Helmia Farida

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Ferry Efendi

Universitas Airlangga

Siti Suliha

Defence Services Medical Academy (DSMA), Yangon, Myanmar (Burma)

deniz gürler

University of Usak

Deniz KILINÇ

Celal Bayar University

Arif Handoko

dr Kamal Amiruddin, MARS

Harriet Kitzman

University of Rochester

Ching-min Chen

National Cheng Kung University

Cuk Surono

University of Oxford

Shinta Oktaviana

State Polytechnic of Jakarta

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Papers by Helmia Farida

Mitigation of Emerging Contaminants in Hospital Wastewater: Ozone Microbubbles as an Innovative Treatment Approach

E3S web of conferences, 2024

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The Effectivity of Thymus vulgaris Extract on IL-1 Level and Bacterial Count in The Heart of Balb-c Mice Infected with MRSA

Journal of biomedicine and translational research, Dec 10, 2021

Background: The increasing phenomenon resistance of bacteria to various types of antibiotics, for... more Background: The increasing phenomenon resistance of bacteria to various types of antibiotics, for example MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) became a serious problem. Over the last few decades S. aureus has become the dominant cause of endocarditis. MRSA data in Indonesia are still rarely reported. This has led to the importance of extracting natural substances that have anti-bacterial effects or that modulate immune response such as Thymus vulgaris (TV). It was hypothesized that TV can overcome MRSA infection by increasing IL-1, which is the initial cytokine in a natural immune response stimulated by the presence of S. aureus. Objective: This study was to investigate the effect of Thymus vulgaris extract on IL-1 and bacterial counts in the heart of balb-c mice infected with MRSA. Methods: There were 30 male Balb-c mice randomly divided into six groups. Group K (mice infected with MRSA without treatment),P1(mice treated with TV extract 7 days later infected with MRSA), P2(mice infected and treated with vancomycin), P3(mice infected and treated with TV+vancomycin extract), P4(mice infected and treated with amoxicillin), and P5 (mice infected and treated with TV extract+amoxicillin). IL-1 and bacterial count was assessed by ELISA and microbiological culture. Results: The result showed that there was a significant increase in IL-1 between groups (p=0.001). The median decrease in the bacterial count in the heart was 0 in almost treatment group except for P4 group which its median was 26.000 (p=0.161). The correlation between IL-1 levels and MRSA count in the heart had a weak negative correlation (r=-0.182). Conclusion: Thymus vulgaris extract was significantly effective to increase IL-1 levels but not proven to decrease MRSA count in the heart of balb-c mice.

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PENGARUH PENINGKATAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Haemophilus influenzae PADA MEDIA AGAR COKLAT DARI DARAH MANUSIA

Latar Belakang: Haemophilus influenzae adalah bakteri fastidious penyebab pneumonia dan meningiti... more Latar Belakang: Haemophilus influenzae adalah bakteri fastidious penyebab pneumonia dan meningitis. Agar coklat dari darah domba (ACD) merupakan standar baku media pertumbuhan H. influenzae. Kesulitan dalam penyediaan darah domba di negara tropis merupakan kendala mengkultur H. influenzae, sedangkan penggunaan darah manusia (ACM) yang lebih mudah penyediannya tidak direkomendasikan untuk kultur. Penelitian ini bertujuan mencari alternatif media kultur dari agar coklat dari darah manusia dengan modifikasi peningkatan kadar hemoglobin. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain True experimental post test only. Sebelas strain kuman H. influenzae ditanam pada media ACD,ACM, dan ACMHb kemudian diinkubasikan selama 24 dan 48 jam. Diameter, jumlah, dan karakteristik koloni adalah hal yang dinilai pada media hasil inkubasi pada suspensi murni, sedangkan penilaian untuk suspensi spike sputum meliputi diameter dan karakteristik koloni. Hasil: Setelah inkubasi 24 dan 48 jam menunjukkan diameter koloni H. influenza pada media ACMHb lebih besar dari ACM (p>0,05), namun lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan ACD (p < 0,05). Berbeda pada suspensi yang dispike ke dalam sputum baik pada inkubasi 24 maupun 48 jam, diameter koloni ACMHb sama baiknya bila dibandingkan dengan ACD (p=0,64) dan lebih besar dibandingkan ACM (p=0,002). Jumlah koloni dan karakteristik tidak berbeda bermakna pada setiap media baik pada suspensi murni dan suspensi yang dispike ke dalam sputum (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Media agar coklat dari darah manusia dengan modifikasi Hb (ACMHb) layak sebagai alternatif media kultur H. influenzae dapat menumbuhkan H. influenzae dengan karakteristik yang tetap terjaga.

