Chaque année, une part significative des dépenses gouvernementales est consacrée au sport de nive... more Chaque année, une part significative des dépenses gouvernementales est consacrée au sport de niveau professionnel ou amateur. Certains analystes affirment que ces investissements contribuent fortement au succès d’un pays aux Jeux olympiques (JO). Nous présentons une analyse économétrique du nombre de médailles obtenues aux JO. Nous introduisons l’investissement public en sport comme facteur potentiellement important du nombre de médailles remportées par un pays, en prenant soin de contrôler pour l’hétérogénéité inobservable des pays participants aux JO. Nous présentons, à notre connaissance, la première modélisation du succès olympique utilisant des spécifications de comptage (count data model) en panel estimées à l’aide de variables instrumentales et captant les caractéristiques individuelles et invariantes des nations. Selon les spécifications du modèle retenues, un pays aux caractéristiques moyennes aurait dû accroître son investissement de 72 à 94 millions de dollars, ceteris pa...
Does Temporary Interruption in Postsecondary Education Induce a Wage Penalty? Evidence from Canad... more Does Temporary Interruption in Postsecondary Education Induce a Wage Penalty? Evidence from Canada * Data from the Youth in Transition Survey reveal that almost 40% of Canadian youth who left post-secondary education in 1999 had returned two years later. This paper investigates the extent to which schooling discontinuities affect post-graduation starting real wages and whether the latter are differently influenced by the reasons behind these discontinuities. We analyse this issue using data from the 2007 National Graduate Survey. We take covariates endogeneity into account using Lewbel's (2012) generated instrument approach. The source of identification is a heteroscedastic covariance restriction of the error terms that is a feature of many models of endogeneity. To allow for individual heterogeneity in the causal effect of various reasons for schooling interruption, we also provide results from two-stage quantile regressions using Lewbel's generated instruments. Conditional on the levels of schooling and experience, we find a positive effect on wages of temporary schooling interruption for men who had held a full-time job during their out-of-school spell(s). Both men and women witness a wage decrease if their interruption is associated with health issues. Women also bear a wage penalty if their interruption is due to a part-time job, to lack of money, or is caused by reasons other than health, work, and money.
The collective household model is based upon the assumption that decision makers have achieved ef... more The collective household model is based upon the assumption that decision makers have achieved efficient outcomes. This paradigm, which has become one of the leading approaches in family economics, is seldom, if ever, rejected, raising doubt about its falsifiability. We show that the standard approach to test the collective model may yield misleading inferences. We develop a new test procedure to assess its validity. Our approach extends to households that potentially include more than two decision makers. We provide an informal meta-analysis that suggests that much of the evidence in favor of collective rationality in the empirical literature appears to be inconsistent with our test. We illustrate the latter using data from a survey we have conducted in Burkina Faso. Consumption efficiency within monogamous households is not rejected using the standard testing procedure while it is clearly rejected using our proposed test procedure. Furthermore, our test also rejects consumption efficiency for bigamous households. We conclude that intrahousehold efficiency does yield empirically falsifiable restrictions despite being scarcely rejected in the literature.
Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research pu... more Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
This paper uses a major reform of the welfare program implemented in the Province of Quebec (Cana... more This paper uses a major reform of the welfare program implemented in the Province of Quebec (Canada) in 1989 to analyze the impact of benefits on the length of welfare spells. An important feature of this reform was the abolishment of discrimination based on age that applied to ...
UN TEST DE RATIONALITÉ COLLECTIVE SUR DES MÉNAGES BIGAMES AU BURKINA FASO Anyck Dauphin1 Bernard ... more UN TEST DE RATIONALITÉ COLLECTIVE SUR DES MÉNAGES BIGAMES AU BURKINA FASO Anyck Dauphin1 Bernard Fortin2 Guy Lacroix3 Quelle est l'unité de décision de base dans la théorie du consomma-teur? Est-ce l'individu ou la famille? Voilà la question que se posa ...
If individuals tend to behave like their peers, is it because of conformity, that is, the prefere... more If individuals tend to behave like their peers, is it because of conformity, that is, the preference of people to align behavior with the behavior of their peers; homophily, that is, the tendency of people to bond with similar others; or both? We address this question in the context of an ethical dilemma. Using a peer effect model allowing for homophily, we designed a real-effort laboratory experiment in which individuals could misreport their performance to earn more. Our results reveal a preference for conformity and for homophily in the selection of peers, but only among participants who were cheating in isolation. The size of peer effects is similar when identical peers were randomly assigned and when they were selected by individuals. We thus jointly reject the presence of a self-selection bias in the peer effect estimates and of a link strength effect.
