WOS: 000449141700022Metallic particulate matter has been released into the environment that can b... more WOS: 000449141700022Metallic particulate matter has been released into the environment that can be deposited on aerial parts of vegetation in terrestrial ecosystems. Foliar transfer of metals and their fate in plant leaves is still unclear although it is contributor to the transfer of metals into plant body. The study was conducted with the objective of investigating the possible effects of various concentration levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 mg L-1) of foliar-applied Pb on rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in half strength Johnson's nutrient solution. The results showed that increasing levels of lead application decreased fresh and dry weights of rice compared with control. Lead concentrations in roots increased with increasing rate of application. The overall results indicated bioaccumulation of foliar applied lead in rice plants
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) could achieve the removal of antibiotics and generate power in the me... more Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) could achieve the removal of antibiotics and generate power in the meantime, a process in which the bacterial community structure played a key role. Previous work has mainly focused on microbes in the anode, while their role in the cathode was seldomly mentioned. Thus, this study explored the bacterial community of both electrodes in MFCs under sulfadiazine (SDZ) pressure. The results showed that the addition of SDZ had a limited effect on the electrochemical performance, and the maximum output voltage was kept at 0.55 V. As the most abundant phylum, Proteobacteria played an important role in both the anode and cathode. Among them, Geobacter (40.30%) worked for power generation, while Xanthobacter (11.11%), Bradyrhizobium (9.04%), and Achromobacter (7.30%) functioned in SDZ removal. Actinobacteria mainly clustered in the cathode, in which Microbacterium (9.85%) was responsible for SDZ removal. Bacteroidetes, associated with the degradation of SDZ, showed ...
Salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve soil enzyme activities, whi... more Salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve soil enzyme activities, which are indicators of the biological health of the soil, and can overcome the nutritional imbalance in plants. A pot trial was executed to evaluate the effect of inoculation of different salt-tolerant PGPR strains in improving soil enzyme activities. Three different salinity levels (original, 5, and 10 dS m–1) were used and maize seeds were coated with the freshly prepared inocula of ten different PGPR strains. Among different strains, inoculation of SUA-14 (Acinetobacter johnsonii) caused a maximum increment in urease (1.58-fold), acid (1.38-fold), and alkaline phosphatase (3.04-fold) and dehydrogenase (72%) activities as compared to their respective uninoculated control. Acid phosphatase activities were found to be positively correlated with P contents in maize straw (r = 0.96) and grains (r = 0.94). Similarly, a positive correlation was found between alkaline phosphatase activities and...
Additional file 1: Fig. S1. The relative abundance of ARB to TCB during composting. ARB is antibi... more Additional file 1: Fig. S1. The relative abundance of ARB to TCB during composting. ARB is antibiotic-resistant bacterial; TCB is total culturable heterotrophic bacteria. T0 is the control; T1 is chlortetracycline treatment; T2 is sulfamethoxazole treatment; T3 is lincomycin treatment; T4 is ciprofloxacin treatment; T5 is multiple antibiotics treatment. CRB: chlortetracycline-resistant bacteria; SRB: sulfamethoxazole-resistant bacteria; LRB: lincomycin-resistant bacteria; CIRB: ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria; MRB: multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Fig. S2. TCB present in the composting process. The bar chart indicates the total number of species in each group at the selected taxonomic level. Lower; abscissa indicates the number of common or unique groups, and the length of the horizontal column above represents the corresponding number of species. Table S1. Physical and chemical properties of raw materials used for composting. Table S2. qPCR primers used in this study. Table...
Exceeding concentrations of heavy metals in soil and irrigation water are phytotoxic and can seve... more Exceeding concentrations of heavy metals in soil and irrigation water are phytotoxic and can severely damage crop potential. Anthropogenic origin of Mn in agriculture soil has caused considerable crop loss. Therefore, in the present study two plants (Dimorphotheca sinuate) and (Phlox drummondii) of an economically important families Asteraceae and Polmoniaceae were evaluated for various growth and biochemical attributes after their exposure to varying levels of Mn. Plants were exposed to 0.21 g/kg, 0.42 g/kg and 0.6 g/kg of MnCl2 in soil along with control. Different morphological attributes were studied to assess tolerance/toxicity of metal. Changes in chlorophyll and carotenoids were also assessed. The results clearly indicated that the most elevated levels of MnCl2 have severely affected various growth parameters of both plants. It showed better threshold for growth in response to MnCl2.So it is clearly elaborated in this study that both the plants have no such toxic effects and ...
