Papers by Mary Farrell
In 2000 and 2001 the National Park Service undertook archeological monitoring of environmental te... more In 2000 and 2001 the National Park Service undertook archeological monitoring of environmental testing at nine known or suspected trash dumps within Yosemite National Park. The environmental testing, which included excavation, was conducted to determine if the areas, designated “waste accumulation areas” (WAAs), contained hazardous materials. The excavation was monitored by archaeologists to determine if the WAAs contained significant historical deposits.
The amount of artifacts at the WAAs varied greatly. Two, the Cascade and Camp 6 WAAs, have so few artifacts that they do not meet site criteria. Two others, the Pohono and South Pit WAAs, are dominated by asphalt and other road-related debris, and have little structure or integrity as archaeological sites. The other five WAAs, with moderate to abundant trash, do qualify as archaeological sites. Data categories at these five WAAs include information about the products, brands, and manufacturers represented, as well as chronological and subsistence data.
The oldest and longest-used site is the Curry WAA, in operation from 1929 until 1966. The largest of the five sites, the Curry site contains trash from concessionaires, the public, and the National Park Service. The Vogelsang WAA, which served as the trash dump for a high country camp located in the Yosemite wilderness, was used from 1950 until 1965, and contains discrete trash deposits, separated by time and space within a small, 1-acre area. The Baseline WAA was a casual dump used by National Park Service work crews from 1947 to 1962; the Mather WAA was also used by the National Park Service employees, between 1942 and the 1970s, but mainly by employees and their families instead of work crews. The Gaylor WAA, used by Tuolumne Meadows concessionaires, contains trash dating to the 1960s and early 1970s.
As expected, artifact data from the WAAs confirm that tourism in Yosemite is an important element of the economy. Taken together, the WAAs, dating from the 1930s into the 1970s, reflect a larger trend in U.S. society: “Victory Culture” slowly being supplanted by an environmental ethic.
No further archeological work is recommended at eight of the nine WAAs. At four sites, there was no significant quantity or quality of archeological data; Camp 6, Cascade, Pohono, and South Pit. An adequate sample was retrieved through the monitoring to effectively exhaust the information potential of four other sites; Baseline, Curry, Gaylor, and Mather. At the final site, Vogelsang, there is a good possibility for older deposits not found during the monitoring. The monitoring of future ground disturbing activities at the Vogelsang WAA is recommended to determine if older deposits not yet encountered are present.
The field work was undertaken to supplement the survey, feature recording, mapping, and photograp... more The field work was undertaken to supplement the survey, feature recording, mapping, and photography done in February of 2008. During that survey, over 100 features were recorded, including buildings, foundations, rock alignments and walls, and elements of the sewer, water, and road systems. Most of the features are associated with the World War II camp, but at least two pre-date the camp, and 14 are related to post-war uses. Because dense stands of tall grasses and other vegetation obscure the ground surface and impede regular transects, survey at the Honouliuli site was more opportunistic than systematic. Crew members made their way through the vegetation, often feeling features with their feet before they could see them. In better ground visibility conditions, the 38 person-days expended at the site in 2008 could have been more than sufficient to complete an archaeological survey of the 115-acre site. At Honouliuli, because of the dense vegetation and flood deposits, as well as the presence of numerous features, we were only able to sample a portion of the site.
This report presents the results of the research and restoration of the Arai Family Pond, at Manz... more This report presents the results of the research and restoration of the Arai Family Pond, at Manzanar National Historic Site in the Owens Valley of eastern California. The Manzanar Relocation Center was one of ten such facilities at which Japanese American citizens and Japanese immigrants were interned during World War II. The research for this project integrated oral history, archival history, and archeological investigations to find the pond that had been built by Jack Hanshiro Arai. Abandoned for decades, the pond had been buried, with little evidence of it visible on the surface. Archeological excavation revealed the pond to be irregular in shape, 22 by 22 feet in size, and up to 2½ feet deep. Bordered with rocks, the concrete-lined pond included three islands, a fish tunnel, and water lily boxes. Other landscaping features in the area between the two barracks were also uncovered, including rock alignments, concrete pads, stepping stones, and a small stream channel. Over 2,000 artifacts were recovered, most of them nails and broken glass. However, the artifacts also included over 300 marbles, other toys, whole beverage bottles, abalone shells, eating utensils, and pond plant remains. The results of the investigation provide insight into the ways one imprisoned family modified their environment to improve their surroundings.