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Antibacterial effect of bitter melon extract (Momordica charantia) against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2021

Bitter melon with phytochemical contents has been proven to contain anti-microbial activity. Howe... more Bitter melon with phytochemical contents has been proven to contain anti-microbial activity. However, previous studies only used diffusion method with uncertain breakpoint for the inhibition zone diameter (IZD) produced. The aim of this research was to examine the effect of Bitter Melon Extract (BME) on S. aureus and S. pyogenes by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) methods as well as IZD. The method of this research was experimental research with post-test only control group design was carried out using 6 groups consisted of 1 positive control (K+) as the indicator of visual clarity, 4 different concentrations of BME (100%, 50%, 25% and 12,5%) inoculated with bacteria and 1 negative control (K-). MIC was determined by comparing the turbidity of inoculated tubes with K+. MBC was evaluated by plating the culture on agar plate to examine whether sterile growth produced. This study showed that MIC of BME against S. aureus and S. pyogenes are 50% and 25%. MBC study showed bacterial growth. IZD of S. aureus and S. pyogenes for BME to be claimed as sensitive were 12 mm and 9 mm. The higher the concentration of BME, the wider the IZD.

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EFEKTIVITAS AIR REBUSAN KULIT KAYU MANIS (Cinnamomum burmannii) SEBAGAI ANTISEPTIK UNTUK HIGIENE TANGAN

Air rebusan KKM dengan konsentrasi 10% v/v tidak memiliki aktivitas antiseptik sebaik alcohol han... more

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Gambaran Mikroskopik Makrofag Penderita Tuberkulosis Dengan Diabetes Melitus Tipe II Yang Terkontrol Dan Tidak Terkontrol

DIPONEGORO MEDICAL JOURNAL (JURNAL KEDOKTERAN DIPONEGORO), 2019

Introduction: Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) attacks 9.4 million people and killes 1.7 million peopl... more Introduction: Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) attacks 9.4 million people and killes 1.7 million people of the world every year. TB control is aggravated by the increasing the number of diabetes mellitus (DM) sufferers. Diabetes sufferers had trouble on the immune body response which is macrophage that would worsen the TB infection. The immune body response trouble can be seen in the description of macrophage appearance in TB with type II DM controlled and uncontrolled. Objective: To analyze the difference of microscopic macrophage between the TB sufferers of type II DM controlled and uncontrolled. Method: This was observational descriptive research by cross sectional design. The subject sampling was conducted by consecutive sampling. The subjects were 24 TB patients type II DM who comes to take treatment in Central Pulmonary Health Center Semarang. Result: The description of macrophage on TB sufferers with type II DM controlled was dominant more activated macrophages (83.3%), while the TB sufferers with type II DM uncontrolled was dominant less activated macrophages (91.7%). Conclusion: There were significant differences in the description of macrophage appearance TB with type II DM controlled and uncontrolled (p=0,001).

