This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Indian journal of science and technology, Sep 14, 2023
Background/Objectives: Predicting wave overtopping at coastal structures is a critical task in co... more Background/Objectives: Predicting wave overtopping at coastal structures is a critical task in coastal engineering. The use of machine learning models can help predict wave overtopping with higher accuracy and efficiency. Methods: In this study, the accuracy of support vector machine (SVM) and gradientboosted tree (GBT) approaches for predicting wave overtopping discharge of coastal structures with composite slopes "without a berm" was evaluated and compared. The newly developed EurOtop database was used for this study. Findings: The results showed that the GBT technique provided more accurate predictions than the SVM technique. Notably, the results demonstrated that the GBT model significantly decreased the overall error and accurately estimated the wave-overtopping discharge. Compared to the SVM model, the scatter index calculated using the GBT (0.57) is lower than that of the SVM (o.94). In terms of R-index, the GBT (0.97) was superior to the SVM (0.92) model. Novelty: This study provides an effective approach for predicting wave overtopping discharge in the design and management of coastal structures.
The rapid development of resistance by ureolytic bacteria which are involved in various life-thre... more The rapid development of resistance by ureolytic bacteria which are involved in various life-threatening conditions such as gastric and duodenal cancer has induced the need to develop a new line of therapy which has anti-urease activity. A series of pyridine carboxamide and carbothioamide derivatives which also have some novel structures were synthesized via condensation reaction and investigated against urease for their inhibitory action. Among the series, 5-chloropyridine-2 yl-methylene hydrazine carbothioamide (Rx-6) and pyridine 2-yl-methylene hydrazine carboxamide (Rx-7) IC50 = 1.07 ± 0.043 µM, 2.18 ± 0.058 µM both possessed significant activity. Furthermore, molecular docking and kinetic studies were performed for the most potent inhibitors to demonstrate the binding mode of the active pyridine carbothioamide with the enzyme urease and its mode of interaction. The ADME profile also showed that all the synthesized molecules present oral bioavailability and high GI absorption.
South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2020
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Rapid urban development and modernization in Makkah have led to an increase in urban infrastructu... more Rapid urban development and modernization in Makkah have led to an increase in urban infrastructure needs. The city of Makkah is a main destination for the global Islamic pilgrimage and is highly utilized for major infrastructure and building expansion including processes of densification. As a consequence of Hajj and Umrah activities, the city experiences a major annual upward trajectory of public space usage and solid waste production which caters to the needs of temporary activities targeted to foreign visitors. These circumstances lead to issues of inefficiencies in the management of public services in the city, particularly in the provision of public space and solid waste management for residents. Within this context, the aim of this paper is to understand the development of public space in Makkah and the level of services delivered to local residents based on residents' perspectives on services provided in formal and informal settlements in Makkah. The study contributes to the gap in research on public space and waste handling in Makkah. Interviews addressing resident characteristics and public space with the quality of solid waste provision in Makkah are presented. An explanation of residents' preferences for public space was also presented. At different times of the day, in the year 2018, the observations were carried out to identify usage patterns by the residents. The paper accomplishes this by presenting significant points for developments in community space and solid waste management.
The metal nanoparticle synthesis is highly explored the field of nanotechnology. The biological m... more The metal nanoparticle synthesis is highly explored the field of nanotechnology. The biological methods seem to be more effective because of slow reduction rate and polydispersity of the final products. The main aim of this study is too the rapid and simplistic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Withania somnifera Linn. at room temperature. The exposure of reaction mixtures containing silver nitrate and dried leaf powder of W. somnifera resulted in reduction of metal ions within 5 minutes. The extracellular synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet-visible, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction studies, zeta potential, Fourier transform IR, and scanning electron microscopy. The antibacterial and antifungal studies showed significant activity as compared to their respective standards. From the results, W. somnifera sliver nanoparticle has attained the maximum antimicrobial against clinical pathogens and also seen very good stability of nanoparticle throughput processing. As we concluded, this type of naturally synthesized sliver nanoparticle could be a better green revolution in medicinal chemistry.