安息の場・アライ家園池のと復元発掘調査
東カリフォルニア、オーウェンズバレー、マンザナール国立歴史地区におけるアライ家園池の発掘・復元の 報告を伝えます。 マンザナール強制収容所は、第二次世界大戦時に日系アメリカ人と日本からの移民が収 容された10ヶ所の内の1施設でした。 この調査は、関係者の口述記録や歴史資料、また、アライ・ジャック・ ハンシロウ氏により造成された園池の発掘調査より、まとめたものです。 戦後、数十年間の放置により、こ の園池は土に埋没し、かろうじて少し表層部が見られる状態になっていました。 発掘調査により、22フィー
ト四方の広さと2.5フィートの深さの不整形な園池の存在が明らかになりました。 石によって敷地境界が作 られ、3つの島と魚の通り道(トンネル)、水蓮のカゴを有した、コンクリート製の園池です。 二つのバラック の間に位置するこの庭の特性は、敷石やコンクリート面、飛石、小さな流れです。 また、2000以上の遺物が 発見され、その多くは釘や割れたガラスでした。 しかしながら、それら遺物の中には、300以上のビー玉や 玩具、水筒、アワビの貝殻、調理器具、池の植物の残存物が含まれていました。 この調査結果により、収容 された家族が生活環境を変化させるために、周辺を改良していたことが言えます。
1994 IRAC Proceedings, Rock Art-World Heritage, 2006
This paper presents preliminary results of ongoing rock art recording on the Coronado National Fo... more This paper presents preliminary results of ongoing rock art recording on the Coronado National Forest, in southeastern Arizona. This work has generated one of the broadest and largest rock art data bases yet compiled in southern Arizona. However, given the geographical extent and prehistoric cultural diversity of Southeast Arizona, the 80 sites considered still form a limited data base. The recording has helped expand the known range of several previously defined styles. Most of the styles that could be defined at the sites generally fall within eographic ranges that correlate with other cultural signifiers or that could be predicted by past work. For example, Mogollon Red and Chihuahuan Polychrome Abstract predominate in the eastern part of the Forest, Hohokam and Desert Archaic styles predominate in the western part, and Apache rock art occurs throughout the area. Two new styles are suggested: a Hohokam painted style and an Archaic representational form here termed Pedregosa Black.
Articles by Mary Farrell
SAA Archaeological Record, Nov 2004
Prisoners of War. Contributions To Global Historical Archaeology, 2012
Confinement sites by design replace freedom with restriction and restraints, and individuality wi... more Confinement sites by design replace freedom with restriction and restraints, and individuality with anonymity. However, recent research has shown that even in strictly controlled circumstances, individual emotions, thoughts, and reactions to the social context can be revealed by graffiti. In settings and institutions of confinement, graffiti can have various meanings and functions, including self-identity, enduring dignity, and resistance. Over 280 inscriptions made in wet concrete have been recorded at the Manzanar Relocation Center, one of the ten internment camps where Japanese American civilians were confined during World War II. These hidden texts include militaristic slogans, poems, individual and group names, present and former addresses, whimsical sayings, and expressions of love. Numerous directly and indirectly dated inscriptions allow an examination of how attitudes within the camp changed through time, reflecting both internal camp politics and external world events.
Rock art analysis has been used both to provide insight into prehistoric symbolism and ceremony, ... more Rock art analysis has been used both to provide insight into prehistoric symbolism and ceremony, and to measure prehistoric interaction and communication. But chronological control, essential to distinguishing functional or social differences from temporal differences, has been difficult to establish. No one method of dating has yet proven completely reliable or applicable. Accelerator mass spectrometer radiocarbon dating, at the Tom Ketchum Cave pictograph site in southeastern Arizona, provides one of the first examples of direct independent dating of rock art. The dates suggest the pictographs may have been created during a time when subsistence patterns were shifting from Archaic hunter and gatherer traditions to more agriculture-based subsistence. The Tom Ketchum Cave artists broke from the abstract style more common in the region to represent game animals and hunters, perhaps to ensure success in a disappearing way of life.