Nous estimons les effets de pairs et le multiplicateur social dans la decision des entreprises de... more Nous estimons les effets de pairs et le multiplicateur social dans la decision des entreprises de s'adonner a la fraude sociale (cotisations de securite sociale non declarees et dissimulation de salaries). Les donnees proviennent d'une enquete menee pour 2009 par l'Agence centrale des organismes de securite sociale (Acoss) sur 4 241 entreprises du commerce de detail non-alimentaire en France. A partir du plan d'echantillonnage de l'enquete, les inspecteurs de l'Acoss ont controle de maniere aleatoire des commerces a travers toutes les regions du territoire en proportion de l'activite dans chacune des regions. L'approche theorique se fonde sur un modele lineaire-en-moyenne. Nous supposons en outre que les entreprises interagissent en groupe dans leur decision de pratiquer la fraude sociale. Plusieurs definitions de groupe (selon l'espace geographique et le type d'entreprise) sont considerees. Deux approches econometriques sont analysees : la me...
Le gouvernement federal a annonce dans son dernier budget son intention de reporter l'âge d&#... more Le gouvernement federal a annonce dans son dernier budget son intention de reporter l'âge d'admissibilite aux prestations de la Securite de la Vieillesse et de Supplement de Revenu Garanti de 65 a 67 ans. A terme (c'est-a-dire, en 2030), ce report devrait augmenter les revenus nets du gouvernement federal de 6,9 milliards de dollars (en dollars constants de 2012), mais diminuer de 620 millions de dollars ceux des provinces. A comportement de travail et d'epargne constant, ce report devrait aussi hausser de 6 % a 17 % le taux de faible revenu des individus de 65 et 66 ans. Des reformes alternatives de la Securite de la Vieillesse pourraient permettre d'obtenir des effets semblables en termes de finances publiques sans entrainer pour autant de tels impacts sur les taux de faible revenu des aines.
Anyck Dauphin : Université du Québec en Outaouais and CDESG, [email protected] Bernard Fortin ... more Anyck Dauphin : Université du Québec en Outaouais and CDESG, [email protected] Bernard Fortin : Department of economics, Université Laval, CRREP and CIRANO, [email protected] Guy Lacroix : Department of economics, Université Laval, CRREP and CIRANO, [email protected] Collective rationality is seldom if ever rejected in the literature, raising doubt about its falsifiability. We show that the standard approach to test the collective model with distribution factors may yield misleading inference. We develop a new test procedure to assess its validity. Our approach extends to households that potentially include more than two decision-makers (e.g., polygamous households, adult children). We provide a brief and informal meta-analysis that suggests that much of the evidence in favour of collective rationality in the empirical literature appears to be inconsistent with our test. We illustrate the latter using data from a survey we have conducted in Burkina Faso. Collec...
This paper provides evidence that workers' compensation (WC) and unemployment insurance (UI)c... more This paper provides evidence that workers' compensation (WC) and unemployment insurance (UI)could affect not only the occurence of workplace accident claims, but also the composition of these reported accidents. Our theoretical framework predicts that, under plausible assumptions, an increase in the wage replacement ratio under WC (or a decrease in the UI wage replacement ratio) leads to a larger increase in the probability of reporting a difficult-to-diagnose injury than in the probability of reporting an easy-to-diagnose injury. Panel data on 9800 workers in the Quebec construction industry over each month of the period 1977-1986, combining administrative data from the Quebec Construction Board and the Quebec Workers' Compensation Board, were used for the estimations. The parameters of the model are estimated using a three alternative MultiNomial Probit (MNP) framework with individual random effects. Our results confirm our theoretical predictions. In particular, the impac...
Cet article presente un portrait des taux marginaux effectifs d’imposition (TMEI)et des taux d’im... more Cet article presente un portrait des taux marginaux effectifs d’imposition (TMEI)et des taux d’imposition a la participation (PTR) sur le revenu de travail au Quebec et en Ontario, de maniere a mieux comprendre l’impact de la fiscalite et des transferts sociaux sur le comportement des agents, entre autres choses sur le marche du travail. Le systeme quebecois, relativement au systeme ontarien, engendre des TMEI et des PTR eleves attribuables a la reduction generalement rapide des transferts avec le revenu de travail. Les TMEI quebecois sont particulierement eleves et variables entre 0 et 50 000$. Le TMEI des familles biparentales aux revenus d’environ 20000$ depasse meme les 125% ; 40% de ces familles biparentales font face a un TMEI qui depasse 50%. La moyenne des PTR dans l’ensemble de la population est de 41%. Par ailleurs, une meilleure integration des systeme fiscal et de transferts resulterait en une plus grande transparence, de meilleurs effets redistributifs et en une plus gr...