Biochar has extensively been used for multiple purposes in agriculture, including improving soil ... more Biochar has extensively been used for multiple purposes in agriculture, including improving soil microbial biomass. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of acidic biochar on maize seedlings’ rhizosphere bacterial abundance under salinity. There were seven treatments and three replicates in a controlled greenhouse coded as B0S1, B1S1, and B2S1 and B0S2, B1S2, and B2S2. CK is control (free of biochar and salt); B0, B1, and B2 are 0, 15, and 30 g biochar (kg soil)–1; and S1 and S2 are 2.5 and 5 g salt pot–1 that were amended, respectively. After harvesting the maize seedlings, the soil samples were collected and analyzed for soil microbial biomass, bacterial abundance, and diversity. The results revealed that relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi increased on phylum level, whereas Actinomarinales, Alphaproteobacteria, and Streptomyces enhanced on genus level, respectively, in B2S1 and B2S2, when compared with CK and non-biochar amended soil ...
In this study, the influence of ciprofloxacin, chlorotetracycline, lincomycin, and sulfamethoxazo... more In this study, the influence of ciprofloxacin, chlorotetracycline, lincomycin, and sulfamethoxazole on the composition of the bacterial community structure was studied during aerobic composting with swine manure. Firmicutes (26.67%) and Chloroflexi (23.33%) were the most widely distributed phyla. Under all antibiotic treatments, the relative abundances of Bacillaceae, Streptosporangiaceae, Limnochordaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae increased during the composting process. Moreover, norank_SBR1031, Planococcaceae, Thermomonosporaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Limnochordaceae, and Clostridiaceae_1 were the families showing the most significant differences across all treatments (p < 0.05). Principal co-ordinates analysis indicated that the family composition in the ciprofloxacin treatment significantly differed from the other treatments. The presence of ciprofloxacin increased both the abundance and diversity of the bacterial community (the Chao index changed from...
Pesticide Contamination in Freshwater and Soil Environs, 2021
Políticas públicas RESUMO O li toral do Paraná é uma região que depende da atividade turística, t... more Políticas públicas RESUMO O li toral do Paraná é uma região que depende da atividade turística, tendo um forte apelo para o turismo de sol e praia, histórico-cultural e gastronômico, e, por conta disso, apresenta um grande número de pousadas, sendo este um segmento de grande relevância no setor de meios de hospedagem. Assim, buscou-se apresentar o resultado de uma pesquisa que analisou os impactos da crise econômica gerada pela covid-19 nos gestores e nas pousadas do litoral do Paraná. Foi realizada pesquisa exploratória descritiva com 30 gestores entre maio e junho de 2020. O estudo revelou que os estabelecimentos existiam, em média, havia 23,6 anos, portanto eram negócios consolidados no mercado. Os impactos mais sentidos pelos gestores foram os econômicos, já que 83% das pousadas fi caram fechadas em média 118 dias, e os principais problemas psicológicos apresentados pelos gestores foram a insônia, o medo de falência e o nervosismo. Atualmente a taxa média de ocupação das acomodações é de 12,4%, mostrando-se muito abaixo da ocupação mínima ideal, de 42,8%, relatada pelos entrevistados. Os maiores problemas descritos foram a queda brusca da taxa de ocupação, a difi culdade em manter funcionários e o acesso não facilitado ao crédito emergencial. A adoção de estratégias prospectivas direcionadas ao público de maior poder aquisitivo e a participação dos gestores no Sistema Regional de Inovação (SRI) podem representar importantes direcionamentos no enfrentamento da crise causada pelo novo coronavírus.