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FAKTOR RISIKO KOLONISASI Klebsiella sp. PADA NASOFARING BALITA

Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro, 2013

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Prevalensi Dan Faktor Resiko Terjadinya Pityriasis Versicolor Pada Polisi Lalu Lintas Kota Semarang

Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro, 2014

Latar belakang: Pitiriasis versikolor (PV) merupakan penyakit kulit dengan prevalensi yang tiggi ... more Latar belakang: Pitiriasis versikolor (PV) merupakan penyakit kulit dengan prevalensi yang tiggi di daerah tropis (40%). Profesi Polisi lalu lintas (Polantas) diperkirakan memiliki resiko tinggi terkena PV. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui angka kejadian dan faktor resiko PV pada Polantas di Semarang. Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat belah lintang dengan subjek penelitian 57 Polantas di Semarang pada bulan Juni 2014. Diagnosis PV berdasarkan pemeriksaan klinis oleh residen penyakit kulit kelamin dan lampu wood. Data diambil dengan kuesioner meliputi durasi mengatur lalu lintas per hari, masa kerja di kepolisian lalu lintas, dan hygiene perorangan. Analisa data menggunakan uji regresi logistik dengan tingkat kemaknaan p < 0,05; Interval Kepercayaan 95%. Hasil: Angka kejadian PV pada Polantas di Semarang 17,5%. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa hygiene perorangan yang buruk merupakan faktor resiko PV RP = 4,4 (C.I. = 1,05 - 18,19), p = 0,042. Masa kerja dan durasi mengatur lalu lintas bukan merupakan faktor resiko PV. Simpulan: Tingkat hygiene perorangan yang buruk merupakan faktor resiko terjadinya infeksi PV.

Faktor – Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pertumbuhan Anak Penderita Talasemia Mayor DI Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

DIPONEGORO MEDICAL JOURNAL (JURNAL KEDOKTERAN DIPONEGORO), 2019

Talasemia merupakan kondisi di mana hemoglobin mengalami hemolisis akibat gangguan sintesis ranta... more Talasemia merupakan kondisi di mana hemoglobin mengalami hemolisis akibat gangguan sintesis rantai hemoglobin atau rantai globin. Kegagalan pertumbuhan adalah kejadian umum pada pasien dengan penyakit talasemia. Kondisi anemia dan kekurangan gizi kronis akan menyebabkan seorang anak talasemia memiliki perawakan pendek. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan anak penderita talasemia mayor dengan lingkar lengan atas (LiLA) dan tinggi badan penderita talasemia mayor. Metode: Penelitian merupakan uji analitik observasional belah lintang. Subjek penelitian adalah anak usia 0-18 tahun penderita talasemia mayor yang berobat ke PMI Semarang pada bulan Februari-Juni 2019 yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Data diambil dari anamnesis dan dan rekam medis, kemudian dianalisis bivariat pada data berskala. Hubungan antara variabel diuji menggunakan uji x². Analisis multivariat dilakukan untuk menilai faktor mana yang dominan dalam pengukuran lingkar lengan atas serta tinggi badan dengan regresi logistik. Hasil: Sebanyak 26 anak diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan signifikan dengan pengukuran LILA adalah frekuensi transfusi darah (p=0,026), tidak ada faktor yang berhubungan signifikan dengan pengukuran tinggi badan. Faktor yang paling dominan terhadap pengukuran LiLA adalah lama sakit (p 0,000), sedangkan faktor dominan pengukuran Tinggi Badan adalah lama sakit (p 0,000) dan jenis kelasi besi (p 0,000). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara frekuensi transfusi darah dengan pengukuran LiLA dan merupakan faktor dominan dalam pengukuran LiLA. Faktor lama sakit memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan pengukuran Tinggi Badan, dan merupakan faktor dominan dalam pengukuran Tinggi Badan. Kata kunci: Talasemia, transfusi darah, lingkar lengan atas, lama sakit, tinggi badan ABSTRACT Background: Thalassemia is a condition in which hemoglobin undergoes hemolysis due to a disruption of the synthesis of globin chains. Growth failure is a common occurrence in patients with thalassemia. The condition of anemia and chronic malnutrition may cause a child with thalassemia to have a short stature. Aim: To determine the factors that influence the growth of children with major thalassemia with upper arm circumference (UAC) and body height of child with major thalassemia. Method: This is a observational cross-sectional analytic study. Research subjects were children aged 0-18 years with major thalassemia who were treated at PMI Semarang in February-June 2019 that met the research criteria. Data was taken from history and medical records, then bivariate analysis was conducted. The association between variables was tested using x² test. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess which factors were dominant in the measurement of upper arm circumference and height using regression. Results: A total of 26 children were included in this study. Factors with significant correlations with UAC measurement was the frequency of blood transfusion