Chaque année, une part significative des dépenses gouvernementales est consacrée au sport de nive... more Chaque année, une part significative des dépenses gouvernementales est consacrée au sport de niveau professionnel ou amateur. Certains analystes affirment que ces investissements contribuent fortement au succès d'un pays aux Jeux olympiques (JO). Nous présentons une analyse économétrique du nombre de médailles obtenues aux JO. Nous introduisons l'investissement public en sport comme facteur potentiellement important du nombre de médailles remportées par un pays, en prenant soin de contrôler pour l'hétérogénéité inobservable des pays participants aux JO. Nous présentons, à notre connaissance, la première modélisation du succès olympique utilisant des spécifications de comptage (count data model) en panel estimées à l'aide de variables instrumentales et captant les caractéristiques individuelles et invariantes des nations. Selon les spécifications du modèle retenues, un pays aux caractéristiques moyennes aurait dû accroître son investissement de 72 à 94 millions de dollars, ceteris paribus, afin d'obtenir une médaille supplémentaire aux JO d'été de Londres en 2012. Mots-clés : Jeux olympiques, coût des médailles olympiques, modèle de Poisson, modèle binomial négatif, modèle de comptage à inflation de zéros, modèle panel avec variables endogènes. JEL : C16 ; C23 ; C25 ; L83. * Nous tenons à remercier Charles Bellemare, Luc Bissonnette, Marion Goussé et Guy Lacroix pour leurs remarques et commentaires judicieux. Nous remercions en outre la Chaire du Canada en économie des politiques sociales et des ressources humaines et le FQRSC pour leur appui financier.
We measure the response of physicians to monetary incentives using matched administrative and tim... more We measure the response of physicians to monetary incentives using matched administrative and time-use data on specialists from Québec (Canada). These physicians were paid fee-for-service contracts and supplied a number of different services. We model physician behaviour and derive a conditional earnings function that returns the maximum earnings a physician can generate in the labour market, conditional on total hours worked. The earnings function is estimated using both limitedinformation methods and full-information methods. Limited-information methods impose fewer restrictions on the data, but are less informative over incentive effects. Le Chatelier effects imply that they identify lower bounds to the own-price substitution effects. Full-information methods explain earnings and hours simultaneously. They identify the full response to incentives, including income effects. Our results confirm that physicians respond to financial incentives. The own-price substitution effects of a...
We survey the recent, fast-growing literature on peer effects in networks. An important recurring... more We survey the recent, fast-growing literature on peer effects in networks. An important recurring theme is that the causal identification of peer effects depends on the structure of the network itself. In the absence of correlated effects, the reflection problem is generally solved by network interactions even in nonlinear, heterogeneous models. By contrast, microfoundations are generally not identified. We discuss and assess the various approaches developed by economists to account for correlated effects and network endogeneity in particular. We classify these approaches in four broad categories: random peers, random shocks, structural endogeneity, and panel data. We review an emerging literature relaxing the assumption that the network is perfectly known. Throughout, we provide a critical reading of the existing literature and identify important gaps and directions for future research.
Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research pu... more Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
Pour des CV semblables en tout point, Samira Benounis recevra-t-elle moins d'invitations à un ent... more Pour des CV semblables en tout point, Samira Benounis recevra-t-elle moins d'invitations à un entretien d'embauche que Valérie Tremblay dans la région de la Capitale-Nationale (Québec, Canada) ? Cet article tente de répondre à cette question à partir d'une expérience utilisant la méthode de testing par envoi de CV. Nos résultats montrent que, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, la probabilité d'être invitée à un entretien d'embauche diminue de 11 % lorsque la candidate a un nom d'origine maghrébine plutôt que québécoise. Ce constat suggère la présence d'une discrimination à l'embauche des candidates d'origine maghrébine dans la région de la Capitale-Nationale. Mots-clés : discrimination à l'embauche, méthode de testing par envoi de CV, région de la Capitale-Nationale (Québec, Canada). Classification JEL : C93, J71.