Archaeologies of Internment, 2011
A recent archaeological survey at the Catalina Prison Camp, a mid-twentieth-century labor camp in... more A recent archaeological survey at the Catalina Prison Camp, a mid-twentieth-century labor camp in the mountains of Arizona, found few significant features or artifacts, and an archival search also suggested little of note. It was only through public outreach that the site’s relationship to one of the more shameful events in American history was revealed: individuals who nonviolently protested the internment of Japanese Americans during the Second World War were imprisoned there. This paper discusses the way in which the archaeological site played a role in the recognition, remembrance, and redefinition of this history, and in the reconciliation of disparate struggles for civil rights. Available here: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-9666-4_6
National Register Documentation by Mary Farrell
Reports by Mary Farrell
Contributions to Trans-sierran Archaeology, 1991
During May 1990, data recovery excavations were conducted at Whisky Creek Rockshelter (CAMno-2518... more During May 1990, data recovery excavations were conducted at Whisky Creek Rockshelter (CAMno-2518), located in Long Valley, Mono County, California. The work was sponsored by Harshbarger Construction Corporation to fulfill California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requirements for mitigating the effects of a proposed subdivision on this site.
The 7.2 cubic meters excavated included sixteen 1 by 1 m excavation units in the rockshelter itself, and two 1 by 1 m units on a small bench below. Four subsurface features were encountered and four main stratigraphic divisions were discerned at the site. The 700-plus artifacts and ecofacts collected include projectile points, other flaked stone tools, debitage, ground stone, ceramic sherds, glass beads, and fire-cracked rock. Floral and faunal remains provide information on subsistence. Other analyses included flaked stone classification, x-ray fluorescence sourcing, and obsidian hydration and radiocarbon dating.
Chronometric and other data indicate two distinct occupations at the site. The first use, beginning as early as 500 B.C., is evident on the bench below the Rockshelter. There, evidence suggests biface reduction, which continued until around A.D. 1000. The later occupation, evident in the rockshelter itself, occurred after A.D. 1000, with most intensive occupation after A.D. 1300. During this time period, the rockshelter was sporadically used by small groups as a temporary camp during the summer, for a variety of subsistence-related activities. It was used until the 1840s, but apparently permanently abandoned a decade or two after that.
The testing and data recovery at Whisky Creek Rockshelter funded by Harshbarger Construction Corporation provides a significant contribution to the archaeology of the Inyo-Mono region.
2007
In 2006 the authors worked with the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawai'i to conduct a reconnaissan... more In 2006 the authors worked with the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawai'i to conduct a reconnaissance of eight sites associated with the internment of aliens and U.S. citizens in Hawai'i during World War II. The purpose of this work was to identify the locations of the sites and evaluate their condition in order to provide recommendations for future research, interpretation, and management.
Publications in Anthropology No. 79, 2001
Between December 1999 and April 2001 the Western Archeological and Conservation Center of the Nat... more Between December 1999 and April 2001 the Western Archeological and Conservation Center of the National Park Service conducted archeological investigations at the relocation center cemetery in Manzanar National Historic Site. A total of 19 surface features were investigated; 104 square meters and 210 linear meters of trench were excavated. In addition an area of 575 square meters was scraped to depths of up to 10 cm. This work discovered that many of the rock outlines and grave markers present at the start of the project bore little correspondence to historical records or actual cemetery conditions. It was determined that there had been no more than 15 burials in the cemetery originally and of these, only six remain. As a part of this project, graves with human remains were marked with rock outlines and mounded with earth; former graves were marked with rock outlines. Post markers, a returned headstone, and a small plot fence were also replaced. The concrete cemetery monument built by the internees was cleaned and repainted.
Vases that once held floral arrangements that adorned the graves and cemetery monument during the relocation center occupation, as well as the abundant remains of hand-made artificial flowers, were found during the excavations. As part of the cemetery clean-up when the relocation center closed in 1946, the vases and flower remains apparently had been removed from individual graves and the monument and buried. The archeological work also identified the location of the original internee-constructed fence, so that it could be accurately reconstructed. The location of a 1970s fence refurbished by the Manzanar Committee and clues about the location of a 1946 fence built by the War Relocation Authority were likewise uncovered. Traces of occupations prior to the relocation center were found as well. A concrete pipeline, an earthen ditch, and buried tree stumps from an orchard planted by the residents of the 1910-1930s town of Manzanar were encountered within the cemetery, and a small roasting pit and a few scattered artifacts indicate use of the immediate area by Native American Indians possibly as early as A.D. 600.