Remediation of the polluted environment has become a major concern in the 21st century. Because o... more Remediation of the polluted environment has become a major concern in the 21st century. Because of its cost-benefit, ease of application, and efficacy towards the removal of pollutants, the adsorption technique has gained acceptance. In this study, adsorption kinetics of vanadium onto magnetized coal-polyaniline (MC-PANI) are investigated under batch experiments. Isotherms and kinetics are assessed using average relative error deviation, Marquardt's percent standard error deviation, the hybrid fractional error function, chi-square (χ 2 ), Spearman, and the sum of the squares of the errors (SSE). Comparing all of the error functions, nonlinear models explain the adsorption of vanadium better than linear models. According to the Boyd model, the adsorption of vanadium occurs in two stages. The maximum adsorption capacity of MC-PANI is 66.20 mg V/g (C 0 = 50 mg/L, pH = 5, dose = 1.5 g/L, T = 25°C). Based on Freundlich's dimensionless constant, which determines the driving force of adsorption, adsorption was less favored during the adsorption of vanadium; both amine and Fe 3 O 4 participated in the removal of vanadium through ligand or ion exchange.
Since the discovery of the yellow fever virus in 1901, thus far, two hundred nineteen viral speci... more Since the discovery of the yellow fever virus in 1901, thus far, two hundred nineteen viral species are recognized as human pathogens. Each year, the number of viruses causing infections in humans increases, triggering epidemics and pandemics, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. Pointing to bats as the natural host, in 2019, a genome highly identical to a bat coronavirus (COVID-19) spread all over the world, and the World Health Organization (WHO) officially confirmed it as a pandemic. The virus mainly spreads through the respiratory tract, uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor, and is characterized by symptoms of fever, cough, and fatigue. Antivirals and vaccines have provided improvements in some cases, but the discovery of a new and diverse variety of viruses with outbreaks has posed a challenge in timely treatments for medical scientists. Currently, few specific antiviral strategies are being used, and many of the effective antiviral drugs and reported active molecules are under vital exploration. In this review, with the details of viral diseases, we summarize the current attempts in drug development, epidemiology, and the latest treatments and scientific advancements to combat the COVID-19 epidemic. Moreover, we discuss ways to reduce epidemics and pandemics in the near future.
The world has become a global village with companies investing in different nations to remain afl... more The world has become a global village with companies investing in different nations to remain afloat and competitive. In the process of offshoring- outsourcing, companies and nations have become interdependent in their efforts to bridge the supply chain network. However, during a pandemic, such as the Coronavirus (COVID-19) that involved the closure of borders, and during which there was a high demand of lifesaving machines and personal protective equipment, many countries were left scrambling for critical medical products such as ventilators and personal protective equipment for doctors. Hence, the tendency away from offshoring and outsourcing to onshoring production. COVID-19 has elicited that countries need to invest in an onshore business if they are to remain afloat. However, investing in onshore (local) business calls for a tradeoff, which some countries cannot afford. Many countries lack skilled labour (developing countries), and where available, it is too expensive (develope...
Municipal solid waste is a problem to developed and developing cities in the world. If municipal ... more Municipal solid waste is a problem to developed and developing cities in the world. If municipal solid waste is not managed well, it can be a source of numerous contaminants to water, air, and soil. Although landfill is at the bottom in terms of priorities of municipal solid waste management techniques, its applicability cannot be neglected in developing economies. Landfill site selection is a hard puzzle comprised of political, social, economic, and environmental factors. Makkah, Saudi Arabia, is targeting 30 million pilgrims by 2030, putting the city in a difficult circumstance: More pilgrims, more municipal solid waste. The current dump site, Kakia, is expected to be full by 2020; thus, there is a need to locate a new landfill site. In 20 years, Makkah is expected to produce 44 million tonnes of municipal solid waste, which requires approximately a 7.5 m × 5,874,000 square meter landfill capacity. In this study, a geographic information system, analytical hierarchy process, verti...