Chaque année, une part significative des dépenses gouvernementales est consacrée au sport de nive... more Chaque année, une part significative des dépenses gouvernementales est consacrée au sport de niveau professionnel ou amateur. Certains analystes affirment que ces investissements contribuent fortement au succès d’un pays aux Jeux olympiques (JO). Nous présentons une analyse économétrique du nombre de médailles obtenues aux JO. Nous introduisons l’investissement public en sport comme facteur potentiellement important du nombre de médailles remportées par un pays, en prenant soin de contrôler pour l’hétérogénéité inobservable des pays participants aux JO. Nous présentons, à notre connaissance, la première modélisation du succès olympique utilisant des spécifications de comptage (count data model) en panel estimées à l’aide de variables instrumentales et captant les caractéristiques individuelles et invariantes des nations. Selon les spécifications du modèle retenues, un pays aux caractéristiques moyennes aurait dû accroître son investissement de 72 à 94 millions de dollars, ceteris pa...
Does Temporary Interruption in Postsecondary Education Induce a Wage Penalty? Evidence from Canad... more Does Temporary Interruption in Postsecondary Education Induce a Wage Penalty? Evidence from Canada * Data from the Youth in Transition Survey reveal that almost 40% of Canadian youth who left post-secondary education in 1999 had returned two years later. This paper investigates the extent to which schooling discontinuities affect post-graduation starting real wages and whether the latter are differently influenced by the reasons behind these discontinuities. We analyse this issue using data from the 2007 National Graduate Survey. We take covariates endogeneity into account using Lewbel's (2012) generated instrument approach. The source of identification is a heteroscedastic covariance restriction of the error terms that is a feature of many models of endogeneity. To allow for individual heterogeneity in the causal effect of various reasons for schooling interruption, we also provide results from two-stage quantile regressions using Lewbel's generated instruments. Conditional on the levels of schooling and experience, we find a positive effect on wages of temporary schooling interruption for men who had held a full-time job during their out-of-school spell(s). Both men and women witness a wage decrease if their interruption is associated with health issues. Women also bear a wage penalty if their interruption is due to a part-time job, to lack of money, or is caused by reasons other than health, work, and money.
The collective household model is based upon the assumption that decision makers have achieved ef... more The collective household model is based upon the assumption that decision makers have achieved efficient outcomes. This paradigm, which has become one of the leading approaches in family economics, is seldom, if ever, rejected, raising doubt about its falsifiability. We show that the standard approach to test the collective model may yield misleading inferences. We develop a new test procedure to assess its validity. Our approach extends to households that potentially include more than two decision makers. We provide an informal meta-analysis that suggests that much of the evidence in favor of collective rationality in the empirical literature appears to be inconsistent with our test. We illustrate the latter using data from a survey we have conducted in Burkina Faso. Consumption efficiency within monogamous households is not rejected using the standard testing procedure while it is clearly rejected using our proposed test procedure. Furthermore, our test also rejects consumption efficiency for bigamous households. We conclude that intrahousehold efficiency does yield empirically falsifiable restrictions despite being scarcely rejected in the literature.
Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research pu... more Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
This paper uses a major reform of the welfare program implemented in the Province of Quebec (Cana... more This paper uses a major reform of the welfare program implemented in the Province of Quebec (Canada) in 1989 to analyze the impact of benefits on the length of welfare spells. An important feature of this reform was the abolishment of discrimination based on age that applied to ...
UN TEST DE RATIONALITÉ COLLECTIVE SUR DES MÉNAGES BIGAMES AU BURKINA FASO Anyck Dauphin1 Bernard ... more UN TEST DE RATIONALITÉ COLLECTIVE SUR DES MÉNAGES BIGAMES AU BURKINA FASO Anyck Dauphin1 Bernard Fortin2 Guy Lacroix3 Quelle est l'unité de décision de base dans la théorie du consomma-teur? Est-ce l'individu ou la famille? Voilà la question que se posa ...
If individuals tend to behave like their peers, is it because of conformity, that is, the prefere... more If individuals tend to behave like their peers, is it because of conformity, that is, the preference of people to align behavior with the behavior of their peers; homophily, that is, the tendency of people to bond with similar others; or both? We address this question in the context of an ethical dilemma. Using a peer effect model allowing for homophily, we designed a real-effort laboratory experiment in which individuals could misreport their performance to earn more. Our results reveal a preference for conformity and for homophily in the selection of peers, but only among participants who were cheating in isolation. The size of peer effects is similar when identical peers were randomly assigned and when they were selected by individuals. We thus jointly reject the presence of a self-selection bias in the peer effect estimates and of a link strength effect.