International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2021
Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) are widely used in Pakistan for growth enhancement, production, and ... more Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) are widely used in Pakistan for growth enhancement, production, and in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in the livestock and poultry industry. Their emergence into the agro-environment began during the resource utilization of farmyard and poultry manure. However, these bioactive organic pollutants are non-degradable in the natural environment and can be uptaken by plants, eventually ending up in the human food chain. Despite the danger these antibiotics pose, unfortunately, it is an issue that still remains underreported, especially in Pakistan. As such, this review critically summarizes the current consumption, exposure pathways, strategies for controlling dissemination, and serious environmental concerns associated with VAs. Additionally, the fate of antibiotics in the dry arid climate of Pakistan is thoroughly explained along with the lack of monitoring and strict legislation in developing countries. It is reported that antibiotic c...
Enzymatic activities play an important role in the biological composting processing of agricultur... more Enzymatic activities play an important role in the biological composting processing of agricultural wastes. This paper explores the effect of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) (Control, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg) on the enzymatic activities of cellulase, protease, urease, and arylsulfatase. Compost samples were taken at three different intervals for analysis (day 0, day 25, and day 45). The findings revealed that at the start of the composting process, a strongly negative effect on enzymatic behavior was observed, and this response was significantly dependent on SMX concentrations (p < 0.05). The inhibition was consistent across all treatments. According to the results, the negative impact of SMX on community structure can result in selection pressure. Furthermore, all of the treatments had drastically improved enzymatic activity by the end of the composting process (day 45). This effect was presumably caused by the deterioration of SMX and a substantial stress reduction.
Abstract Soil nitrification is a crucial process that increases nitrogen (N) availability for pla... more Abstract Soil nitrification is a crucial process that increases nitrogen (N) availability for plants and drives nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrate (NO3−) leaching. Ongoing climate warming and elevated CO2 in the atmosphere may affect nitrification in opposite directions. However, their interactions are not known, especially in the long-term and in flooded conditions common in paddy soils. We conducted a long-term (9 years) field experiment with simultaneous manipulation of temperature (+2 °C above ambient) and CO2 (+60–100 ppm above ambient) to evaluate the impacts of warming and CO2 enrichment on the community structure, diversity, and population size of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), soil nitrification and physico-chemical characteristics. Elevated CO2 increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content (18%), microbial biomass N (65%), and carbon (27%). These changes accompanied an increment in AOB functional-gene abundance (181%) and soil nitrification rate (96%). Elevated temperature also increased (58%) soil nitrification rate. The combination of warming and CO2 enrichment enhanced AOB gene abundance (232%) and nitrification rate (133%). Impacts of these climate change factors on nitrification strongly depended on AOB gene abundance and microbial biomass, but not on AOA abundance. Higher root C inputs by rhizodeposition and pH under these climate change factors explained the substantial increases in AOB gene abundance, as nutrient-rich and alkaline soils favor AOB growth. By contrast, the AOA community was less sensitive to these climate change factors. Community composition, diversity, and richness of nitrifiers were remarkably resilient in response to individual and interactive impacts of warming and elevated CO2. Consequently, climate change will increase AOB population size but without community restructuring and will increase nitrification in paddy soils, which enhances N availability with consequences for crop productivity, N2O emissions, and NO3− leaching.
Current work for animal manure processing is not up to the required standards and hence are not s... more Current work for animal manure processing is not up to the required standards and hence are not supposed to reflect the actual performance in antibiotic resistance control. As a result, this study carried out temperature-controlled aerobic composting, with sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as a typical antibiotic. The results of four different treatments demonstrated that temperature, water content, C/N ratio, EC, and pH showed no significant (p > 0.05) difference. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) significantly decreased in the initial 10 days of the thermophilic phase, but the abundance of sul1 and sul2 increased greatly after 30 days. Moreover, ARGs were closely related with each other during the late stages of composting. A noteworthy effect of composting properties, especially temperature on bacterial community, which then had a positive effect on ARGs abundances. These findings provided evidence that the standard composting was still insufficient to control antibiotic resistance.
