Bioethanol is known as a viable alternative fuel to solve both energy and environmental crises. T... more Bioethanol is known as a viable alternative fuel to solve both energy and environmental crises. This study used response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken experimental design to obtain the optimum conditions for and quality of bioethanol production. Enzymatic hydrolysis optimization was performed with selected hydrolysis parameters, including substrate loading, stroke speed, α-amylase concentration and amyloglucosidase concentration. From the experiment, the resulting optimum conditions are 23.88% (w/v) substrate loading, 109.43 U/g α-amylase concentration, 65.44 U/mL amyloglucosidase concentration and 74.87 rpm stroke speed, which yielded 196.23 g/L reducing sugar. The fermentation process was also carried out, with a production value of 0.45 g ethanol/g reducing sugar, which is equivalent to 88.61% of ethanol yield after fermentation by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). The physical and chemical properties of the produced ethanol are within the specifications of the ASTM D4806 standard. The good quality of ethanol produced from this study indicates that Manihot glaziovii (M. glaziovii) has great potential as bioethanol feedstock.
In this study, an artificial neural networks (ANN) model is developed to investigate the relation... more In this study, an artificial neural networks (ANN) model is developed to investigate the relationship between bioethanol production and the operating parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation processes. The operating parameters of the hydrolysis process which influence the reducing sugar concentration are the substrate loading,-amylase concentration, amyloglucosidase concentration and strokes speed. The operating parameters of the fermentation process which influence the ethanol concentration are the yeast concentration, reaction temperature and agitation speed. The desirability function of the model is integrated with ant colony optimization (ACO) in order to determine the optimum operating parameters which will maximize reducing sugar and ethanol concentrations. The optimum substrate loading,-amylase concentration, amyloglucosidase concentration and strokes speed is determined to be 20% (w/v), 109.5 U/g, 36 U/mL and 50 spm, respectively. The reducing sugar obtained at these optimum conditions is 175.94 g/L, which is close to the average value from experiments (174.29 g/L). The optimum yeast concentration, reaction temperature and agitation speed is found to be 1.3 g/L, 35.6 • C and 181 rpm, respectively. The ethanol concentration obtained from the fermentation of sorghum starch by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast at these optimum conditions is 82.11 g/L, which is in good agreement with the average value from experiments (81.52 g/L). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the model developed in this study model is an effective method to optimize bioethanol production, and it reduces the cost, time and effort associated with experimental techniques.
Biodiesel from non-edible seeds has attracted the attention of the authors to investigate Hevea b... more Biodiesel from non-edible seeds has attracted the attention of the authors to investigate Hevea brasilien-sis (HB) and Ricinus communis (RC) as potential feedstocks. Biodiesel production was carried out using esterification-neutralization-transesterification (ENT) process. The transesterification process was carried out under variation methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time and speed agitation. On top of that, optimization was evaluated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and a quadratic polynomial model for ENT method. The optimization results show that production biodiesel from HBME and RCME with ENT method were 99.32% and 99.07% respectively. All the properties measured for produced methyl ester met in ASTMD 6751. Moreover, the presence of ricinoleic (-elaeostearic) in RCME can improve the cold point, pour point and cold filter plugging point, which resulted in −40.4 • C, −27.8 • C and −35.0 • C respectively. The results of the cold flow properties are better due to higher unsaturated fatty acid concentration. It is indicates that RCME has good performance during cold weather engine operation. It short, biodiesel production using ENT method can produce high methyl ester yield and good biodiesel properties.