Nous estimons les effets de pairs et le multiplicateur social dans la decision des entreprises de... more Nous estimons les effets de pairs et le multiplicateur social dans la decision des entreprises de s'adonner a la fraude sociale (cotisations de securite sociale non declarees et dissimulation de salaries). Les donnees proviennent d'une enquete menee pour 2009 par l'Agence centrale des organismes de securite sociale (Acoss) sur 4 241 entreprises du commerce de detail non-alimentaire en France. A partir du plan d'echantillonnage de l'enquete, les inspecteurs de l'Acoss ont controle de maniere aleatoire des commerces a travers toutes les regions du territoire en proportion de l'activite dans chacune des regions. L'approche theorique se fonde sur un modele lineaire-en-moyenne. Nous supposons en outre que les entreprises interagissent en groupe dans leur decision de pratiquer la fraude sociale. Plusieurs definitions de groupe (selon l'espace geographique et le type d'entreprise) sont considerees. Deux approches econometriques sont analysees : la me...
Le gouvernement federal a annonce dans son dernier budget son intention de reporter l'âge d&#... more Le gouvernement federal a annonce dans son dernier budget son intention de reporter l'âge d'admissibilite aux prestations de la Securite de la Vieillesse et de Supplement de Revenu Garanti de 65 a 67 ans. A terme (c'est-a-dire, en 2030), ce report devrait augmenter les revenus nets du gouvernement federal de 6,9 milliards de dollars (en dollars constants de 2012), mais diminuer de 620 millions de dollars ceux des provinces. A comportement de travail et d'epargne constant, ce report devrait aussi hausser de 6 % a 17 % le taux de faible revenu des individus de 65 et 66 ans. Des reformes alternatives de la Securite de la Vieillesse pourraient permettre d'obtenir des effets semblables en termes de finances publiques sans entrainer pour autant de tels impacts sur les taux de faible revenu des aines.
Anyck Dauphin : Université du Québec en Outaouais and CDESG, [email protected] Bernard Fortin ... more Anyck Dauphin : Université du Québec en Outaouais and CDESG, [email protected] Bernard Fortin : Department of economics, Université Laval, CRREP and CIRANO, [email protected] Guy Lacroix : Department of economics, Université Laval, CRREP and CIRANO, [email protected] Collective rationality is seldom if ever rejected in the literature, raising doubt about its falsifiability. We show that the standard approach to test the collective model with distribution factors may yield misleading inference. We develop a new test procedure to assess its validity. Our approach extends to households that potentially include more than two decision-makers (e.g., polygamous households, adult children). We provide a brief and informal meta-analysis that suggests that much of the evidence in favour of collective rationality in the empirical literature appears to be inconsistent with our test. We illustrate the latter using data from a survey we have conducted in Burkina Faso. Collec...
This paper provides evidence that workers' compensation (WC) and unemployment insurance (UI)c... more This paper provides evidence that workers' compensation (WC) and unemployment insurance (UI)could affect not only the occurence of workplace accident claims, but also the composition of these reported accidents. Our theoretical framework predicts that, under plausible assumptions, an increase in the wage replacement ratio under WC (or a decrease in the UI wage replacement ratio) leads to a larger increase in the probability of reporting a difficult-to-diagnose injury than in the probability of reporting an easy-to-diagnose injury. Panel data on 9800 workers in the Quebec construction industry over each month of the period 1977-1986, combining administrative data from the Quebec Construction Board and the Quebec Workers' Compensation Board, were used for the estimations. The parameters of the model are estimated using a three alternative MultiNomial Probit (MNP) framework with individual random effects. Our results confirm our theoretical predictions. In particular, the impac...
Cet article presente un portrait des taux marginaux effectifs d’imposition (TMEI)et des taux d’im... more Cet article presente un portrait des taux marginaux effectifs d’imposition (TMEI)et des taux d’imposition a la participation (PTR) sur le revenu de travail au Quebec et en Ontario, de maniere a mieux comprendre l’impact de la fiscalite et des transferts sociaux sur le comportement des agents, entre autres choses sur le marche du travail. Le systeme quebecois, relativement au systeme ontarien, engendre des TMEI et des PTR eleves attribuables a la reduction generalement rapide des transferts avec le revenu de travail. Les TMEI quebecois sont particulierement eleves et variables entre 0 et 50 000$. Le TMEI des familles biparentales aux revenus d’environ 20000$ depasse meme les 125% ; 40% de ces familles biparentales font face a un TMEI qui depasse 50%. La moyenne des PTR dans l’ensemble de la population est de 41%. Par ailleurs, une meilleure integration des systeme fiscal et de transferts resulterait en une plus grande transparence, de meilleurs effets redistributifs et en une plus gr...