Traditional composting has already shown a certain effect in eliminating antibiotic residues, ant... more Traditional composting has already shown a certain effect in eliminating antibiotic residues, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). It is worth noting that the rebounding of ARGs and the succession of the bacterial community during conventional aerobic composting are still serious threats. Considering the probable risk, improved and adaptable technologies are urgently needed to control antibiotic resistance efficiently. This study monitored how thermophilic aerobic composting affected the ARGs, as well as the bacterial diversity during the composting of cow manure spiked with sulfamethoxazole (SMX) at different concentrations. Results showed that the degradation of SMX was enhanced during thermophilic aerobic composting (control > SMX25 > SMX50 > SMX100) and was no longer detected after 20 days of composting. High temperature or heat significantly stimulated the rebounding of certain genes. After 35 days, the abundance of detected genes (sul2, sulA, dfrA7, and dfrA1) significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in control and antibiotic-spiked treatments, except for sul1. The addition of three concentrations of SMX elicited a sharp effect on bacterial diversity, and microbial structure in SMX25 led to significant differences with others (p < 0.05). The network analysis revealed more rigorous interactions among ARGs and abundant genera, suggesting that the host of ARGs potentially increased at low concentrations of SMX. Especially, genera g_norank_f__Beggiatoaceae, Ruminiclostridium, Caldicoprobacter, g_norank_o_MBA03, Hydrogenispora, and Ruminiclostridium_1 were major potential hosts for sul1. In conclusion, the rebounding of ARGs could be intermitted partially, and more efficient control of antibiotic resistance could be achieved in the thermophilic composting compared to conventional methods.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021
The changing climate scenarios harshen the biotic stresses including boosting up the population o... more The changing climate scenarios harshen the biotic stresses including boosting up the population of insect/pest and disease, uplifting weed growth, declining soil beneficial microbes, threaten pollinator, and boosting up abiotic stresses including harsh drought/waterlogging, extremisms in temperature, salinity/alkalinity, abrupt rainfall pattern)) and ulitamtely affect the plant in multiple ways. This nexus review paper will cover four significant points viz (1) the possible impacts of climate change; as the world already facing the problem of food security, in such crucial period, climatic change severely affects all four dimensions of food security (from production to consumption) and will lead to malnutrition/malnourishment faced by low-income peoples. (2) How some major crops (wheat, cotton, rice, maize, and sugarcane) are affected by stress and their consequent loss. (3) How to develop a strategic work to limit crucial factors, like their significant role in climate-smart breeding, developing resilience to stresses, and idiotypic breeding. Additionally, there is an essence of improving food security, as much of our food is wasted before consumption for instance post-harvest losses. (4) Role of biotechnology and genetic engineering in adaptive introgression of the gene or developing plant transgenic against pests. As millions of dollars are invested in innovation and research to cope with future climate change stresses on a plant, hence community base adaptation of innovation is also considered an important factor in crop improvements. Because of such crucial predictions about the future impacts of climate change on agriculture, we must adopt measures to evolve crop.
Arsenic has become a global concern in water environment, and it is essential to develop efficien... more Arsenic has become a global concern in water environment, and it is essential to develop efficient remediation methods. In this study, a novel adsorbent by loading cerium and manganese oxide onto wheat straw-modified biochar (MBC) was manufactured successfully aiming to remove arsenic from polluted water. Through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), and other techniques, it was found the loading of cerium and manganese oxide on MBC played a significant role in As(V) adsorption. The results of the batch test showed that the adsorption of MBC followed the pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir equation. The adsorption capacity of MBC was 108.88 mg As(V)/g at pH = 5.0 (C0 = 100 mg/L, dosage = 0.5 g/L, T = 298 K) with considerable improvement compared to the original biochar. Moreover, MBC exhibited excellent performance over a wid...
This study explored commonly-used antibiotics (lincomycin, chlorotetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, ... more This study explored commonly-used antibiotics (lincomycin, chlorotetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin) and their collective effects on antibiotic resistance during composting. In the first 7 days, ciprofloxacin showed the greatest influence on the physicochemical factors among the studied antibiotics; the removal of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the multiple-antibiotic treatment was significantly less than single-antibiotic treatments; especially, the largest removal of ribosomal protection genes (tetW and tetO) occurred in single ciprofloxacin treatment. In the end of composting, similar removal ratio (29.71-99.79%) of ARGs was achieved in different treatments (p greater than 0.05); Chloroflexi became the main phylum and it was closely associated with ARGs removal based on the network analysis. Potential host bacteria of ARGs varied with different antibiotics; in particular, the presence of multiple antibiotics increased potential host bacteria of ermA, sul1 and tetO. Above all, collective effects of different antibiotics led to the enrichment of antibiotic resistance in the composting.