Articles and Chapters by Mary Farrell
Social Process in Hawai‘i, 2014
Even as scholars of the University of Hawai‘i–West O‘ahu (UHWO) research team begin to uncover th... more Even as scholars of the University of Hawai‘i–West O‘ahu (UHWO) research team begin to uncover the history of Honouliuli Internment and Prisoner of War Camp (State Site No. 50-80-08-9068), archaeologists have been uncovering its physical remains. For decades, Honouliuli lay lost and forgotten, hidden in a densely vegetated gulch and surrounded by agricultural fields, 14 miles northwest of Honolulu. With the assistance of the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawai‘i volunteers and UHWO archaeology students, over 130 archaeological features have been discovered and documented, and the site is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Contributing resources in the 122.5-acre archaeological site include two standing buildings, numerous building foundations, rock walls, fence remnants, artifact scatters, and other features. As an internment site, Honouliuli represents the fragility of constitutional rights and the effects of martial law; as a POW camp, Honouliuli exemplifies the management of enemy troops as the military
balanced the need for national security and the need to comply with the Geneva Convention. This article describes how oral histories, archaeological fieldwork, and archival research have been integrated to document the physical remains of the Honouliuli Internment and POW Camp. This interdisciplinary approach has contributed small but important details about the site on the one hand, and broader and more universal implications about how ethnicity and status play out on the other.
Discover Nikkei, 2021
Seventy-eight years ago, James Hatsuaki Wakasa was shot and killed while walking his dog in the U... more Seventy-eight years ago, James Hatsuaki Wakasa was shot and killed while walking his dog in the Utah desert. In a finding that would sound all too familiar to today’s Black Lives Matter protesters, an official inquiry determined that the killing was a “justifiable military action.” Mr. Wakasa’s fellow incarcerees at the World War II Topaz Relocation Center may not have agreed: a memorial was erected to Mr. Wakasa near where he was killed. The military and the Topaz administration quickly ordered the monument destroyed. If, as they claimed, the killing of an innocent man walking his dog was justified, it was “most inappropriate that a monument be erected to him.”
When Nancy Ukai, director of the “50 Objects/50 Stories” project, shared with us a map she had found in the National Archives that documented the precise location of the 1943 killing, we authors traveled the 500 miles from our home to Topaz to learn if any traces of the monument remained.
This series describes our quest and its results.
In: Jameson J., Musteaţă S. (eds), Transforming Heritage Practice in the 21st Century. One World Archaeology, Springer, 2019
Sometimes part of a community’s heritage is buried not just physically but also historically. For... more Sometimes part of a community’s heritage is buried not just physically but also historically. For decades, there was a widespread belief that there had been no internment of civilians in Hawai‘i during World War II, even as numerous scholars and activists chronicled the mass removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans from the west coast of the USA. When members of the Japanese American community in Hawai‘i learned of the existence of Honouliuli prison camp, community archaeology verified the location and determined what remained. Volunteers, students, and professionals collaborated in fieldwork and research to uncover the archaeological evidence of a hidden history, in which the US incarcerated citizens of a variety of ethnic and social backgrounds without cause, under the authority of martial law. Honouliuli transformed from a secret site of shame to a symbol of irrational racism and discrimination in the name of national security. In 2015 President Obama declared Honouliuli a National Monument, to serve as a powerful reminder of the need to protect civil liberties in times of conflict.
Reports and Publications by Mary Farrell
JCCH, 2017
During World War II, the U.S. incarcerated at Honouliuli not only prisoners of war but also diver... more During World War II, the U.S. incarcerated at Honouliuli not only prisoners of war but also diverse U.S. citizens and resident aliens under the authority of martial law. Th is history was long forgotten until 2002, when the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawai‘i (JCCH) rediscovered the site, which had been known as Jigoku-Dani, or Hell Valley, to some of its civilian prisoners. Archaeological investigations undertaken by the JCCH and the University of Hawai‘i West O‘ahu (UHWO) led to the Honouliuli Internment and Prisoner of War Camp Site (State Site No. 50-80-08-9068) being listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 21, 2012 at the national level of significance. As an internment site, Honouliuli represents the fragility of constitutional rights and the effects of martial law; as a POW camp, Honouliuli exemplifies the management of enemy troops, as the military balanced the need for national security and the need to comply with the Geneva convention. Thanks to the efforts of the JCCH, the National Park Service, UHWO scholars, the public, Hawai’i legislators, and Monsanto Hawai‘i, which owned the land, the site was designated the Honouliuli National Monument by President Barack Obama on February 24, 2015. To facilitate the Park Service’s management, this report summarizes the archaeological work conducted before the site became a National Monument. It compiles information from several previous reports and the National Register nomination, and incorporates the results of the 2014 UHWO field session, the last before the site became a unit of the National Park Service.