Chaque année, une part significative des dépenses gouvernementales est consacrée au sport de nive... more Chaque année, une part significative des dépenses gouvernementales est consacrée au sport de niveau professionnel ou amateur. Certains analystes affirment que ces investissements contribuent fortement au succès d'un pays aux Jeux olympiques (JO). Nous présentons une analyse économétrique du nombre de médailles obtenues aux JO. Nous introduisons l'investissement public en sport comme facteur potentiellement important du nombre de médailles remportées par un pays, en prenant soin de contrôler pour l'hétérogénéité inobservable des pays participants aux JO. Nous présentons, à notre connaissance, la première modélisation du succès olympique utilisant des spécifications de comptage (count data model) en panel estimées à l'aide de variables instrumentales et captant les caractéristiques individuelles et invariantes des nations. Selon les spécifications du modèle retenues, un pays aux caractéristiques moyennes aurait dû accroître son investissement de 72 à 94 millions de dollars, ceteris paribus, afin d'obtenir une médaille supplémentaire aux JO d'été de Londres en 2012. Mots-clés : Jeux olympiques, coût des médailles olympiques, modèle de Poisson, modèle binomial négatif, modèle de comptage à inflation de zéros, modèle panel avec variables endogènes. JEL : C16 ; C23 ; C25 ; L83. * Nous tenons à remercier Charles Bellemare, Luc Bissonnette, Marion Goussé et Guy Lacroix pour leurs remarques et commentaires judicieux. Nous remercions en outre la Chaire du Canada en économie des politiques sociales et des ressources humaines et le FQRSC pour leur appui financier.
We measure the response of physicians to monetary incentives using matched administrative and tim... more We measure the response of physicians to monetary incentives using matched administrative and time-use data on specialists from Québec (Canada). These physicians were paid fee-for-service contracts and supplied a number of different services. We model physician behaviour and derive a conditional earnings function that returns the maximum earnings a physician can generate in the labour market, conditional on total hours worked. The earnings function is estimated using both limitedinformation methods and full-information methods. Limited-information methods impose fewer restrictions on the data, but are less informative over incentive effects. Le Chatelier effects imply that they identify lower bounds to the own-price substitution effects. Full-information methods explain earnings and hours simultaneously. They identify the full response to incentives, including income effects. Our results confirm that physicians respond to financial incentives. The own-price substitution effects of a...
We survey the recent, fast-growing literature on peer effects in networks. An important recurring... more We survey the recent, fast-growing literature on peer effects in networks. An important recurring theme is that the causal identification of peer effects depends on the structure of the network itself. In the absence of correlated effects, the reflection problem is generally solved by network interactions even in nonlinear, heterogeneous models. By contrast, microfoundations are generally not identified. We discuss and assess the various approaches developed by economists to account for correlated effects and network endogeneity in particular. We classify these approaches in four broad categories: random peers, random shocks, structural endogeneity, and panel data. We review an emerging literature relaxing the assumption that the network is perfectly known. Throughout, we provide a critical reading of the existing literature and identify important gaps and directions for future research.
Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research pu... more Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
Pour des CV semblables en tout point, Samira Benounis recevra-t-elle moins d'invitations à un ent... more Pour des CV semblables en tout point, Samira Benounis recevra-t-elle moins d'invitations à un entretien d'embauche que Valérie Tremblay dans la région de la Capitale-Nationale (Québec, Canada) ? Cet article tente de répondre à cette question à partir d'une expérience utilisant la méthode de testing par envoi de CV. Nos résultats montrent que, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, la probabilité d'être invitée à un entretien d'embauche diminue de 11 % lorsque la candidate a un nom d'origine maghrébine plutôt que québécoise. Ce constat suggère la présence d'une discrimination à l'embauche des candidates d'origine maghrébine dans la région de la Capitale-Nationale. Mots-clés : discrimination à l'embauche, méthode de testing par envoi de CV, région de la Capitale-Nationale (Québec, Canada). Classification JEL : C93, J71.
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Papers by Bernard Fortin