The Routledge Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 2020
This study aims to analyze the changes in purchasing decisions in conducting transactions using c... more This study aims to analyze the changes in purchasing decisions in conducting transactions using cash and digital payment systems. Cash payment systems are very different from digital payments because they no longer use banks as intermediaries for transactions. The scope of this study is to determine the differences that take place with purchasing decisions using digital payment systems with OVO Indonesia smart applications. By using the paired T-test sample test method and testing the regression class assumptions, it is expected we will document the comparison between cash and digital payment systems as regards changes in consumers' buying interest behavior towards goods. Data is obtained by purposive sampling using special characteristics for smart application users. The results show that digital payments are developing very quickly, but cash payments still dominate due to the unavailability of complete facilities and infrastructure to support digital payment systems other than in cities. This study illustrates that digital payments have not been able to completely change consumer buying behavior in large numbers, but the main finding in this study is an increase in the percentage of digital payment usage to the online market, due to the many conveniences provided in OVO smart applications.
Education, Ethnicity and Equity in the Multilingual Asian Context, 2019
This chapter will take a critical perspective on discourses of “diversity” in Hong Kong as expres... more This chapter will take a critical perspective on discourses of “diversity” in Hong Kong as expressed in the education system and the media, in order to argue that despite their apparently positive intentions, many efforts at raising awareness of “diversity” contribute to homogenizing racial groups, reinforcing racial and linguistic boundaries and rationalizing social stratification. Through ethnographic research with South Asian students at a multiethnic Hong Kong secondary school as well as analysis of Hong Kong media and policy, this chapter will demonstrate that such discourses of diversity depend on an understanding of society as composed of distinct and homogeneous blocks and thus help cast South Asians as a unified and exoticized group who are permanently “diverse.” This chapter joins with other work which takes a critical perspective on what it means to talk about diversity, in order to consider how awareness of Hong Kong’s linguistic and racial diversity could be supported in ways that might truly contribute to minority equality and empowerment.
This paper will argue that the role and status of the languages promoted as part of Hong Kong’s “... more This paper will argue that the role and status of the languages promoted as part of Hong Kong’s “trilingualism and biliteracy” policy cannot be understood without reference to each other and to their wider social, political and linguistic context. Particularly, in Hong Kong, race is a key mediating factor that structures social orders in which language is used and evaluated, and therefore its role in the ecology must be emphasized. This article will outline the links between language and social hierarchies of race, focusing particularly on the positioning of Hong Kong South Asians, based on ethnographic research in a Hong Kong secondary school and analysis of media and policy data. This approach is key to understanding the apparent contradictions in the evaluation of various languages spoken in Hong Kong, and demonstrates the necessity of a holistic, contextualized analysis of language and race.
For Hong Kong South Asians, a lack of Cantonese is said to be the primary barrier to integration ... more For Hong Kong South Asians, a lack of Cantonese is said to be the primary barrier to integration into the Hong Kong mainstream. This thesis rejects that claim by demonstrating the links between language ideologies and underlying ethnic and class hierarchies. Drawing on work from language ideology and linguistic ethnography, this research traces the construction of links between language, ethnicity, and national belonging through ethnography conducted in a multiethnic Hong Kong secondary school. Categories such as “non-Chinese speaking” are shown to be rooted in ethnic differences, not actual linguistic skill. In Hong Kong, particular linguistic repertoires are evaluated along dimensions of “local/non-local” and “elite/non-elite.” Speakers occupying different social positions are expected to have different linguistic resources, and they are evaluated differently with regard to the resources they do have. Accordingly, South Asians are constructed as non-locals and non-elites, who are expected not to know Cantonese but said to need it. This contrasts with other groups, such as non-local and elite expatriates, who are neither expected nor encouraged to learn Cantonese. This thesis describes how these discourses are taken up, reproduced and modified within the school setting. Examining how students style their own language use reveals the tensions between dominant ideologies and students’ actual practices and identifications. Both the constraints on students’ ethnonational identities and potential strategies for individuals to align or disalign themselves with dominant expectations for minorities are described. This analysis supports the usefulness of a repertoire-based indexical approach for analyzing multilingual practices. It demonstrates the importance of considering the repertoire, not just individual languages, in analyzing the construction of sociolinguistic meaning. Linking these locally negotiated meanings to Hong Kong’s broader ideological landscape exemplifies how discourses about language may be used as a tool to naturalize social stratification and exclusion. Learning Cantonese cannot therefore be considered the key to integration, and in fact discourses of “integration” and “diversity” themselves collude to reinforce the outsider status of South Asians. Amidst increased sociolinguistic interest in transnational mobility and the destabilization of borders, this work examines how boundaries are maintained and legitimated through language.published_or_final_versionLinguisticsDoctoralDoctor of Philosoph
Research Companion to Language and Country Branding, 2020
Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic of epic pr... more Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic of epic proportions, and global response to prepare health systems worldwide is of utmost importance. 2-dimensional (2D) lung ultrasound (LUS) has emerged as a rapid, noninvasive imaging tool for diagnosing COVID-19 infected patients. Concerns surrounding LUS include the disparity of infected patients and healthcare providers, and importantly, the requirement for substantial physical contact between the patient and operator, increasing the risk of transmission. New variants of COVID-19 will continue to emerge; therefore, mitigation of the virus's spread is of paramount importance. A tele-operative robotic ultrasound platform capable of performing LUS in COVID-19 infected patients may be of significant benefit, especially in low-and middle-income countries. The authors address the issues mentioned above surrounding the use of LUS in COVID-19 infected patients and the potential for extension of this technology in a resource-limited environment. Additionally, firsttime application, feasibility, and safety were validated in healthy subjects. Preliminary results demonstrate that our platform allows for the successful acquisition and application of robotic LUS in humans.
The Routledge Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 2020
This study aims to analyze the changes in purchasing decisions in conducting transactions using c... more This study aims to analyze the changes in purchasing decisions in conducting transactions using cash and digital payment systems. Cash payment systems are very different from digital payments because they no longer use banks as intermediaries for transactions. The scope of this study is to determine the differences that take place with purchasing decisions using digital payment systems with OVO Indonesia smart applications. By using the paired T-test sample test method and testing the regression class assumptions, it is expected we will document the comparison between cash and digital payment systems as regards changes in consumers' buying interest behavior towards goods. Data is obtained by purposive sampling using special characteristics for smart application users. The results show that digital payments are developing very quickly, but cash payments still dominate due to the unavailability of complete facilities and infrastructure to support digital payment systems other than in cities. This study illustrates that digital payments have not been able to completely change consumer buying behavior in large numbers, but the main finding in this study is an increase in the percentage of digital payment usage to the online market, due to the many conveniences provided in OVO smart applications.
Education, Ethnicity and Equity in the Multilingual Asian Context, 2019
This chapter will take a critical perspective on discourses of “diversity” in Hong Kong as expres... more This chapter will take a critical perspective on discourses of “diversity” in Hong Kong as expressed in the education system and the media, in order to argue that despite their apparently positive intentions, many efforts at raising awareness of “diversity” contribute to homogenizing racial groups, reinforcing racial and linguistic boundaries and rationalizing social stratification. Through ethnographic research with South Asian students at a multiethnic Hong Kong secondary school as well as analysis of Hong Kong media and policy, this chapter will demonstrate that such discourses of diversity depend on an understanding of society as composed of distinct and homogeneous blocks and thus help cast South Asians as a unified and exoticized group who are permanently “diverse.” This chapter joins with other work which takes a critical perspective on what it means to talk about diversity, in order to consider how awareness of Hong Kong’s linguistic and racial diversity could be supported in ways that might truly contribute to minority equality and empowerment.
