Zusammenfassung. Zoonosen sind Erkrankungen, die naturgemäß zwischen Tier und Mensch übertragen w... more Zusammenfassung. Zoonosen sind Erkrankungen, die naturgemäß zwischen Tier und Mensch übertragen werden können. Die Kontrolle von Lebensmittel-relevanten Zoonosen innerhalb der Europäischen Union ist eine Grundvoraussetzung für die Sicherheit im internen Handel und repräsentiert demnach einen wichtigen Baustein in der politischen Agenda. Bedauerlicherweise war bis vor Kurzem das Schaffen eines klaren Überblicks über das derzeitige Vorkommen von durch Lebensmittel verursachten Zoonosen und die Prävalenz der diese hervorrufenden Agentien wegen des Fehlens von verlässlichen Überwachungs-und Dokumentationsprogrammen beeinträchtigt. Gleichzeitig wurde deutlich, dass europaweit nur begrenzter Erfolg in Hinsicht auf die Kontrolle wichtiger durch Lebensmittel übertragener Erreger wie Salmonella spp. verzeichnet werden. Die Europäische Union hat eine Gesetzgebung verabschiedet, die diese Situation beheben und die Kontrolle von durch Lebensmittel übertragenen Zoonosen in der Primärproduktion gewährleisten soll. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert die Anreize zur Einführung der EU-Richtlinie RL 2003/99/EG und EU-Verordnung VO (EG) 2160/2003, fasst ihre Kernaussagen zusammen und erörtert die Hauptauswirkungen beider Gesetzestexte auf die Prävention von durch Lebensmittel übertragenen Zoonosen. Schlussfolgernd gibt es in Bezug auf die humane Salmonellose einen Grund für vorsichtigen Optimismus, für andere durch Lebensmittel verursachte Zoonosen besteht jedenfalls noch Handlungsbedarf. Summary. Zoonoses are diseases that are transmitted naturally between animals and humans. The control of food-borne zoonoses within the European Union is a prerequisite for assuring a functional internal market and consequently represents an important item on the political agenda. Unfortunately, until recently, gaining a clear view of the current incidence of food-borne zoonoses and the prevalence of its causative agents has been frustrated by the absence of reliable monitoring and reporting systems. Similarly, it has become clear that, Europe wide, one has witnessed only limited success with regard to the control of important food-borne agents such as Salmonella spp. The European Union has adopted legislation to remedy this situation and to control food-borne zoonoses in primary production. This contribution discusses the incentives for introducing EU Directive 2003/99/EC and EU Regulation No. 2160/2003, summarises their essentials and discusses major ramifications of both pieces of legislation for the prevention of food-borne zoonoses. It is concluded that there is reason for cautious optimism concerning human salmonellosis, while for other food-borne zoonoses there should be a call for action.
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. In ... more The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. In accordance with Article 36 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, this task has been carried out exclusively by the authors in the context of a grant agreement between the European Food Safety Authority and the authors. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the European Food Safety Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by EFSA. EFSA reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 01652176 2011 585797, May 25, 2011
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important agents of zoonotic disease. Production as well ... more Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important agents of zoonotic disease. Production as well as companion animals can be the infectious source for Campylobacteriosis in humans. Hence, epidemiological research on animal colonization, survival in food of animal origin, and human Campylobacteriosis is of high priority. As such studies involve worldwide co-operations and should include further typing of isolates in reference centers, using a reliable method for transportation is essential. In the case of C. jejuni, a pathogenic and microaerophilic bacterium, special safety precautions as well as particular transport conditions that guarantee survival of isolates are required. The purpose of this study was to test various media and temperatures for the transportation of C. jejuni under aerobic conditions and to identify a cheap, effective and easy method that is appropriate for long distance transportation and can be applied by most veterinary/medical laboratories with a basic infrastructure. We examined Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar with and w/o 2% horse blood and m-CCDA at room temperature and 2 ± 2 (SD)°C under atmospheric conditions for survival of Campylobacter strains. MH agar with 2% horse blood, suitable transport vials, and an optimum temperature of 2 ± 2°C provided survival of three Campylobacter type strains for at least one month under atmospheric conditions. This was validated by a transport test in which 101 isolates were shipped from Turkey to Austria. All isolates could be recultured and 97% survived more than one month in the transport medium. These findings indicate that the described approach is suitable for inter-laboratory transport of C. jejuni isolates.