The present study describes the synthesis, characterization of nano-particles from Periploca hyas... more The present study describes the synthesis, characterization of nano-particles from Periploca hyaspidis and their in vitro biological activity. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer and structure by atomic force microscope. The crystallite size and different functional groups was determined by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity was carried out by disc diffusion and DPPH radical scavenging protocol respectively. Silver nano-particles (AgNPs) were synthesized by mixing 1mM AgNO3 solutions with plant boiled extract in 1:9. The color change from yellow to dark brown indicated the synthesis of the nano-particles. The AgNPs were more stable at 25°C to 45°C, 1mM concentration of the salt and neutral to slightly basic pH. The results revealed that aromatic amines were responsible for the synthesis of AgNPs. The crystallite size was 7.50 nm, cubic and in nanorgime. AgNPs showed good anti-oxidant ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized disasters related to environmental topics, human health, soc... more The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized disasters related to environmental topics, human health, social lifestyles, and economic systems around the world. COVID-19 may further spread through municipal solid waste (MSW), if it is collected, handled, transported, or disposed in an improper way. The current paper provides an overview of the multiple challenges that COVID-19 has introduced to the various tasks of MSW management including the impact of the implemented precautionary measures on MSW management, priorities and hierarchy of MSW, direct impact on the constitution, and characterization of MSW in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, based on waste management characterization guidance. In addition, specific and alternative guidance plans for the potential critical points of the infection were suggested to protect public health during the pandemic. The results of the current study revealed that the hierarchical system of MSW was modified under pandemic conditions. Implementation of control measures in Makkah has led to a change of lifestyle, which resulted in a physical change of the MSW constitution in Makkah, with the following average rates: organic matter, 57%; plastics, 31%; paper and cardboard, 9%; metals, 1%; glass, 1%; and wood, 1%. In conclusion, a specific guidance plan for MSW management during the COVID-19 pandemic was developed, aimed at handlers, pickers, collection, transportation, transfer stations, and MSW disposal. Such a guidance plan may play a vital role in controlling the pandemic, especially in the outdoor environment. The suggested guidance plan describes and specifies structured and ordered practices of MSW management in Makkah during COVID-19 and other pandemics.
Remediation of the polluted environment has become a major concern in the 21st century. Because o... more Remediation of the polluted environment has become a major concern in the 21st century. Because of its cost-benefit, ease of application, and efficacy towards the removal of pollutants, the adsorption technique has gained acceptance. In this study, adsorption kinetics of vanadium onto magnetized coal-polyaniline (MC-PANI) are investigated under batch experiments. Isotherms and kinetics are assessed using average relative error deviation, Marquardt’s percent standard error deviation, the hybrid fractional error function, chi-square (χ2), Spearman, and the sum of the squares of the errors (SSE). Comparing all of the error functions, nonlinear models explain the adsorption of vanadium better than linear models. According to the Boyd model, the adsorption of vanadium occurs in two stages. The maximum adsorption capacity of MC-PANI is 66.20 mg V/g (C0 = 50 mg/L, pH = 5, dose = 1.5 g/L, T = 25°C). Based on Freundlich’s dimensionless constant, which determines the driving force of adsorpti...
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Indian journal of science and technology, Sep 14, 2023
Background/Objectives: Predicting wave overtopping at coastal structures is a critical task in co... more Background/Objectives: Predicting wave overtopping at coastal structures is a critical task in coastal engineering. The use of machine learning models can help predict wave overtopping with higher accuracy and efficiency. Methods: In this study, the accuracy of support vector machine (SVM) and gradientboosted tree (GBT) approaches for predicting wave overtopping discharge of coastal structures with composite slopes "without a berm" was evaluated and compared. The newly developed EurOtop database was used for this study. Findings: The results showed that the GBT technique provided more accurate predictions than the SVM technique. Notably, the results demonstrated that the GBT model significantly decreased the overall error and accurately estimated the wave-overtopping discharge. Compared to the SVM model, the scatter index calculated using the GBT (0.57) is lower than that of the SVM (o.94). In terms of R-index, the GBT (0.97) was superior to the SVM (0.92) model. Novelty: This study provides an effective approach for predicting wave overtopping discharge in the design and management of coastal structures.
The rapid development of resistance by ureolytic bacteria which are involved in various life-thre... more The rapid development of resistance by ureolytic bacteria which are involved in various life-threatening conditions such as gastric and duodenal cancer has induced the need to develop a new line of therapy which has anti-urease activity. A series of pyridine carboxamide and carbothioamide derivatives which also have some novel structures were synthesized via condensation reaction and investigated against urease for their inhibitory action. Among the series, 5-chloropyridine-2 yl-methylene hydrazine carbothioamide (Rx-6) and pyridine 2-yl-methylene hydrazine carboxamide (Rx-7) IC50 = 1.07 ± 0.043 µM, 2.18 ± 0.058 µM both possessed significant activity. Furthermore, molecular docking and kinetic studies were performed for the most potent inhibitors to demonstrate the binding mode of the active pyridine carbothioamide with the enzyme urease and its mode of interaction. The ADME profile also showed that all the synthesized molecules present oral bioavailability and high GI absorption.