Schleichera oleosa L oil as the potential resource for biodiesel production. The optimization usi... more Schleichera oleosa L oil as the potential resource for biodiesel production. The optimization using four different catalysts for transesterification process. The optimum ester yield obtained was 96 by KOH. The properties of Schleichera oleosa L biodiesel satisfied with ASTM D6751 specifications. g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t a b s t r a c t The non-edible oil from Schleichera oleosa possesses the potential as a feedstock for biodiesel production. In this study, the biodiesel production was performed using two-step transesterification process on a laboratory scale. The parameters studied were reaction temperature, molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, reaction time and catalysts type. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the methyl ester yield. The optimum conditions were obtained as follows: reaction temperature at 55 °C, methanol to oil molar ratio of 8:1, 1 wt.% of hydroxide catalyst (KOH and NaOH) and 1 wt.% methoxide catalyst (CH 3 OK and CH 3 ONa) for reaction time 90 min. Based from these optimum conditions, the observed ester yields from different catalysts were average 96%, 93%, 91% and 88% for KOH, NaOH, CH 3 OK and CH 3 ONa respectively as the catalyst. S. oleosa methyl ester (SOME) exhibited a satisfying oxidative stability of 7.23 h and high cetane number (50.6) compared to petrol diesel (49.7). Besides, SOME has good pour and cloud point of À3.0 °C and À1.0 °C respectively due to high unsaturated fatty chain. As a conclusion, this study reveals that biodiesel production from SOME, as one of non-edible feed-stock, is able to be an alternative for petrol diesel. Moreover, the produced biodiesel from SOME could be used in diesel engine without major modification due to its properties and can be used in cold regions.
Description ASTM American society for testing and materials CCIO Crude Calohyllum inophyllum oil ... more Description ASTM American society for testing and materials CCIO Crude Calohyllum inophyllum oil CIB Calohyllum inophyllum biodiesel blending with diesel fuel CIME Calohyllum inophyllum methyl ester CIO Calohyllum inophyllum oil CIB10
Exploring and improvement of biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil is one of the eff... more Exploring and improvement of biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil is one of the effective ways to solve limited amount of traditional raw materials and their high prices. The main objective of this study is to optimize the biodiesel production process parameters (methanol-to-oil ratio, agitation speed and concentration of the potassium hydroxide catalyst) of a biodiesel derived from non-edible feedstocks, namely Jatropha curcas and Ceiba pentandra, using response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken experimental design. Based on the results, the optimum operating parameters for transesterification of the J50C50 oil mixture at 60 °C over a period of 2 h are as follows: methanol-to-oil ratio: 30%, agitation speed: 1300 rpm and catalyst concentration: 0.5 wt.%. These optimum operating parameters gives the highest yield for the J50C50 biodiesel with a value of 93.33%. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the physicochemical properties of the J50C50 biodiesel after optimization, whereby the kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, density at 15 °C, calorific value, acid value and oxidation stability is 3.950 mm 2 /s, 831.2 kg/m 3 , 40.929 MJ/kg, 0.025 mg KOH/g and 10.01 h, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the optimized J50C50 biodiesel fulfill the requirements given in the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards.
This paper investigates the performance, emission and combustion of a four cylinder commonrail tu... more This paper investigates the performance, emission and combustion of a four cylinder commonrail turbocharged diesel engine using jatropha curcas biodiesel blends (JCB). The test was performed with various ratios
Exploring and improvement of biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil is one of the eff... more Exploring and improvement of biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil is one of the effective ways to solve limited amount of traditional raw materials and their high prices. The main objective of this study is to optimize the biodiesel production process parameters (methanol-to-oil ratio, agitation speed and concentration of the potassium hydroxide catalyst) of a biodiesel derived from non-edible feedstocks, namely Jatropha curcas and Ceiba pentandra, using response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken experimental design. Based on the results, the optimum operating parameters for transesterification of the J50C50 oil mixture at 60 °C over a period of 2 h are as follows: methanol-to-oil ratio: 30%, agitation speed: 1300 rpm and catalyst concentration: 0.5 wt.%. These optimum operating parameters gives the highest yield for the J50C50 biodiesel with a value of 93.33%. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the physicochemical properties of the J50C50 biodiesel after optimization, whereby the kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, density at 15 °C, calorific value, acid value and oxidation stability is 3.950 mm 2 /s, 831.2 kg/m 3 , 40.929 MJ/kg, 0.025 mg KOH/g and 10.01 h, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the optimized J50C50 biodiesel fulfill the requirements given in the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards.