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Papers by Mary Farrell
The amount of artifacts at the WAAs varied greatly. Two, the Cascade and Camp 6 WAAs, have so few artifacts that they do not meet site criteria. Two others, the Pohono and South Pit WAAs, are dominated by asphalt and other road-related debris, and have little structure or integrity as archaeological sites. The other five WAAs, with moderate to abundant trash, do qualify as archaeological sites. Data categories at these five WAAs include information about the products, brands, and manufacturers represented, as well as chronological and subsistence data.
The oldest and longest-used site is the Curry WAA, in operation from 1929 until 1966. The largest of the five sites, the Curry site contains trash from concessionaires, the public, and the National Park Service. The Vogelsang WAA, which served as the trash dump for a high country camp located in the Yosemite wilderness, was used from 1950 until 1965, and contains discrete trash deposits, separated by time and space within a small, 1-acre area. The Baseline WAA was a casual dump used by National Park Service work crews from 1947 to 1962; the Mather WAA was also used by the National Park Service employees, between 1942 and the 1970s, but mainly by employees and their families instead of work crews. The Gaylor WAA, used by Tuolumne Meadows concessionaires, contains trash dating to the 1960s and early 1970s.
As expected, artifact data from the WAAs confirm that tourism in Yosemite is an important element of the economy. Taken together, the WAAs, dating from the 1930s into the 1970s, reflect a larger trend in U.S. society: “Victory Culture” slowly being supplanted by an environmental ethic.
No further archeological work is recommended at eight of the nine WAAs. At four sites, there was no significant quantity or quality of archeological data; Camp 6, Cascade, Pohono, and South Pit. An adequate sample was retrieved through the monitoring to effectively exhaust the information potential of four other sites; Baseline, Curry, Gaylor, and Mather. At the final site, Vogelsang, there is a good possibility for older deposits not found during the monitoring. The monitoring of future ground disturbing activities at the Vogelsang WAA is recommended to determine if older deposits not yet encountered are present.
安息の場・アライ家園池のと復元発掘調査
東カリフォルニア、オーウェンズバレー、マンザナール国立歴史地区におけるアライ家園池の発掘・復元の 報告を伝えます。 マンザナール強制収容所は、第二次世界大戦時に日系アメリカ人と日本からの移民が収 容された10ヶ所の内の1施設でした。 この調査は、関係者の口述記録や歴史資料、また、アライ・ジャック・ ハンシロウ氏により造成された園池の発掘調査より、まとめたものです。 戦後、数十年間の放置により、こ の園池は土に埋没し、かろうじて少し表層部が見られる状態になっていました。 発掘調査により、22フィー
ト四方の広さと2.5フィートの深さの不整形な園池の存在が明らかになりました。 石によって敷地境界が作 られ、3つの島と魚の通り道(トンネル)、水蓮のカゴを有した、コンクリート製の園池です。 二つのバラック の間に位置するこの庭の特性は、敷石やコンクリート面、飛石、小さな流れです。 また、2000以上の遺物が 発見され、その多くは釘や割れたガラスでした。 しかしながら、それら遺物の中には、300以上のビー玉や 玩具、水筒、アワビの貝殻、調理器具、池の植物の残存物が含まれていました。 この調査結果により、収容 された家族が生活環境を変化させるために、周辺を改良していたことが言えます。
Articles by Mary Farrell
National Register Documentation by Mary Farrell
Reports by Mary Farrell
The 7.2 cubic meters excavated included sixteen 1 by 1 m excavation units in the rockshelter itself, and two 1 by 1 m units on a small bench below. Four subsurface features were encountered and four main stratigraphic divisions were discerned at the site. The 700-plus artifacts and ecofacts collected include projectile points, other flaked stone tools, debitage, ground stone, ceramic sherds, glass beads, and fire-cracked rock. Floral and faunal remains provide information on subsistence. Other analyses included flaked stone classification, x-ray fluorescence sourcing, and obsidian hydration and radiocarbon dating.