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Perbandingan Pertumbuhan Streptococcus Pneumoniae Pada Media Agar Darah Domba Dengan Preinkubasi STHB (Supplemented Todd Hewitt Broth) Dan Media Agar Darah Domba Gentamisin Tanpa Preinkubasi STHB

DIPONEGORO MEDICAL JOURNAL (JURNAL KEDOKTERAN DIPONEGORO), 2018

Latar belakang Media agar darah domba gentamisin merupakan media selektif untuk kultur Streptococ... more Latar belakang Media agar darah domba gentamisin merupakan media selektif untuk kultur Streptococcus pneumoniae yang berasal dari spesimen swab nasofaring, namun kultur S.pneumoniae masih sulit dilakukan karena S.pneumoniae bersifat fastidious sehingga membutuhkan media dengan nutrisi yanng khusus. Preinkubasi S.pneumoniae pada Supplemented Todd Hewith Broth (STHB) sebelum dilakukan kultur pada media agar darah domba dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan S.pneumoniae. Tujuan Menguji pertumbuhan S.pneumoniae dari spesimen swab nasofaring pada media agar darah domba dengan preinkubasi dalam STHB dibandingkan dengan media agar darah domba gentamisin. Metode Desain penelitian True experimental post test only. Enambelas swab nasofaring ditanam langsung pada agar darah domba gentamisin dan di preinkubasi STHB 4-6 jam sebelum ditanam pada agar darah domba. Pengamatan pada 18, 24 dan 48 jam meliputi jumlah koloni, diameter koloni, diameter hemolisis, dan karakteristik koloni. Hasil Jumlah koloni kedua media pada pengamatan 18 jam (p= 0,545), 24 jam (p = 0,545) dan 48 jam (p = 0,545) memiliki perbedaan namun tidak bermakna. Pengamatan 18 jam terdapat perbedaan signifikan diameter koloni pada kedua media (p = 0,040),namun perbedaan pada pengamatan 24 jam tidak bermakna (p =0,073) begitu juga pada 48 jam (p = 0,080). Diameter zona hemolisis pada pengamatan 18 jam (p = 0,806), 24 jam (p = 0,678) dan 48 jam (p = 0,485) memiliki perbedaan namun tidak bermakna. Karakteristik koloni pada pengamatan 18 jam (p = 0,654), 24 jam (p = 0,479) dan 48 jam (p = 0,433) memiliki perbedaan namun tidak bermakna. Kesimpulan Terdapat perbedaan pertumbuhan S. pneumoniae yang ditanam langsung pada agar darah domba gentamisin dan agar darah domba dengan preinkubasi STHB pada pengamatan 18, 24 dan 48 jam namun tidak bermakna. Kata kunci: Agar darah domba, S. pneumoniae, STHB ABSTRACT COMPARISON THE GROWTH OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE ON SHEEP BLOOD AGAR WITH PREINCUBATION IN SUPPLEMENTED TODD HEWITH BROTH (STHB) AND GENTAMISIN BLOOD AGAR WITHOUT PREINCUBATION IN STHB Background Gentamicin blood agar is a selective medium for Streptococcus pneumoniae cultures derived from nasopharyngeal swab specimens, but cultures S. pneumoniae are still difficult because S. pneumoniae is fastidious and thus requires media with special nutrients.