Description ASTM American society for testing and materials CCIO Crude Calohyllum inophyllum oil ... more Description ASTM American society for testing and materials CCIO Crude Calohyllum inophyllum oil CIB Calohyllum inophyllum biodiesel blending with diesel fuel CIME Calohyllum inophyllum methyl ester CIO Calohyllum inophyllum oil CIB10
The increasing global demand for fuel, limited fossil fuel resources, and increasing concern abou... more The increasing global demand for fuel, limited fossil fuel resources, and increasing concern about the upturn in gaseous CO 2 emissions are the key drivers of research and development into sources of renewable liquid transport fuels, such as biodiesel. In the present work, we demonstrate biodiesel production from Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) seed oil by lipase-catalyzed transesterification. Sweet basil seeds contain 22% oil on a dry weight basis. Artificial neural network with genetic algorithm modelling was used to optimize reaction. Temperature, catalyst concentration, time, and methanol to oil molar ratio were the input factors in the optimization study, while fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was the key model output. FAME composition was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The optimized transesterification process resulted in a 94.58% FAME yield after reaction at 47 °C for 68 h in the presence of 6% w/w catalyst and a methanol to oil ratio of 10:1. The viscosity, density, calorific value, pour point, and cloud point of the biodiesel derived from sweet basil seed oil conformed to the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standard specifications. The antioxidant stability of the biodiesel did not meet these specifications but could be improved via the addition of antioxidant.
Exploring and improvement of biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil is one of the eff... more Exploring and improvement of biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil is one of the effective ways to solve limited amount of traditional raw materials and their high prices. The main objective of this study is to optimize the biodiesel production process parameters (methanol-to-oil ratio, agitation speed and concentration of the potassium hydroxide catalyst) of a biodiesel derived from non-edible feedstocks, namely Jatropha curcas and Ceiba pentandra, using response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken experimental design. Based on the results, the optimum operating parameters for transesterification of the J50C50 oil mixture at 60 C over a period of 2 h are as follows: methanol-to-oil ratio: 30%, agitation speed: 1300 rpm and catalyst concentration: 0.5 wt.%. These optimum operating parameters gives the highest yield for the J50C50 biodiesel with a value of 93.33%. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the physicochemical properties of the J50C50 biodiesel after optimization, whereby the kinematic viscosity at 40 C, density at 15 C, calorific value, acid value and oxidation stability is 3.950 mm2 /s, 831.2 kg/m3 , 40.929 MJ/kg, 0.025 mg KOH/g and 10.01 h, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the optimized J50C50 biodiesel fulfill the requirements given in the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards.
Biodiesel from non-edible seeds has attracted the attention of the authors to investigate Hevea b... more Biodiesel from non-edible seeds has attracted the attention of the authors to investigate Hevea brasilien-sis (HB) and Ricinus communis (RC) as potential feedstocks. Biodiesel production was carried out using esterification-neutralization-transesterification (ENT) process. The transesterification process was carried out under variation methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time and speed agitation. On top of that, optimization was evaluated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and a quadratic polynomial model for ENT method. The optimization results show that production biodiesel from HBME and RCME with ENT method were 99.32% and 99.07% respectively. All the properties measured for produced methyl ester met in ASTMD 6751. Moreover, the presence of ricinoleic (-elaeostearic) in RCME can improve the cold point, pour point and cold filter plugging point, which resulted in −40.4 • C, −27.8 • C and −35.0 • C respectively. The results of the cold flow properties are better due to higher unsaturated fatty acid concentration. It is indicates that RCME has good performance during cold weather engine operation. It short, biodiesel production using ENT method can produce high methyl ester yield and good biodiesel properties.