Although many animal diseases have been eradicated from the European Union (EU), the animal produ... more Although many animal diseases have been eradicated from the European Union (EU), the animal production sectors in the EU are still under a major threat of disease pathogens introduced by travellers into a country through illegal importation of wildlife or production animals, and/or food products of animal origin. These may carry (exotic) pathogens or toxic metabolites that are hazardous for public health and have a zoonotic potential. According to experts, newly emerging diseases will most probably be zoonotic in nature. The control systems and inspection measures at the borders are, in general, sufficient to control the import of disease pathogens through commercial consignments, as regularly reported by the Food and Veterinary Office (FVO). The Schengen Agreement in the EU has pushed such inspections to the outer borders of the EU in the context of freedom of movement of 'goods' - including live animals and foods of animal origin - people and services within the EU (Treaty of Rome). However, it is questionable whether this policy and the inspection measures taken are effective in reducing public and animal health risks in the EU to an acceptable level. Risk assessment studies point to the potential dangers of illegal imports by travellers. This review article discusses the current status quo and more, in particular, the weaknesses of the current inspection procedures related to biosecurity and suggestions for improvement are made.
This article reports the initial results of thermal processor reliability testing. The thermal cy... more This article reports the initial results of thermal processor reliability testing. The thermal cycler is a prerequisite for reliable amplification because it enables the automatic performance of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (in food testing), therefore guaranteeing ...
A real-time PCR method for fast comparison of different DNA isolation methods to remove PCR inhib... more A real-time PCR method for fast comparison of different DNA isolation methods to remove PCR inhibitors from samples is presented. A fixed amount of target-200 copies of a 79-bp region of the COCH gene of the zebrafish (Danio rerio)-was added to each PCR reaction together with isolated DNA from different types of samples including chicken feces. Four commercial DNA isolation kits and a chelex-based technique were compared using this method. The copy numbers calculated and the endpoint fluorescence were statistically compared to the values of 22 control samples containing the control target and water instead of isolated DNA, processed together in the same PCR run. The level of the endpoint fluorescence was more often negatively influenced by inhibitors than the copy number calculated, suggesting a more pronounced effect on the plateau phase of the reaction by limiting one or more compounds in the PCR reaction. r
Meat is considered a major source of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Assessing the risks for publi... more Meat is considered a major source of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Assessing the risks for public health of meat consumption is achieved by "Risk Analysis"-a concept firmly established on a global level -so as to ensure the level of consumer protection as stipulated by international trade agreements. Risk analysis identifies and characterizes potential hazards, which allows estimating the associated risks, provided reliable data on consumer exposure are available. The latter varies by geographical region and associated differences in culture and socio-economic position of the consumer. This paper is dedicated to assessing the exposure of the Turkish population to bacterial hazards resulting from consumption of typical traditional meat dishes. It reviews current data on meat consumption in different regions of Turkey, on the basis of which seven typical preparations and consumption scenarios are identified. Major demographic and socio-economic differences along Turkey`s east-west axis were identified, such as the degree of urbanization, consumers' age, household size, preferred meat animal species, frequency and volumes of meat consumption, and preparation techniques. Considering all these variables allowed a differentiated and reliable assessment of consumers' exposure to biological hazards. This information is essential for greater accuracy in estimating the public health risks associated with various meat-borne hazards in this country.
Antimicrobial resistance in microbes poses a global and increasing threat to public health. The h... more Antimicrobial resistance in microbes poses a global and increasing threat to public health. The horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes was thought to be due largely to conjugative plasmids or transposons, with only a minor part being played by transduction through bacteriophages. However, whole-genome sequencing has recently shown that the latter mechanism could be highly important in the exchange of antimicrobial resistance genes between microorganisms and environments. The transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes by phages could underlie the origin of resistant bacteria found in food. We show that chicken meat carries a number of phages capable of transferring antimicrobial resistance. Of 243 phages randomly isolated from chicken meat, about a quarter (24.7%) were able to transduce resistance to one or more of the five antimicrobials tested into Escherichia coli ATCC 13706 (DSM 12242). Resistance to kanamycin was transduced the most often, followed by that to chloramphenicol, with four phages transducing tetracycline resistance and three transducing ampicillin resistance. Phages able to transduce antimicrobial resistance were isolated from 44% of the samples of chicken meat that we tested. The statistically significant (P = 0.01) relationship between the presence of phages transducing kanamycin resistance and E. coli isolates resistant to this antibiotic suggests that transduction may be an important mechanism for transferring kanamycin resistance to E. coli. It appears that the transduction of resistance to certain antimicrobials, e.g., kanamycin, not only is widely distributed in E. coli isolates found on meat but also could represent a major mechanism for resistance transfer. The result is of high importance for animal and human health.