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Perbandingan Efektivitas Seftriakson Dengan Siprofloksasin Pada Kuman Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Secara in Vitro

DIPONEGORO MEDICAL JOURNAL (JURNAL KEDOKTERAN DIPONEGORO), 2016

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OPTIMALISASI AGAR COKLAT DARAH MANUSIA SEBAGAI MEDIA UJI SENSITIVITAS ANTIBIOTIK TERHADAP Haemophilus influenzae : PERAN PACKED RED CELL DAN PENCUCIAN ERITROSIT SEBANYAK EMPAT KALI

Background : Haemophilus Test Media is a standard medium for susceptibility test for H.influenzae... more Background : Haemophilus Test Media is a standard medium for susceptibility test for H.influenzae. It is expensive and unavailable in Indonesia, so that susceptibility test of H.influenzae is not considerable to do. The use of human blood as a medium for antibiotic susceptibility testing of Haemophilus influenzae has not been done before. Aim : To compare the results antibiotic susceptibility test on media Haemophilus Test Media (HTM), sheep blood derived chocolate agar (ACD), human blood chocolate agar (ACM), and human blood derived chocolate agar with modifications of intensive erythrocytes washing (ACMC). Methods : This study design was true-experimental designs post test only. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out by disc diffusion method (CLSI 2011) on media HTM, ACD, ACM and the ACMC against 11 strains of H.influenzae. Compatibility of the test results with HTM medium was measured using Kappa acceptance of K> 0.80. Result : on ACD media, compatibility (Kappa)> 0.80 achieved by only 40% antibiotic tested (chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole). On ACM, Kappa values> 0.80 only achieved on 60% antibiotic tested(chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, and tetracycline). On ACMC Kappa value> 0.80 only achieved on 80% antibiotic tested (ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, and tetracycline). Conclusion : ACMC is slightly better than ACD, ACM for antibiotic susceptibility test for H.influenzae, but all of this media were still not feasible for use as an antibiotic susceptibility test of alternative media for H.influenzae. Modification is necessary to find another way to achieve excellent compliance with HTM.

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PENGARUH EKSTRAK THYME (Thymus vulgaris) TERHADAP IL-6 DAN HITUNG KUMAN PADA HEPAR MENCIT Balb-c YANG DIINFEKSI METHICILLIN RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Mandala of Health: A Scientific Journal, Dec 30, 2019

Meningkatnya fenomena resistensi bakteri, yaitu Metisilin-Resisten Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), ... more Meningkatnya fenomena resistensi bakteri, yaitu Metisilin-Resisten Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), mendorong pentingnya penggalian bahan alam yang memiliki efek antibakteri atau yang memodulasi respon imun. Thymus vulgaris (TV) atau herba timi diketahui memiliki efek antimikroba dan immunomodulator, sehingga diharapkan dapat mengatasi infeksi MRSA melalui peningkatan sitokin IL-6. Efek ekstrak Thymus vulgaris terhadap IL-6 dan hitung kuman pada hepar mencit balb-c yang diinfeksi MRSA diuji pada penelitian ini. Desain penelitian adalah post test only control group design. Populasi studi menggunakan 30 ekor mencit balb-c jantan yang diinfeksi MRSA dan dibagi secara acak dalam enam kelompok. Kelompok penelitian dibagi menjadi enam, yaitu kelompok K1 (mencit diinfeksi MRSA tanpa diterapi), P1 (mencit diterapi ekstrak Thymus vulgaris, 7 hari kemudian diinfeksi MRSA), K2 (mencit diinfeksi dan diterapi vankomisin), P2 (mencit diinfeksi dan diterapi ekstrak TV + vankomisin), K3 (mencit diinfeksi dan diterapi amoksisilin), dan P3 (mencit diinfeksi dan diterapi ekstrak TV + amoksisilin). IL-6 diukur dengan ELISA, hitung kuman dinilai dengan kultur mikrobiologi. Data dianalisis dan diolah menggunakan uji hipotesis dengan uji t-test independent program SPSS 22.0. Hasilnya ditemukan kadar IL-6 yang tidak bermakna antara kelompok K1-P1 (p>0,05), K2-P2 (p>0,05), dan K3-P3 (p>0,05). Penurunan hitung kuman bermakna pada kelompok K1-P1 (p<0,05), tidak bermakna pada K2-P2 (p>0,05) dan K3-P3 (p>0,05). Kadar IL-6 dengan penurunan hitung kuman MRSA di hepar memiliki korelasi positif yang sangat lemah (r=0,086). Ekstrak Thymus vulgaris terbukti efektif dalam menurunkan hitung kuman MRSA pada kelompok yang tidak mendapatkan antibiotik tetapi tidak terbukti meningkatkan kadar IL-6. Kata kunci : hitung kuman, IL-6, MRSA, Thymus vulgaris CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