This paper will argue that the role and status of the languages promoted as part of Hong Kong’s “... more This paper will argue that the role and status of the languages promoted as part of Hong Kong’s “trilingualism and biliteracy” policy cannot be understood without reference to each other and to their wider social, political and linguistic context. Particularly, in Hong Kong, race is a key mediating factor that structures social orders in which language is used and evaluated, and therefore its role in the ecology must be emphasized. This article will outline the links between language and social hierarchies of race, focusing particularly on the positioning of Hong Kong South Asians, based on ethnographic research in a Hong Kong secondary school and analysis of media and policy data. This approach is key to understanding the apparent contradictions in the evaluation of various languages spoken in Hong Kong, and demonstrates the necessity of a holistic, contextualized analysis of language and race.
For Hong Kong South Asians, a lack of Cantonese is said to be the primary barrier to integration ... more For Hong Kong South Asians, a lack of Cantonese is said to be the primary barrier to integration into the Hong Kong mainstream. This thesis rejects that claim by demonstrating the links between language ideologies and underlying ethnic and class hierarchies. Drawing on work from language ideology and linguistic ethnography, this research traces the construction of links between language, ethnicity, and national belonging through ethnography conducted in a multiethnic Hong Kong secondary school. Categories such as “non-Chinese speaking” are shown to be rooted in ethnic differences, not actual linguistic skill. In Hong Kong, particular linguistic repertoires are evaluated along dimensions of “local/non-local” and “elite/non-elite.” Speakers occupying different social positions are expected to have different linguistic resources, and they are evaluated differently with regard to the resources they do have. Accordingly, South Asians are constructed as non-locals and non-elites, who are expected not to know Cantonese but said to need it. This contrasts with other groups, such as non-local and elite expatriates, who are neither expected nor encouraged to learn Cantonese. This thesis describes how these discourses are taken up, reproduced and modified within the school setting. Examining how students style their own language use reveals the tensions between dominant ideologies and students’ actual practices and identifications. Both the constraints on students’ ethnonational identities and potential strategies for individuals to align or disalign themselves with dominant expectations for minorities are described. This analysis supports the usefulness of a repertoire-based indexical approach for analyzing multilingual practices. It demonstrates the importance of considering the repertoire, not just individual languages, in analyzing the construction of sociolinguistic meaning. Linking these locally negotiated meanings to Hong Kong’s broader ideological landscape exemplifies how discourses about language may be used as a tool to naturalize social stratification and exclusion. Learning Cantonese cannot therefore be considered the key to integration, and in fact discourses of “integration” and “diversity” themselves collude to reinforce the outsider status of South Asians. Amidst increased sociolinguistic interest in transnational mobility and the destabilization of borders, this work examines how boundaries are maintained and legitimated through language.published_or_final_versionLinguisticsDoctoralDoctor of Philosoph
Research Companion to Language and Country Branding, 2020
Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic of epic pr... more Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic of epic proportions, and global response to prepare health systems worldwide is of utmost importance. 2-dimensional (2D) lung ultrasound (LUS) has emerged as a rapid, noninvasive imaging tool for diagnosing COVID-19 infected patients. Concerns surrounding LUS include the disparity of infected patients and healthcare providers, and importantly, the requirement for substantial physical contact between the patient and operator, increasing the risk of transmission. New variants of COVID-19 will continue to emerge; therefore, mitigation of the virus's spread is of paramount importance. A tele-operative robotic ultrasound platform capable of performing LUS in COVID-19 infected patients may be of significant benefit, especially in low-and middle-income countries. The authors address the issues mentioned above surrounding the use of LUS in COVID-19 infected patients and the potential for extension of this technology in a resource-limited environment. Additionally, firsttime application, feasibility, and safety were validated in healthy subjects. Preliminary results demonstrate that our platform allows for the successful acquisition and application of robotic LUS in humans.
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Papers by Kara Fleming