Het boek benadrukt naast alle aandacht die er is voor 'wat' dat geleerd moet worden,voora... more Het boek benadrukt naast alle aandacht die er is voor 'wat' dat geleerd moet worden,vooral het 'hoe'van het leren in het beroepsonderwijs. Samenwerkend leren,zelfstandig leren,loopbaanleren en professioneel leren vormen de voorwaarden voor succesvol leren in het beroepsonderwijs.
We investigated the influence of lactic acid treatment of pheasant meat before vacuum-packaged st... more We investigated the influence of lactic acid treatment of pheasant meat before vacuum-packaged storage of 3, 7, and 10 d at +6°C on microbiota and pH. Breast muscle samples were collected from carcasses of slaughtered as well as from hunted (shot) wild pheasants. Immersion of meat samples in 3% (wt/wt) lactic acid for 60 s effectuated a significant drop in pH of approximately 0.5 to 0.7 units, which remained during the entire storage period. In parallel, total aerobic counts of such treated and stored samples were on an average 1.5 to 1.7 log units lower than in non-acid-treated samples. Similar results were found for Enterobacteriaceae. A significant decrease in pH was measured at d 7 and 10 in the acid-treated samples in comparison with the untreated ones. In summary, the immersion of pheasant breast meat cuts in dilute lactic acid significantly reduced microbiota during vacuum-packed storage, even at slight temperature abuse conditions.
Bundel met artikelen gericht op het (voorbereidend) beroepsonder-wijs.Thema's waarop ingegaan... more Bundel met artikelen gericht op het (voorbereidend) beroepsonder-wijs.Thema's waarop ingegaan wordt zijn schoolloopbaanbegeleiding, didactische vernieuwing, leerlin-genzorg,competentiegericht leren,lerarenopleiding
... Peter Hofbauer and Frans JM Smulders Cross, HR, Bernholdt, HF, Dikeman, ME, Greene, BE, Moody... more ... Peter Hofbauer and Frans JM Smulders Cross, HR, Bernholdt, HF, Dikeman, ME, Greene, BE, Moody, WG, Staggs, R. and West, RL, 1978. Guidelines for the Cookery and Sensory Evaluation of Meat. ... Meat Sci. 47, 323-329. Eikelenboom, G. and Smulders, FJM, 1986. ...
Zusammenfassung. Zoonosen sind Erkrankungen, die naturgemäß zwischen Tier und Mensch übertragen w... more Zusammenfassung. Zoonosen sind Erkrankungen, die naturgemäß zwischen Tier und Mensch übertragen werden können. Die Kontrolle von Lebensmittel-relevanten Zoonosen innerhalb der Europäischen Union ist eine Grundvoraussetzung für die Sicherheit im internen Handel und repräsentiert demnach einen wichtigen Baustein in der politischen Agenda. Bedauerlicherweise war bis vor Kurzem das Schaffen eines klaren Überblicks über das derzeitige Vorkommen von durch Lebensmittel verursachten Zoonosen und die Prävalenz der diese hervorrufenden Agentien wegen des Fehlens von verlässlichen Überwachungs-und Dokumentationsprogrammen beeinträchtigt. Gleichzeitig wurde deutlich, dass europaweit nur begrenzter Erfolg in Hinsicht auf die Kontrolle wichtiger durch Lebensmittel übertragener Erreger wie Salmonella spp. verzeichnet werden. Die Europäische Union hat eine Gesetzgebung verabschiedet, die diese Situation beheben und die Kontrolle von durch Lebensmittel übertragenen Zoonosen in der Primärproduktion gewährleisten soll. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert die Anreize zur Einführung der EU-Richtlinie RL 2003/99/EG und EU-Verordnung VO (EG) 2160/2003, fasst ihre Kernaussagen zusammen und erörtert die Hauptauswirkungen beider Gesetzestexte auf die Prävention von durch Lebensmittel übertragenen Zoonosen. Schlussfolgernd gibt es in Bezug auf die humane Salmonellose einen Grund für vorsichtigen Optimismus, für andere durch Lebensmittel verursachte Zoonosen besteht jedenfalls noch Handlungsbedarf. Summary. Zoonoses are diseases that are transmitted naturally between animals and humans. The control of food-borne zoonoses within the European Union is a prerequisite for assuring a functional internal market and consequently represents an important item on the political agenda. Unfortunately, until recently, gaining a clear view of the current incidence of food-borne zoonoses and the prevalence of its causative agents has been frustrated by the absence of reliable monitoring and reporting systems. Similarly, it has become clear that, Europe wide, one has witnessed only limited success with regard to the control of important food-borne agents such as Salmonella spp. The European Union has adopted legislation to remedy this situation and to control food-borne zoonoses in primary production. This contribution discusses the incentives for introducing EU Directive 2003/99/EC and EU Regulation No. 2160/2003, summarises their essentials and discusses major ramifications of both pieces of legislation for the prevention of food-borne zoonoses. It is concluded that there is reason for cautious optimism concerning human salmonellosis, while for other food-borne zoonoses there should be a call for action.