WOS: 000449141700022Metallic particulate matter has been released into the environment that can b... more WOS: 000449141700022Metallic particulate matter has been released into the environment that can be deposited on aerial parts of vegetation in terrestrial ecosystems. Foliar transfer of metals and their fate in plant leaves is still unclear although it is contributor to the transfer of metals into plant body. The study was conducted with the objective of investigating the possible effects of various concentration levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 mg L-1) of foliar-applied Pb on rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in half strength Johnson's nutrient solution. The results showed that increasing levels of lead application decreased fresh and dry weights of rice compared with control. Lead concentrations in roots increased with increasing rate of application. The overall results indicated bioaccumulation of foliar applied lead in rice plants
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) could achieve the removal of antibiotics and generate power in the me... more Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) could achieve the removal of antibiotics and generate power in the meantime, a process in which the bacterial community structure played a key role. Previous work has mainly focused on microbes in the anode, while their role in the cathode was seldomly mentioned. Thus, this study explored the bacterial community of both electrodes in MFCs under sulfadiazine (SDZ) pressure. The results showed that the addition of SDZ had a limited effect on the electrochemical performance, and the maximum output voltage was kept at 0.55 V. As the most abundant phylum, Proteobacteria played an important role in both the anode and cathode. Among them, Geobacter (40.30%) worked for power generation, while Xanthobacter (11.11%), Bradyrhizobium (9.04%), and Achromobacter (7.30%) functioned in SDZ removal. Actinobacteria mainly clustered in the cathode, in which Microbacterium (9.85%) was responsible for SDZ removal. Bacteroidetes, associated with the degradation of SDZ, showed ...
Salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve soil enzyme activities, whi... more Salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve soil enzyme activities, which are indicators of the biological health of the soil, and can overcome the nutritional imbalance in plants. A pot trial was executed to evaluate the effect of inoculation of different salt-tolerant PGPR strains in improving soil enzyme activities. Three different salinity levels (original, 5, and 10 dS m–1) were used and maize seeds were coated with the freshly prepared inocula of ten different PGPR strains. Among different strains, inoculation of SUA-14 (Acinetobacter johnsonii) caused a maximum increment in urease (1.58-fold), acid (1.38-fold), and alkaline phosphatase (3.04-fold) and dehydrogenase (72%) activities as compared to their respective uninoculated control. Acid phosphatase activities were found to be positively correlated with P contents in maize straw (r = 0.96) and grains (r = 0.94). Similarly, a positive correlation was found between alkaline phosphatase activities and...
Additional file 1: Fig. S1. The relative abundance of ARB to TCB during composting. ARB is antibi... more Additional file 1: Fig. S1. The relative abundance of ARB to TCB during composting. ARB is antibiotic-resistant bacterial; TCB is total culturable heterotrophic bacteria. T0 is the control; T1 is chlortetracycline treatment; T2 is sulfamethoxazole treatment; T3 is lincomycin treatment; T4 is ciprofloxacin treatment; T5 is multiple antibiotics treatment. CRB: chlortetracycline-resistant bacteria; SRB: sulfamethoxazole-resistant bacteria; LRB: lincomycin-resistant bacteria; CIRB: ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria; MRB: multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Fig. S2. TCB present in the composting process. The bar chart indicates the total number of species in each group at the selected taxonomic level. Lower; abscissa indicates the number of common or unique groups, and the length of the horizontal column above represents the corresponding number of species. Table S1. Physical and chemical properties of raw materials used for composting. Table S2. qPCR primers used in this study. Table...
Exceeding concentrations of heavy metals in soil and irrigation water are phytotoxic and can seve... more Exceeding concentrations of heavy metals in soil and irrigation water are phytotoxic and can severely damage crop potential. Anthropogenic origin of Mn in agriculture soil has caused considerable crop loss. Therefore, in the present study two plants (Dimorphotheca sinuate) and (Phlox drummondii) of an economically important families Asteraceae and Polmoniaceae were evaluated for various growth and biochemical attributes after their exposure to varying levels of Mn. Plants were exposed to 0.21 g/kg, 0.42 g/kg and 0.6 g/kg of MnCl2 in soil along with control. Different morphological attributes were studied to assess tolerance/toxicity of metal. Changes in chlorophyll and carotenoids were also assessed. The results clearly indicated that the most elevated levels of MnCl2 have severely affected various growth parameters of both plants. It showed better threshold for growth in response to MnCl2.So it is clearly elaborated in this study that both the plants have no such toxic effects and ...
