be enormously flexible, with a strong potential for improvisation and creativity. An effective representation might be organized in a surprisingly sparse and economic way. In sum, the author argues that a psychological approach is most promising as a possible unifying perspective for understanding human voluntary movements.
We thank the many thousand recorders who contributed to the atlas surveys and transect schemes. W... more We thank the many thousand recorders who contributed to the atlas surveys and transect schemes. We also thank W. Cramer for providing the spline surfaces used to interpolate the climate anomalies, and P. Mayhew for giving helpful advice on using CAIC.
Researchers studying the movements of the human body often encounter data measured in angles (e.g... more Researchers studying the movements of the human body often encounter data measured in angles (e.g., angular displacements of joints). The evaluation of these circular data requires special statistical methods. The authors introduce a new test for the analysis of order-constrained hypotheses for circular data. Through this test, researchers can evaluate their expectations regarding the outcome of an experiment directly by representing their ideas in the form of a hypothesis containing inequality constraints. The resulting data analysis is generally more powerful than one using standard null hypothesis testing. Two examples of circular data from human movement science are presented to illustrate the use of the test. Results from a simulation study show that the test performs well.
Anticipation has recently been rediscovered by psychologists as a fundamental aspect of human cog... more Anticipation has recently been rediscovered by psychologists as a fundamental aspect of human cognitive–motoric activity. Cognitive anticipation is connected to goal directedness and purposefulness of mental activity. Humans perceive and cogitate in service of goals and purposes, i.e. in an action-related and action-relevant way that gives special status to goals and anticipation. With this in mind, I suggest that there
This study uses the example of the tennis serve to investigate the nature and role of long-term m... more This study uses the example of the tennis serve to investigate the nature and role of long-term memory in skilled athletic performance. Information processing linked with complex movements has always been notoriously difficult to investigate. However, a new experimental method revealed that athletic expertise was characterized by well-integrated networks of so-called basic action concepts (BACs) that each corresponded to functionally meaningful submovements. In high-level experts, these representational frameworks were organized in a distinctive hierarchical tree-like structure, were remarkably similar between individuals and were well matched with the functional and biomechanical demands of the task. In comparison, action representations in low-level players and nonplayers were organized less hierarchically, were more variable between persons and were less well matched with functional and biomechanical demands. It is concluded that, in concert with situational goals and constraints, movement representations of this kind in long-term memory might provide the basis for action control in skilled voluntary movements in the form of suitably organized perceptual-cognitive reference structures.
The present study investigated the role of ideation and visual feedback, and their interaction in... more The present study investigated the role of ideation and visual feedback, and their interaction in movement control in the absence of somatosensory feedback, with the hypothesis that visual imagery and internal visual models may play a crucial role in performance even without feedback. Two chronically deafferented participants, GL and IW, circled bimanually two occluded cranks first without vision and then with hand-congruent and hand-incongruent visual feedback provided by visible flags. Without vision, GL was unable to circle the cranks. In contrast, IW performed spontaneously a symmetric pattern. Again without feedback, IW performed an instructed symmetric crank pattern well, but was unable to perform anti-phase cranking. With hand-congruent visual feedback, GL and IW were able to perform both symmetric and anti-phase movements, with symmetry being more accurate. Visual feedback during preceding trials made possible trials without visual feedback in GL and improved anti-phase trials in IW. Frequency-transformed incongruent visual feedback resulted in poor performance in part due to unsuitable hand-related strategies. However, IW improved in the latter task after detailed explanations of the condition. In conclusion, we suggest that both participants use visual imagery and visual forward models to control their hand movements. Visual updating of the forward model also improves performance with no vision. In addition, IW seemed to have been able to move from a focus on hand position to one on the transformed visual feedback to improve movement control in the incongruent feedback/movement condition.
It is a matter of much debate whether voluntary movement performance and learning takes place in ... more It is a matter of much debate whether voluntary movement performance and learning takes place in a perceptual-cognitive medium only or relies on an additional level of coordinative processes in the motor system. Here, I will argue in favor of the “perception and cognition only” working hypothesis, which says that there is no level or stage in human motor control where coherent muscular activity patterns are organized as such. Instead I propose that human movements are planned, executed, and stored in memory by addressing their anticipated perceptual consequences. Many factors including physical, biomechanical and neuro-muscular ones influence these consequences. However, the criteria ruling the coordinative action are those of the perceptual-cognitive system, in the first place. I present some experiments on bimanual interference whose outcome suggest that these phenomena are perceptual-conceptual in nature.
In bimanual coordination subjects typically show a spontaneous preference for movement symmetry. ... more In bimanual coordination subjects typically show a spontaneous preference for movement symmetry. While there is experimental evidence for the principle of muscle homology, recent evidence suggested that bimanual coordination may be mediated as perceptual goals (Mechsner et al., 2001). To explore this controversy we performed a fMRI study in 11 healthy, right-handed subjects using bimanual index finger abductions and adductions in a congruous condition, i.e. both palms down, and incongruous conditions with either the left or right palm up. Our fMRI data showed a widespread bihemispheric network mediating proprioceptive coordination of the two hands with significant differences mainly for a perceptual dissociation: in the incongruous conditions with the one palm up there was a BOLD signal increase in a bilateral frontoparietal network involving the motor and premotor cortical areas, particularly in the right palm-up condition. These results accord with the notion that perceptual cues play an important role in the control of bilateral hand movements.