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. In ... more The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. In accordance with Article 36 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, this task has been carried out exclusively by the authors in the context of a grant agreement between the European Food Safety Authority and the authors. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the European Food Safety Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by EFSA. EFSA reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 01652176 2011 585797, May 25, 2011
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important agents of zoonotic disease. Production as well ... more Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important agents of zoonotic disease. Production as well as companion animals can be the infectious source for Campylobacteriosis in humans. Hence, epidemiological research on animal colonization, survival in food of animal origin, and human Campylobacteriosis is of high priority. As such studies involve worldwide co-operations and should include further typing of isolates in reference centers, using a reliable method for transportation is essential. In the case of C. jejuni, a pathogenic and microaerophilic bacterium, special safety precautions as well as particular transport conditions that guarantee survival of isolates are required. The purpose of this study was to test various media and temperatures for the transportation of C. jejuni under aerobic conditions and to identify a cheap, effective and easy method that is appropriate for long distance transportation and can be applied by most veterinary/medical laboratories with a basic infrastructure. We examined Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar with and w/o 2% horse blood and m-CCDA at room temperature and 2 ± 2 (SD)°C under atmospheric conditions for survival of Campylobacter strains. MH agar with 2% horse blood, suitable transport vials, and an optimum temperature of 2 ± 2°C provided survival of three Campylobacter type strains for at least one month under atmospheric conditions. This was validated by a transport test in which 101 isolates were shipped from Turkey to Austria. All isolates could be recultured and 97% survived more than one month in the transport medium. These findings indicate that the described approach is suitable for inter-laboratory transport of C. jejuni isolates.
Although many animal diseases have been eradicated from the European Union (EU), the animal produ... more Although many animal diseases have been eradicated from the European Union (EU), the animal production sectors in the EU are still under a major threat of disease pathogens introduced by travellers into a country through illegal importation of wildlife or production animals, and/or food products of animal origin. These may carry (exotic) pathogens or toxic metabolites that are hazardous for public health and have a zoonotic potential. According to experts, newly emerging diseases will most probably be zoonotic in nature. The control systems and inspection measures at the borders are, in general, sufficient to control the import of disease pathogens through commercial consignments, as regularly reported by the Food and Veterinary Office (FVO). The Schengen Agreement in the EU has pushed such inspections to the outer borders of the EU in the context of freedom of movement of 'goods' - including live animals and foods of animal origin - people and services within the EU (Treaty of Rome). However, it is questionable whether this policy and the inspection measures taken are effective in reducing public and animal health risks in the EU to an acceptable level. Risk assessment studies point to the potential dangers of illegal imports by travellers. This review article discusses the current status quo and more, in particular, the weaknesses of the current inspection procedures related to biosecurity and suggestions for improvement are made.
This article reports the initial results of thermal processor reliability testing. The thermal cy... more This article reports the initial results of thermal processor reliability testing. The thermal cycler is a prerequisite for reliable amplification because it enables the automatic performance of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (in food testing), therefore guaranteeing ...
A real-time PCR method for fast comparison of different DNA isolation methods to remove PCR inhib... more A real-time PCR method for fast comparison of different DNA isolation methods to remove PCR inhibitors from samples is presented. A fixed amount of target-200 copies of a 79-bp region of the COCH gene of the zebrafish (Danio rerio)-was added to each PCR reaction together with isolated DNA from different types of samples including chicken feces. Four commercial DNA isolation kits and a chelex-based technique were compared using this method. The copy numbers calculated and the endpoint fluorescence were statistically compared to the values of 22 control samples containing the control target and water instead of isolated DNA, processed together in the same PCR run. The level of the endpoint fluorescence was more often negatively influenced by inhibitors than the copy number calculated, suggesting a more pronounced effect on the plateau phase of the reaction by limiting one or more compounds in the PCR reaction. r
Meat is considered a major source of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Assessing the risks for publi... more Meat is considered a major source of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Assessing the risks for public health of meat consumption is achieved by "Risk Analysis"-a concept firmly established on a global level -so as to ensure the level of consumer protection as stipulated by international trade agreements. Risk analysis identifies and characterizes potential hazards, which allows estimating the associated risks, provided reliable data on consumer exposure are available. The latter varies by geographical region and associated differences in culture and socio-economic position of the consumer. This paper is dedicated to assessing the exposure of the Turkish population to bacterial hazards resulting from consumption of typical traditional meat dishes. It reviews current data on meat consumption in different regions of Turkey, on the basis of which seven typical preparations and consumption scenarios are identified. Major demographic and socio-economic differences along Turkey`s east-west axis were identified, such as the degree of urbanization, consumers' age, household size, preferred meat animal species, frequency and volumes of meat consumption, and preparation techniques. Considering all these variables allowed a differentiated and reliable assessment of consumers' exposure to biological hazards. This information is essential for greater accuracy in estimating the public health risks associated with various meat-borne hazards in this country.