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Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Indonesia

Ucapan terima kasih / Dankwooord (Acknowledgement) Curiculum vitae List of publication PhD portof... more Ucapan terima kasih / Dankwooord (Acknowledgement) Curiculum vitae List of publication PhD portofolio Introduction and outline of the thesis 11 Chapter 1 Introduction and outline of the thesis 12 13 12 | Introduction and outline of the thesis INTRODUCTION Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a significant cause of morbidity, mortality, and an economic burden [1]. In low-to middle-income countries, it is one of the most important causes of death and loss of years of life [2,3]. Of the 15 million deaths reported for the year 2004 in Southeast Asian countries (as defined by WHO), 1.5 million (10 %) were due to respiratory infections, mostly lower respiratory tract infections, including 0.5 million deaths due to tuberculosis. Likewise, these infections were responsible for over 40/440 million disability adjusted life years lost in this area of the world [3]. Knowledge about the epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis of CAP is essential for patient management in order to achieve the optimum patients' outcomes [4]. As antibiotic therapy is one of the cornerstones in the management of patients with infections including CAP, the quality of care, in particular the quality of the use of antibiotics, is also crucial in the management of CAP cases [5]. Although host factors such as age and gender, and severity of disease on presentation, are the most important determinants of outcome of CAP, patients with CAP also need to be identified and empirically treated at an early stage of their illness since delay in the timely instigation of appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy for CAP has been independently associated with poor patient outcomes [6]. CAP is often caused by pathogens that have colonized the upper airways prior to causing lower respiratory disease. This has been proven for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Therefore, the commensal microflora of the upper respiratory tract, especially the nasopharyngeal space needs to be studied in detail. Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country, with a population of close to 250 million inhabitants. In Indonesia, CAP ranks the first as the cause of mortality in children [7] and the sixth in adults [8]. However, there are still very few data available with regard to CAP in Indonesia. Data are lacking on the etiology, antimicrobial management, and supportive patient care, leading to difficulties in controlling this disease, and, consequently, to a potentially enhanced burden from this disease. Also, the normal nasopharyngeal microflora of Indonesian inhabitants has received little attention so far. These are in sharp contrast to the many experiences with this disease and with nasoparyngael carriage reported from western countries, and even from some countries neighbouring Indonesia [9-11]. Consequently, the management of CAP patients in Indonesia has been, so far, based on experience gained elsewhere and presented in international guidelines [8] without evaluation of their appropriateness for the Indonesian setting. There is also, to our knowledge, no proper evaluation of the outcomes of patients with CAP in this country. Introduction and outline of the thesis 14 | Introduction and outline of the thesis Central Java province, Indonesia, is presented. The etiological diagnosis was determined based on a comprehensive range of diagnostic laboratory tests and interpretation of these test results by integrative panel discussions involving clinicians, radiologists, and clinical microbiologists. One of the implicated pathogenic species, Leptospira spp., is discussed separately in chapter 4. Part III: Characteristic differences between isolates from colonized and infected individuals Pneumonia, especially bacterial pneumonia, is usually preceded by colonization of the upper respiratory tract by potential lower respiratory pathogens. A population-based survey of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and other Gram-negative bacilli among healthy individuals is described in chapter 5 and chapter 6. The risk factors for carriage of these potential pathogens are analyzed. The heterogeneity among isolates from the major bacterial Gram-negative respiratory pathogen, i.e. K. pneumoniae, isolated from healthy and infected individuals is presented in chapter 7. Part IV: Management of community-acquired pneumonia in Indonesia Chapter 8 describes the development of a set of quality indicators for the assessment of the medical management of CAP patients in the Indonesian setting. Part V: Discussion The main findings of the studies in this thesis are discussed and suggestions for further research regarding the management of CAP in Indonesia are given in chapter 9 and summarized in chapter 10.