Chronometric and other data indicate two distinct occupations at the site. The first use, beginning as early as 500 B.C., is evident on the bench below the Rockshelter. There, evidence suggests biface reduction, which continued until around A.D. 1000. The later occupation, evident in the rockshelter itself, occurred after A.D. 1000, with most intensive occupation after A.D. 1300. During this time period, the rockshelter was sporadically used by small groups as a temporary camp during the summer, for a variety of subsistence-related activities. It was used until the 1840s, but apparently permanently abandoned a decade or two after that.
The testing and data recovery at Whisky Creek Rockshelter funded by Harshbarger Construction Corporation provides a significant contribution to the archaeology of the Inyo-Mono region.
Vases that once held floral arrangements that adorned the graves and cemetery monument during the relocation center occupation, as well as the abundant remains of hand-made artificial flowers, were found during the excavations. As part of the cemetery clean-up when the relocation center closed in 1946, the vases and flower remains apparently had been removed from individual graves and the monument and buried. The archeological work also identified the location of the original internee-constructed fence, so that it could be accurately reconstructed. The location of a 1970s fence refurbished by the Manzanar Committee and clues about the location of a 1946 fence built by the War Relocation Authority were likewise uncovered. Traces of occupations prior to the relocation center were found as well. A concrete pipeline, an earthen ditch, and buried tree stumps from an orchard planted by the residents of the 1910-1930s town of Manzanar were encountered within the cemetery, and a small roasting pit and a few scattered artifacts indicate use of the immediate area by Native American Indians possibly as early as A.D. 600.
Articles and Chapters by Mary Farrell
balanced the need for national security and the need to comply with the Geneva Convention. This article describes how oral histories, archaeological fieldwork, and archival research have been integrated to document the physical remains of the Honouliuli Internment and POW Camp. This interdisciplinary approach has contributed small but important details about the site on the one hand, and broader and more universal implications about how ethnicity and status play out on the other.
When Nancy Ukai, director of the “50 Objects/50 Stories” project, shared with us a map she had found in the National Archives that documented the precise location of the 1943 killing, we authors traveled the 500 miles from our home to Topaz to learn if any traces of the monument remained.
This series describes our quest and its results.
Reports and Publications by Mary Farrell
The amount of artifacts at the WAAs varied greatly. Two, the Cascade and Camp 6 WAAs, have so few artifacts that they do not meet site criteria. Two others, the Pohono and South Pit WAAs, are dominated by asphalt and other road-related debris, and have little structure or integrity as archaeological sites. The other five WAAs, with moderate to abundant trash, do qualify as archaeological sites. Data categories at these five WAAs include information about the products, brands, and manufacturers represented, as well as chronological and subsistence data.
The oldest and longest-used site is the Curry WAA, in operation from 1929 until 1966. The largest of the five sites, the Curry site contains trash from concessionaires, the public, and the National Park Service. The Vogelsang WAA, which served as the trash dump for a high country camp located in the Yosemite wilderness, was used from 1950 until 1965, and contains discrete trash deposits, separated by time and space within a small, 1-acre area. The Baseline WAA was a casual dump used by National Park Service work crews from 1947 to 1962; the Mather WAA was also used by the National Park Service employees, between 1942 and the 1970s, but mainly by employees and their families instead of work crews. The Gaylor WAA, used by Tuolumne Meadows concessionaires, contains trash dating to the 1960s and early 1970s.
As expected, artifact data from the WAAs confirm that tourism in Yosemite is an important element of the economy. Taken together, the WAAs, dating from the 1930s into the 1970s, reflect a larger trend in U.S. society: “Victory Culture” slowly being supplanted by an environmental ethic.
No further archeological work is recommended at eight of the nine WAAs. At four sites, there was no significant quantity or quality of archeological data; Camp 6, Cascade, Pohono, and South Pit. An adequate sample was retrieved through the monitoring to effectively exhaust the information potential of four other sites; Baseline, Curry, Gaylor, and Mather. At the final site, Vogelsang, there is a good possibility for older deposits not found during the monitoring. The monitoring of future ground disturbing activities at the Vogelsang WAA is recommended to determine if older deposits not yet encountered are present.