Antimicrobial resistance in microbes poses a global and increasing threat to public health. The h... more Antimicrobial resistance in microbes poses a global and increasing threat to public health. The horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes was thought to be due largely to conjugative plasmids or transposons, with only a minor part being played by transduction through bacteriophages. However, whole-genome sequencing has recently shown that the latter mechanism could be highly important in the exchange of antimicrobial resistance genes between microorganisms and environments. The transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes by phages could underlie the origin of resistant bacteria found in food. We show that chicken meat carries a number of phages capable of transferring antimicrobial resistance. Of 243 phages randomly isolated from chicken meat, about a quarter (24.7%) were able to transduce resistance to one or more of the five antimicrobials tested into Escherichia coli ATCC 13706 (DSM 12242). Resistance to kanamycin was transduced the most often, followed by that to chloramphenicol, with four phages transducing tetracycline resistance and three transducing ampicillin resistance. Phages able to transduce antimicrobial resistance were isolated from 44% of the samples of chicken meat that we tested. The statistically significant (P = 0.01) relationship between the presence of phages transducing kanamycin resistance and E. coli isolates resistant to this antibiotic suggests that transduction may be an important mechanism for transferring kanamycin resistance to E. coli. It appears that the transduction of resistance to certain antimicrobials, e.g., kanamycin, not only is widely distributed in E. coli isolates found on meat but also could represent a major mechanism for resistance transfer. The result is of high importance for animal and human health.
Het boek benadrukt naast alle aandacht die er is voor 'wat' dat geleerd moet worden,voora... more Het boek benadrukt naast alle aandacht die er is voor 'wat' dat geleerd moet worden,vooral het 'hoe'van het leren in het beroepsonderwijs. Samenwerkend leren,zelfstandig leren,loopbaanleren en professioneel leren vormen de voorwaarden voor succesvol leren in het beroepsonderwijs.
We investigated the influence of lactic acid treatment of pheasant meat before vacuum-packaged st... more We investigated the influence of lactic acid treatment of pheasant meat before vacuum-packaged storage of 3, 7, and 10 d at +6°C on microbiota and pH. Breast muscle samples were collected from carcasses of slaughtered as well as from hunted (shot) wild pheasants. Immersion of meat samples in 3% (wt/wt) lactic acid for 60 s effectuated a significant drop in pH of approximately 0.5 to 0.7 units, which remained during the entire storage period. In parallel, total aerobic counts of such treated and stored samples were on an average 1.5 to 1.7 log units lower than in non-acid-treated samples. Similar results were found for Enterobacteriaceae. A significant decrease in pH was measured at d 7 and 10 in the acid-treated samples in comparison with the untreated ones. In summary, the immersion of pheasant breast meat cuts in dilute lactic acid significantly reduced microbiota during vacuum-packed storage, even at slight temperature abuse conditions.
Bundel met artikelen gericht op het (voorbereidend) beroepsonder-wijs.Thema's waarop ingegaan... more Bundel met artikelen gericht op het (voorbereidend) beroepsonder-wijs.Thema's waarop ingegaan wordt zijn schoolloopbaanbegeleiding, didactische vernieuwing, leerlin-genzorg,competentiegericht leren,lerarenopleiding
... Peter Hofbauer and Frans JM Smulders Cross, HR, Bernholdt, HF, Dikeman, ME, Greene, BE, Moody... more ... Peter Hofbauer and Frans JM Smulders Cross, HR, Bernholdt, HF, Dikeman, ME, Greene, BE, Moody, WG, Staggs, R. and West, RL, 1978. Guidelines for the Cookery and Sensory Evaluation of Meat. ... Meat Sci. 47, 323-329. Eikelenboom, G. and Smulders, FJM, 1986. ...
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