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FAKTOR RISIKO KOLONISASI Streptococcus pneumoniaePADA NASOFARING BALITA : (Penelitian belah lintang pada balita yang tinggal di daerah tengah dan pinggiran kota Semarang)

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Faktor Risiko Kolonisasi Streptococcus Pneumoniae Pada Nasofaring Balita Dengan Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (Ispa)

DIPONEGORO MEDICAL JOURNAL (JURNAL KEDOKTERAN DIPONEGORO), 2016

Streptococcus pneumoniae adalah kuman Gram Positif yang tersebar di seluruh dunia. Kuman ini menj... more Streptococcus pneumoniae adalah kuman Gram Positif yang tersebar di seluruh dunia. Kuman ini menjadi salah satu penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas pada anak. 1 Penelitian yang mengumpulkan sampel di sebelas negara di Asia menunjukkan bakteri ini terisolasi pada 38,6% anak-anak dibawah usia 5 tahun. Penyebarannya yang semakin luas didukung oleh faktor resistensi antibiotik, utamanya di negara-negara berkembang. 2,3 Koloni S. pneumoniae di nasofaring merupakan suatu tahap patogenesis yang berperan dalam patogenesis penyakit pneumonia, otitis media akut, dan meningitis. 4 Koloni kuman ini di nasofaring tidak selalu menimbulkan gejala klinis. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan dengan adanya isolat pneumococcal pada swab nasofaring balita sehat di berbagai negara. 5,6,7 Penelitian serupa juga telah dilakukan di Indonesia, negara yang mempunyai populasi terpadat keempat di dunia. Sebanyak 48% anak sehat di Lombok merupakan karier S. pneumoniae di nasofaringnya. 8 Sedangkan di Semarang, angkanya tidak jauh berbeda, yaitu 43%. 9 Kolonisasi nasofaring merupakan proses yang dinamis. Dalam kondisi tertentu, kolonisasi S. pneumoniae dapat berkembang menjadi penyakit pada organ yang ditempatinya, salah satunya saluran pernapasan. Sistem imunitas lokal yang dimiliki host penting dalam meregulasi patogen ini. Apabila sistem imun pada mukosa lemah, bakteri ini dapat berkoloni lebih banyak. Selanjutnya S. pneumoniae

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Pola Sensitivitas bakteri penghasil Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase terhadap Enam Antibiotik yang biasa dipergunakan pada pengobatan di Klinik

The validated study of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in Indonesia is sc... more The validated study of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in Indonesia is scarce. Multi-centre study on susceptibility of ESBLs producers is our point of view. A survey was carried out in three teaching hospitals in Surabaya (Dr. Soetomo), Malang (Dr. Saiful Anwar) and Semarang (Dr. Kariadi). Clinical ESBL-producers were collected in over four months period (January to April 2010) up to 300 strains. The susceptibility against 6 antibiotics below were used as a point of view in analysis. As many as 300 isolates were collected, 140 (Surabaya), 85 (Semarang) and 75 (Malang) respectively. The three most prevalent ESBL producers were: E. coli (42.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (47.3%) and Enterobacter spp (7%). The other 9 strains were: Citrobacter spp, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis and Serratia spp. The susceptibility analysis was then performed on the three most prevalent isolates. The sensitivity rate of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp against tested antibiotics were 3%, 4% and 5% for cefotaxim; 91%, 87% and 90% for Amikacin; 27%, 54% and 43% for Ciprofloxacin; 98%, 93% and 100% for Cefoperason-Sulbactam; 100%, 96% and 100% for Meropenem; 95%, 94% and 86% for Fosfomycin. As a conclusion, we found that amikacin, cefoperason-sulbactam, meropenem and fosfomycin, are prospective for emperic therapy in clinical setting of health services where ESBL producing bacteria were prevalent as causative

Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumonia in Pneumonia-Prone Age Groups in Semarang, Java Island, Indonesia

PLOS ONE, Jan 31, 2014

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a worldwide occurring pathogen Nasopharyngeal carriage ... more Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a worldwide occurring pathogen Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae precedes pneumonia and other pneumococcal diseases in the community. Little is known about S. pneumoniae carriage in Indonesia, complicating strategies to control pneumococcal diseases. We investigated nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae in Semarang, Indonesia. Methods: A population-based survey was performed in Semarang, Indonesia. Nasopharyngeal swabs and questionnaires were taken from 496 healthy young (6-60 month-old) children and 45-70 year-old adults. Results: Forty-three percent of children aged 6-60 months and 11% of adults aged 45-75 years carried S. pneumoniae. Determinants of carriage were being a child (OR 7.7; 95% CI = 4.5-13.0), passive smoking (OR 2.1; 95% CI = 1.3-3.4), and contact with toddler(s) at home (OR 3.0; 95% CI = 1.9-4.7). The most frequent serotypes found were 6A/B and 15B/C. The current commercially available vaccines cover ,50% serotypes found in children. Twenty-four percent of S. pneumoniae strains were penicillin non-susceptible, and 45% were resistant to cotrimoxazol. Conclusions: The limited coverage of commercially available vaccines against the serotypes found in this population, and the high proportion of non-susceptibility to penicillin and cotrimoxazol suggest the need for region-specific information and strategies to control S. pneumoniae.

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Kolonisasi Bakteri Patogen Potensial Penyebab Infeksi Daerah Operasi Pada Kulit Pasien Praoperatif

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Efektivitas Minyak Atsiri Daun Kemangi (Ocimum Basilicum) Sebagai Antiseptik Untuk Higiene Tangan

DIPONEGORO MEDICAL JOURNAL (JURNAL KEDOKTERAN DIPONEGORO), 2017

Higiene tangan adalah suatu istilah umum yang mengacu pada tindakan pembersihan tangan. 1 Pembers... more Higiene tangan adalah suatu istilah umum yang mengacu pada tindakan pembersihan tangan. 1 Pembersihan tangan tersebut dapat berupa mencuci tangan menggunakan sabun dan air mengalir, cuci tangan dengan antiseptik, alcoholbased handrub, maupun antisepsis sebelum tindakan bedah. 2 Terdapat dua teknik yang diakui untuk melakukan higiene tangan yaitu menggosok tangan dengan alcohol-based handrub dan cuci tangan menggunakan sabun dan air mengalir. 19 Alcohol handrub dapat digunakan untuk antisepsis rutin saat tangan tidak terihat kotor. Hal ini lebih efektif dan toleran terhadap tangan daripada menggunakan sabun dan air. Sedangkan cuci tangan meggunakan sabun dan air digunakan saat tangan terlihat kotor atau setelah menggunakan toilet. 20 2.1.2 Indikasi Higiene Tangan Waktu-waktu yang dianjurkan untuk melakukan Higiene tangan: 20,21 1. Sebelum, selama, dan setelah menyiapkan makanan 2. Sebelum makan dan menyuapi anak 3. Sebelum dan sesudah kontak dengan orang sakit 4. Sebelum dan sesudah merawat luka 5. Setelah menggunakan toilet brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

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Mitigation of Emerging Contaminants in Hospital Wastewater: Ozone Microbubbles as an Innovative Treatment Approach

E3S web of conferences, 2024

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The Effectivity of Thymus vulgaris Extract on IL-1 Level and Bacterial Count in The Heart of Balb-c Mice Infected with MRSA

Journal of biomedicine and translational research, Dec 10, 2021

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PENGARUH PENINGKATAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Haemophilus influenzae PADA MEDIA AGAR COKLAT DARI DARAH MANUSIA

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Antibacterial effect of bitter melon extract (Momordica charantia) against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2021