Biochar has extensively been used for multiple purposes in agriculture, including improving soil ... more Biochar has extensively been used for multiple purposes in agriculture, including improving soil microbial biomass. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of acidic biochar on maize seedlings’ rhizosphere bacterial abundance under salinity. There were seven treatments and three replicates in a controlled greenhouse coded as B0S1, B1S1, and B2S1 and B0S2, B1S2, and B2S2. CK is control (free of biochar and salt); B0, B1, and B2 are 0, 15, and 30 g biochar (kg soil)–1; and S1 and S2 are 2.5 and 5 g salt pot–1 that were amended, respectively. After harvesting the maize seedlings, the soil samples were collected and analyzed for soil microbial biomass, bacterial abundance, and diversity. The results revealed that relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi increased on phylum level, whereas Actinomarinales, Alphaproteobacteria, and Streptomyces enhanced on genus level, respectively, in B2S1 and B2S2, when compared with CK and non-biochar amended soil ...
In this study, the influence of ciprofloxacin, chlorotetracycline, lincomycin, and sulfamethoxazo... more In this study, the influence of ciprofloxacin, chlorotetracycline, lincomycin, and sulfamethoxazole on the composition of the bacterial community structure was studied during aerobic composting with swine manure. Firmicutes (26.67%) and Chloroflexi (23.33%) were the most widely distributed phyla. Under all antibiotic treatments, the relative abundances of Bacillaceae, Streptosporangiaceae, Limnochordaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae increased during the composting process. Moreover, norank_SBR1031, Planococcaceae, Thermomonosporaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Limnochordaceae, and Clostridiaceae_1 were the families showing the most significant differences across all treatments (p < 0.05). Principal co-ordinates analysis indicated that the family composition in the ciprofloxacin treatment significantly differed from the other treatments. The presence of ciprofloxacin increased both the abundance and diversity of the bacterial community (the Chao index changed from...
Pesticide Contamination in Freshwater and Soil Environs, 2021
Políticas públicas RESUMO O li toral do Paraná é uma região que depende da atividade turística, t... more Políticas públicas RESUMO O li toral do Paraná é uma região que depende da atividade turística, tendo um forte apelo para o turismo de sol e praia, histórico-cultural e gastronômico, e, por conta disso, apresenta um grande número de pousadas, sendo este um segmento de grande relevância no setor de meios de hospedagem. Assim, buscou-se apresentar o resultado de uma pesquisa que analisou os impactos da crise econômica gerada pela covid-19 nos gestores e nas pousadas do litoral do Paraná. Foi realizada pesquisa exploratória descritiva com 30 gestores entre maio e junho de 2020. O estudo revelou que os estabelecimentos existiam, em média, havia 23,6 anos, portanto eram negócios consolidados no mercado. Os impactos mais sentidos pelos gestores foram os econômicos, já que 83% das pousadas fi caram fechadas em média 118 dias, e os principais problemas psicológicos apresentados pelos gestores foram a insônia, o medo de falência e o nervosismo. Atualmente a taxa média de ocupação das acomodações é de 12,4%, mostrando-se muito abaixo da ocupação mínima ideal, de 42,8%, relatada pelos entrevistados. Os maiores problemas descritos foram a queda brusca da taxa de ocupação, a difi culdade em manter funcionários e o acesso não facilitado ao crédito emergencial. A adoção de estratégias prospectivas direcionadas ao público de maior poder aquisitivo e a participação dos gestores no Sistema Regional de Inovação (SRI) podem representar importantes direcionamentos no enfrentamento da crise causada pelo novo coronavírus.