安息の場・アライ家園池のと復元発掘調査
東カリフォルニア、オーウェンズバレー、マンザナール国立歴史地区におけるアライ家園池の発掘・復元の 報告を伝えます。 マンザナール強制収容所は、第二次世界大戦時に日系アメリカ人と日本からの移民が収 容された10ヶ所の内の1施設でした。 この調査は、関係者の口述記録や歴史資料、また、アライ・ジャック・ ハンシロウ氏により造成された園池の発掘調査より、まとめたものです。 戦後、数十年間の放置により、こ の園池は土に埋没し、かろうじて少し表層部が見られる状態になっていました。 発掘調査により、22フィー
ト四方の広さと2.5フィートの深さの不整形な園池の存在が明らかになりました。 石によって敷地境界が作 られ、3つの島と魚の通り道(トンネル)、水蓮のカゴを有した、コンクリート製の園池です。 二つのバラック の間に位置するこの庭の特性は、敷石やコンクリート面、飛石、小さな流れです。 また、2000以上の遺物が 発見され、その多くは釘や割れたガラスでした。 しかしながら、それら遺物の中には、300以上のビー玉や 玩具、水筒、アワビの貝殻、調理器具、池の植物の残存物が含まれていました。 この調査結果により、収容 された家族が生活環境を変化させるために、周辺を改良していたことが言えます。
The 7.2 cubic meters excavated included sixteen 1 by 1 m excavation units in the rockshelter itself, and two 1 by 1 m units on a small bench below. Four subsurface features were encountered and four main stratigraphic divisions were discerned at the site. The 700-plus artifacts and ecofacts collected include projectile points, other flaked stone tools, debitage, ground stone, ceramic sherds, glass beads, and fire-cracked rock. Floral and faunal remains provide information on subsistence. Other analyses included flaked stone classification, x-ray fluorescence sourcing, and obsidian hydration and radiocarbon dating.
Chronometric and other data indicate two distinct occupations at the site. The first use, beginning as early as 500 B.C., is evident on the bench below the Rockshelter. There, evidence suggests biface reduction, which continued until around A.D. 1000. The later occupation, evident in the rockshelter itself, occurred after A.D. 1000, with most intensive occupation after A.D. 1300. During this time period, the rockshelter was sporadically used by small groups as a temporary camp during the summer, for a variety of subsistence-related activities. It was used until the 1840s, but apparently permanently abandoned a decade or two after that.
The testing and data recovery at Whisky Creek Rockshelter funded by Harshbarger Construction Corporation provides a significant contribution to the archaeology of the Inyo-Mono region.
Vases that once held floral arrangements that adorned the graves and cemetery monument during the relocation center occupation, as well as the abundant remains of hand-made artificial flowers, were found during the excavations. As part of the cemetery clean-up when the relocation center closed in 1946, the vases and flower remains apparently had been removed from individual graves and the monument and buried. The archeological work also identified the location of the original internee-constructed fence, so that it could be accurately reconstructed. The location of a 1970s fence refurbished by the Manzanar Committee and clues about the location of a 1946 fence built by the War Relocation Authority were likewise uncovered. Traces of occupations prior to the relocation center were found as well. A concrete pipeline, an earthen ditch, and buried tree stumps from an orchard planted by the residents of the 1910-1930s town of Manzanar were encountered within the cemetery, and a small roasting pit and a few scattered artifacts indicate use of the immediate area by Native American Indians possibly as early as A.D. 600.
balanced the need for national security and the need to comply with the Geneva Convention. This article describes how oral histories, archaeological fieldwork, and archival research have been integrated to document the physical remains of the Honouliuli Internment and POW Camp. This interdisciplinary approach has contributed small but important details about the site on the one hand, and broader and more universal implications about how ethnicity and status play out on the other.
When Nancy Ukai, director of the “50 Objects/50 Stories” project, shared with us a map she had found in the National Archives that documented the precise location of the 1943 killing, we authors traveled the 500 miles from our home to Topaz to learn if any traces of the monument remained.
This series describes our quest and its results.