The author argues that movements are planned, executed, and stored in memory as perceptible event... more The author argues that movements are planned, executed, and stored in memory as perceptible events, without regard to efferent patterns. Spontaneous bimanual coordination phenomena are hypothesized to originate on a perceptual-cognitive level, with the muscles automatically tuned in service to preferred perceptible movement properties. The perceptual-cognitive system is hypothesized to control skilled complex movements as well. In perceptual-cognitive control, the full potential of the perceptual-cognitive system could be exploited. Thus, movements could be enormously flexible, with a strong potential for improvisation and creativity. An effective representation might be organized in a surprisingly sparse and economic way. In sum, the author argues that a psychological approach is most promising as a possible unifying perspective for understanding human voluntary movements.
We thank the many thousand recorders who contributed to the atlas surveys and transect schemes. W... more We thank the many thousand recorders who contributed to the atlas surveys and transect schemes. We also thank W. Cramer for providing the spline surfaces used to interpolate the climate anomalies, and P. Mayhew for giving helpful advice on using CAIC.
In past decades, the subject atmosphere and mood has gone beyond the physio-meteorological and ps... more In past decades, the subject atmosphere and mood has gone beyond the physio-meteorological and psychological scopes and become a new direction of aesthetics which concerns two sides of the same phenomenon. As the primary sensuous reality constructed by both the perceiving subject and the perceived object, atmosphere and mood are neither a purely subjective state nor an objective thing. Atmosphere is essentially a quasi-object pervaded by a specific affective quality and a ubiquitous phenomenon forming the foundation of our outer life experiences, while mood is a quasi-subject pervaded by specific objective quality and thus a ubiquitous phenomenon forming the foundation of our inner life experiences. A practical dimension is thereby, from the outset, embedded in the consideration of both concepts. This is mainly characterized by actions and, correspondingly, ethical aspects, which concern the design and creation of atmosphere and thus the triggering of mood through works of art. Here, on the one hand, the process of artistic formation, long neglected in the European tradition, is given prominence as an aesthetic practice, and on the other hand, an interactive dialogue is effectively established between the artist, the work and the viewer. Due to the fact that atmosphere and mood, both as in-between, emphasize the interaction of the perceiver and the perceived from two sides, here the decisive question is: in what kind of environment do we live or participate and in what way do we experience it? The focus of aesthetics is now not on the conventional issue whether the environment is beautiful or gives us a sense of beauty, but on how the environment influences our feeling of being there (Befinden) through our own sensuality. Such an approach would contribute to a critical transformation in aesthetic methodology, namely from the ontological and/or epistemological what to the phenomenological and anthropological how. The tension between atmosphere and mood, as revealed here, opens up a large space for exploring a new understanding of aesthetics. On this basis the special issue pursued to diversify this discussion on an international level.
ARTICLES
8 Martina Sauer und Zhuofei Wang – Introduction
11 Zhuofei Wang – An Interview with Gernot Böhme
19 Elisabeth Neumann – Being Scared and Scaring Oneself in Video Games: The “Atmosfearic” Aesthetics of Amnesia: Rebirth
41 Paulo Gajanigo – The Mood for Democracy in Brazil: Controlling the Public Atmosphere During the Transitional Period 1974 – 1985
59 Zhuofei Wang – At Atmosphere and Moodmospheric Experience: Fusion of Corporeality, Spirituality and Culturality
77 Juan Albert and Lin Chen – Working with Atmospheres to Improve our Planet’s Mood
95 Andreas Rauh – Aesthetic Interest and Affectability
107 Katharina Brichetti and Franz Mechsner – Healing Atmospheres: A Design Based Study
127 Giada Lombardi, Martina Sauer, and Giuseppe Di Cesare – An Affective Perception: How “Vitality Forms” Influence our Mood
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Papers by Franz Mechsner
The tension between atmosphere and mood, as revealed here, opens up a large space for exploring a new understanding of aesthetics. On this basis the special issue pursued to diversify this discussion on an international level.
ARTICLES
8 Martina Sauer und Zhuofei Wang – Introduction
11 Zhuofei Wang – An Interview with Gernot Böhme
19 Elisabeth Neumann – Being Scared and Scaring Oneself in Video Games: The “Atmosfearic” Aesthetics of Amnesia: Rebirth
41 Paulo Gajanigo – The Mood for Democracy in Brazil: Controlling the Public Atmosphere During the Transitional Period 1974 – 1985
59 Zhuofei Wang – At Atmosphere and Moodmospheric Experience: Fusion of Corporeality, Spirituality and Culturality
77 Juan Albert and Lin Chen – Working with Atmospheres to Improve our Planet’s Mood
95 Andreas Rauh – Aesthetic Interest and Affectability
107 Katharina Brichetti and Franz Mechsner – Healing Atmospheres: A Design Based Study
127 Giada Lombardi, Martina Sauer, and Giuseppe Di Cesare – An Affective Perception: How “Vitality Forms” Influence our Mood