International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2021
Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) are widely used in Pakistan for growth enhancement, production, and ... more Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) are widely used in Pakistan for growth enhancement, production, and in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in the livestock and poultry industry. Their emergence into the agro-environment began during the resource utilization of farmyard and poultry manure. However, these bioactive organic pollutants are non-degradable in the natural environment and can be uptaken by plants, eventually ending up in the human food chain. Despite the danger these antibiotics pose, unfortunately, it is an issue that still remains underreported, especially in Pakistan. As such, this review critically summarizes the current consumption, exposure pathways, strategies for controlling dissemination, and serious environmental concerns associated with VAs. Additionally, the fate of antibiotics in the dry arid climate of Pakistan is thoroughly explained along with the lack of monitoring and strict legislation in developing countries. It is reported that antibiotic c...
Enzymatic activities play an important role in the biological composting processing of agricultur... more Enzymatic activities play an important role in the biological composting processing of agricultural wastes. This paper explores the effect of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) (Control, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg) on the enzymatic activities of cellulase, protease, urease, and arylsulfatase. Compost samples were taken at three different intervals for analysis (day 0, day 25, and day 45). The findings revealed that at the start of the composting process, a strongly negative effect on enzymatic behavior was observed, and this response was significantly dependent on SMX concentrations (p < 0.05). The inhibition was consistent across all treatments. According to the results, the negative impact of SMX on community structure can result in selection pressure. Furthermore, all of the treatments had drastically improved enzymatic activity by the end of the composting process (day 45). This effect was presumably caused by the deterioration of SMX and a substantial stress reduction.
Abstract Soil nitrification is a crucial process that increases nitrogen (N) availability for pla... more Abstract Soil nitrification is a crucial process that increases nitrogen (N) availability for plants and drives nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrate (NO3−) leaching. Ongoing climate warming and elevated CO2 in the atmosphere may affect nitrification in opposite directions. However, their interactions are not known, especially in the long-term and in flooded conditions common in paddy soils. We conducted a long-term (9 years) field experiment with simultaneous manipulation of temperature (+2 °C above ambient) and CO2 (+60–100 ppm above ambient) to evaluate the impacts of warming and CO2 enrichment on the community structure, diversity, and population size of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), soil nitrification and physico-chemical characteristics. Elevated CO2 increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content (18%), microbial biomass N (65%), and carbon (27%). These changes accompanied an increment in AOB functional-gene abundance (181%) and soil nitrification rate (96%). Elevated temperature also increased (58%) soil nitrification rate. The combination of warming and CO2 enrichment enhanced AOB gene abundance (232%) and nitrification rate (133%). Impacts of these climate change factors on nitrification strongly depended on AOB gene abundance and microbial biomass, but not on AOA abundance. Higher root C inputs by rhizodeposition and pH under these climate change factors explained the substantial increases in AOB gene abundance, as nutrient-rich and alkaline soils favor AOB growth. By contrast, the AOA community was less sensitive to these climate change factors. Community composition, diversity, and richness of nitrifiers were remarkably resilient in response to individual and interactive impacts of warming and elevated CO2. Consequently, climate change will increase AOB population size but without community restructuring and will increase nitrification in paddy soils, which enhances N availability with consequences for crop productivity, N2O emissions, and NO3− leaching.
Current work for animal manure processing is not up to the required standards and hence are not s... more Current work for animal manure processing is not up to the required standards and hence are not supposed to reflect the actual performance in antibiotic resistance control. As a result, this study carried out temperature-controlled aerobic composting, with sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as a typical antibiotic. The results of four different treatments demonstrated that temperature, water content, C/N ratio, EC, and pH showed no significant (p > 0.05) difference. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) significantly decreased in the initial 10 days of the thermophilic phase, but the abundance of sul1 and sul2 increased greatly after 30 days. Moreover, ARGs were closely related with each other during the late stages of composting. A noteworthy effect of composting properties, especially temperature on bacterial community, which then had a positive effect on ARGs abundances. These findings provided evidence that the standard composting was still insufficient to control antibiotic resistance.