South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2020
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Rapid urban development and modernization in Makkah have led to an increase in urban infrastructu... more Rapid urban development and modernization in Makkah have led to an increase in urban infrastructure needs. The city of Makkah is a main destination for the global Islamic pilgrimage and is highly utilized for major infrastructure and building expansion including processes of densification. As a consequence of Hajj and Umrah activities, the city experiences a major annual upward trajectory of public space usage and solid waste production which caters to the needs of temporary activities targeted to foreign visitors. These circumstances lead to issues of inefficiencies in the management of public services in the city, particularly in the provision of public space and solid waste management for residents. Within this context, the aim of this paper is to understand the development of public space in Makkah and the level of services delivered to local residents based on residents' perspectives on services provided in formal and informal settlements in Makkah. The study contributes to the gap in research on public space and waste handling in Makkah. Interviews addressing resident characteristics and public space with the quality of solid waste provision in Makkah are presented. An explanation of residents' preferences for public space was also presented. At different times of the day, in the year 2018, the observations were carried out to identify usage patterns by the residents. The paper accomplishes this by presenting significant points for developments in community space and solid waste management.
The metal nanoparticle synthesis is highly explored the field of nanotechnology. The biological m... more The metal nanoparticle synthesis is highly explored the field of nanotechnology. The biological methods seem to be more effective because of slow reduction rate and polydispersity of the final products. The main aim of this study is too the rapid and simplistic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Withania somnifera Linn. at room temperature. The exposure of reaction mixtures containing silver nitrate and dried leaf powder of W. somnifera resulted in reduction of metal ions within 5 minutes. The extracellular synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet-visible, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction studies, zeta potential, Fourier transform IR, and scanning electron microscopy. The antibacterial and antifungal studies showed significant activity as compared to their respective standards. From the results, W. somnifera sliver nanoparticle has attained the maximum antimicrobial against clinical pathogens and also seen very good stability of nanoparticle throughput processing. As we concluded, this type of naturally synthesized sliver nanoparticle could be a better green revolution in medicinal chemistry.
Remediation of the polluted environment has become a major concern in the 21st century. Because o... more Remediation of the polluted environment has become a major concern in the 21st century. Because of its cost-benefit, ease of application, and efficacy towards the removal of pollutants, the adsorption technique has gained acceptance. In this study, adsorption kinetics of vanadium onto magnetized coal-polyaniline (MC-PANI) are investigated under batch experiments. Isotherms and kinetics are assessed using average relative error deviation, Marquardt's percent standard error deviation, the hybrid fractional error function, chi-square (χ 2 ), Spearman, and the sum of the squares of the errors (SSE). Comparing all of the error functions, nonlinear models explain the adsorption of vanadium better than linear models. According to the Boyd model, the adsorption of vanadium occurs in two stages. The maximum adsorption capacity of MC-PANI is 66.20 mg V/g (C 0 = 50 mg/L, pH = 5, dose = 1.5 g/L, T = 25°C). Based on Freundlich's dimensionless constant, which determines the driving force of adsorption, adsorption was less favored during the adsorption of vanadium; both amine and Fe 3 O 4 participated in the removal of vanadium through ligand or ion exchange.
Since the discovery of the yellow fever virus in 1901, thus far, two hundred nineteen viral speci... more Since the discovery of the yellow fever virus in 1901, thus far, two hundred nineteen viral species are recognized as human pathogens. Each year, the number of viruses causing infections in humans increases, triggering epidemics and pandemics, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. Pointing to bats as the natural host, in 2019, a genome highly identical to a bat coronavirus (COVID-19) spread all over the world, and the World Health Organization (WHO) officially confirmed it as a pandemic. The virus mainly spreads through the respiratory tract, uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor, and is characterized by symptoms of fever, cough, and fatigue. Antivirals and vaccines have provided improvements in some cases, but the discovery of a new and diverse variety of viruses with outbreaks has posed a challenge in timely treatments for medical scientists. Currently, few specific antiviral strategies are being used, and many of the effective antiviral drugs and reported active molecules are under vital exploration. In this review, with the details of viral diseases, we summarize the current attempts in drug development, epidemiology, and the latest treatments and scientific advancements to combat the COVID-19 epidemic. Moreover, we discuss ways to reduce epidemics and pandemics in the near future.
The world has become a global village with companies investing in different nations to remain afl... more The world has become a global village with companies investing in different nations to remain afloat and competitive. In the process of offshoring- outsourcing, companies and nations have become interdependent in their efforts to bridge the supply chain network. However, during a pandemic, such as the Coronavirus (COVID-19) that involved the closure of borders, and during which there was a high demand of lifesaving machines and personal protective equipment, many countries were left scrambling for critical medical products such as ventilators and personal protective equipment for doctors. Hence, the tendency away from offshoring and outsourcing to onshoring production. COVID-19 has elicited that countries need to invest in an onshore business if they are to remain afloat. However, investing in onshore (local) business calls for a tradeoff, which some countries cannot afford. Many countries lack skilled labour (developing countries), and where available, it is too expensive (develope...
Municipal solid waste is a problem to developed and developing cities in the world. If municipal ... more Municipal solid waste is a problem to developed and developing cities in the world. If municipal solid waste is not managed well, it can be a source of numerous contaminants to water, air, and soil. Although landfill is at the bottom in terms of priorities of municipal solid waste management techniques, its applicability cannot be neglected in developing economies. Landfill site selection is a hard puzzle comprised of political, social, economic, and environmental factors. Makkah, Saudi Arabia, is targeting 30 million pilgrims by 2030, putting the city in a difficult circumstance: More pilgrims, more municipal solid waste. The current dump site, Kakia, is expected to be full by 2020; thus, there is a need to locate a new landfill site. In 20 years, Makkah is expected to produce 44 million tonnes of municipal solid waste, which requires approximately a 7.5 m × 5,874,000 square meter landfill capacity. In this study, a geographic information system, analytical hierarchy process, verti...
The present study describes the synthesis, characterization of nano-particles from Periploca hyas... more The present study describes the synthesis, characterization of nano-particles from Periploca hyaspidis and their in vitro biological activity. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer and structure by atomic force microscope. The crystallite size and different functional groups was determined by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity was carried out by disc diffusion and DPPH radical scavenging protocol respectively. Silver nano-particles (AgNPs) were synthesized by mixing 1mM AgNO3 solutions with plant boiled extract in 1:9. The color change from yellow to dark brown indicated the synthesis of the nano-particles. The AgNPs were more stable at 25°C to 45°C, 1mM concentration of the salt and neutral to slightly basic pH. The results revealed that aromatic amines were responsible for the synthesis of AgNPs. The crystallite size was 7.50 nm, cubic and in nanorgime. AgNPs showed good anti-oxidant ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized disasters related to environmental topics, human health, soc... more The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized disasters related to environmental topics, human health, social lifestyles, and economic systems around the world. COVID-19 may further spread through municipal solid waste (MSW), if it is collected, handled, transported, or disposed in an improper way. The current paper provides an overview of the multiple challenges that COVID-19 has introduced to the various tasks of MSW management including the impact of the implemented precautionary measures on MSW management, priorities and hierarchy of MSW, direct impact on the constitution, and characterization of MSW in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, based on waste management characterization guidance. In addition, specific and alternative guidance plans for the potential critical points of the infection were suggested to protect public health during the pandemic. The results of the current study revealed that the hierarchical system of MSW was modified under pandemic conditions. Implementation of control measures in Makkah has led to a change of lifestyle, which resulted in a physical change of the MSW constitution in Makkah, with the following average rates: organic matter, 57%; plastics, 31%; paper and cardboard, 9%; metals, 1%; glass, 1%; and wood, 1%. In conclusion, a specific guidance plan for MSW management during the COVID-19 pandemic was developed, aimed at handlers, pickers, collection, transportation, transfer stations, and MSW disposal. Such a guidance plan may play a vital role in controlling the pandemic, especially in the outdoor environment. The suggested guidance plan describes and specifies structured and ordered practices of MSW management in Makkah during COVID-19 and other pandemics.
Remediation of the polluted environment has become a major concern in the 21st century. Because o... more Remediation of the polluted environment has become a major concern in the 21st century. Because of its cost-benefit, ease of application, and efficacy towards the removal of pollutants, the adsorption technique has gained acceptance. In this study, adsorption kinetics of vanadium onto magnetized coal-polyaniline (MC-PANI) are investigated under batch experiments. Isotherms and kinetics are assessed using average relative error deviation, Marquardt’s percent standard error deviation, the hybrid fractional error function, chi-square (χ2), Spearman, and the sum of the squares of the errors (SSE). Comparing all of the error functions, nonlinear models explain the adsorption of vanadium better than linear models. According to the Boyd model, the adsorption of vanadium occurs in two stages. The maximum adsorption capacity of MC-PANI is 66.20 mg V/g (C0 = 50 mg/L, pH = 5, dose = 1.5 g/L, T = 25°C). Based on Freundlich’s dimensionless constant, which determines the driving force of adsorpti...
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