Traditional composting has already shown a certain effect in eliminating antibiotic residues, ant... more Traditional composting has already shown a certain effect in eliminating antibiotic residues, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). It is worth noting that the rebounding of ARGs and the succession of the bacterial community during conventional aerobic composting are still serious threats. Considering the probable risk, improved and adaptable technologies are urgently needed to control antibiotic resistance efficiently. This study monitored how thermophilic aerobic composting affected the ARGs, as well as the bacterial diversity during the composting of cow manure spiked with sulfamethoxazole (SMX) at different concentrations. Results showed that the degradation of SMX was enhanced during thermophilic aerobic composting (control > SMX25 > SMX50 > SMX100) and was no longer detected after 20 days of composting. High temperature or heat significantly stimulated the rebounding of certain genes. After 35 days, the abundance of detected genes (sul2, sulA, dfrA7, and dfrA1) significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in control and antibiotic-spiked treatments, except for sul1. The addition of three concentrations of SMX elicited a sharp effect on bacterial diversity, and microbial structure in SMX25 led to significant differences with others (p < 0.05). The network analysis revealed more rigorous interactions among ARGs and abundant genera, suggesting that the host of ARGs potentially increased at low concentrations of SMX. Especially, genera g_norank_f__Beggiatoaceae, Ruminiclostridium, Caldicoprobacter, g_norank_o_MBA03, Hydrogenispora, and Ruminiclostridium_1 were major potential hosts for sul1. In conclusion, the rebounding of ARGs could be intermitted partially, and more efficient control of antibiotic resistance could be achieved in the thermophilic composting compared to conventional methods.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021
The changing climate scenarios harshen the biotic stresses including boosting up the population o... more The changing climate scenarios harshen the biotic stresses including boosting up the population of insect/pest and disease, uplifting weed growth, declining soil beneficial microbes, threaten pollinator, and boosting up abiotic stresses including harsh drought/waterlogging, extremisms in temperature, salinity/alkalinity, abrupt rainfall pattern)) and ulitamtely affect the plant in multiple ways. This nexus review paper will cover four significant points viz (1) the possible impacts of climate change; as the world already facing the problem of food security, in such crucial period, climatic change severely affects all four dimensions of food security (from production to consumption) and will lead to malnutrition/malnourishment faced by low-income peoples. (2) How some major crops (wheat, cotton, rice, maize, and sugarcane) are affected by stress and their consequent loss. (3) How to develop a strategic work to limit crucial factors, like their significant role in climate-smart breeding, developing resilience to stresses, and idiotypic breeding. Additionally, there is an essence of improving food security, as much of our food is wasted before consumption for instance post-harvest losses. (4) Role of biotechnology and genetic engineering in adaptive introgression of the gene or developing plant transgenic against pests. As millions of dollars are invested in innovation and research to cope with future climate change stresses on a plant, hence community base adaptation of innovation is also considered an important factor in crop improvements. Because of such crucial predictions about the future impacts of climate change on agriculture, we must adopt measures to evolve crop.
Arsenic has become a global concern in water environment, and it is essential to develop efficien... more Arsenic has become a global concern in water environment, and it is essential to develop efficient remediation methods. In this study, a novel adsorbent by loading cerium and manganese oxide onto wheat straw-modified biochar (MBC) was manufactured successfully aiming to remove arsenic from polluted water. Through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), and other techniques, it was found the loading of cerium and manganese oxide on MBC played a significant role in As(V) adsorption. The results of the batch test showed that the adsorption of MBC followed the pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir equation. The adsorption capacity of MBC was 108.88 mg As(V)/g at pH = 5.0 (C0 = 100 mg/L, dosage = 0.5 g/L, T = 298 K) with considerable improvement compared to the original biochar. Moreover, MBC exhibited excellent performance over a wid...
This study explored commonly-used antibiotics (lincomycin, chlorotetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, ... more This study explored commonly-used antibiotics (lincomycin, chlorotetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin) and their collective effects on antibiotic resistance during composting. In the first 7 days, ciprofloxacin showed the greatest influence on the physicochemical factors among the studied antibiotics; the removal of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the multiple-antibiotic treatment was significantly less than single-antibiotic treatments; especially, the largest removal of ribosomal protection genes (tetW and tetO) occurred in single ciprofloxacin treatment. In the end of composting, similar removal ratio (29.71-99.79%) of ARGs was achieved in different treatments (p greater than 0.05); Chloroflexi became the main phylum and it was closely associated with ARGs removal based on the network analysis. Potential host bacteria of ARGs varied with different antibiotics; in particular, the presence of multiple antibiotics increased potential host bacteria of ermA, sul1 and tetO. Above all, collective effects of different antibiotics led to the enrichment of antibiotic resistance in the composting.
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Papers by Fahad Sardar