Biodiesel production has grown rapidly in response to the escalating price of fossil fuels in the... more Biodiesel production has grown rapidly in response to the escalating price of fossil fuels in the last 20 years. Biodiesels appear to be one of the solutions to fulfil the increasing energy demands of the transportation sector since it can be used as substitutes of diesel in diesel engines without the need to modify the engines. The aim of this study is to evaluate the properties of biodiesels produced from crude palm and Calophyllum inophyllum oils using a pilot plant. A 50 L stainless steel jacketed reactor pilot plant is built to convert crude palm oil into palm methyl ester using transesterification process whereas crude C. inophyllum oil is processed using acid-catalysed esterification followed by alkaline-catalysed trans-esterification. The properties of the palm and C. inophyllum methyl esters are characterized according to the American society for testing and materials (ASTM) D6751 and European standard (EN) 14214 standards. In a latter section of this study, the palm and C. inophyllum methyl esters are blended with diesel fuel using different volume ratios. The oxidation stability of these blends is evaluated for two storage conditions for 90 days: (1) vacuum chamber and (2) room temperature. The oxidation stability of these blends is maintained for more than 12 h for 90 days when the fuels are stored in the vacuum chamber, which fulfils the biodiesel standards. Based on the results, both crude palm and C. inophyllum oils are potential feedstocks for industrial-scale biodiesel production and the biodiesels can likely replace diesel fuel in the future.
The non-edible oil from Schleichera oleosa possesses the potential as a feedstock for biodiesel p... more The non-edible oil from Schleichera oleosa possesses the potential as a feedstock for biodiesel production. In this study, the biodiesel production was performed using two-step transesterification process on a lab- oratory scale. The parameters studied were reaction temperature, molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, reaction time and catalysts type. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the methyl ester yield. The optimum conditions were obtained as follows: reaction temperature at 55 C, methanol to oil molar ratio of 8:1, 1 wt.% of hydroxide catalyst (KOH and NaOH) and 1 wt.% methoxide catalyst (CH3OK and CH3ONa) for reaction time 90 min. Based from these optimum conditions, the observed ester yields from different catalysts were average 96%, 93%, 91% and 88% for KOH, NaOH, CH3OK and CH3ONa respectively as the catalyst. S. oleosa methyl ester (SOME) exhibited a satisfying oxidative stability of 7.23 h and high cetane number (50.6) compared to petrol diesel (49.7). Besides, SOME has good pour and cloud point of 3.0 C and 1.0 C respectively due to high unsaturated fatty chain. As a conclusion, this study reveals that biodiesel production from SOME, as one of non-edible feed- stock, is able to be an alternative for petrol diesel. Moreover, the produced biodiesel from SOME could be used in diesel engine without major modification due to its properties and can be used in cold regions.
Bioethanol is known as a viable alternative fuel to solve both energy and environmental crises. T... more Bioethanol is known as a viable alternative fuel to solve both energy and environmental crises. This study used response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken experimental design to obtain the optimum conditions for and quality of bioethanol production. Enzymatic hydrolysis optimization was performed with selected hydrolysis parameters, including substrate loading, stroke speed, α-amylase concentration and amyloglucosidase concentration. From the experiment, the resulting optimum conditions are 23.88% (w/v) substrate loading, 109.43 U/g α-amylase concentration, 65.44 U/mL amyloglucosidase concentration and 74.87 rpm stroke speed, which yielded 196.23 g/L reducing sugar. The fermentation process was also carried out, with a production value of 0.45 g ethanol/g reducing sugar, which is equivalent to 88.61% of ethanol yield after fermentation by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). The physical and chemical properties of the produced ethanol are within the specifications of the ASTM D4806 standard. The good quality of ethanol produced from this study indicates that Manihot glaziovii (M. glaziovii) has great potential as bioethanol feedstock.
In this study, an artificial neural networks (ANN) model is developed to investigate the relation... more In this study, an artificial neural networks (ANN) model is developed to investigate the relationship between bioethanol production and the operating parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation processes. The operating parameters of the hydrolysis process which influence the reducing sugar concentration are the substrate loading,-amylase concentration, amyloglucosidase concentration and strokes speed. The operating parameters of the fermentation process which influence the ethanol concentration are the yeast concentration, reaction temperature and agitation speed. The desirability function of the model is integrated with ant colony optimization (ACO) in order to determine the optimum operating parameters which will maximize reducing sugar and ethanol concentrations. The optimum substrate loading,-amylase concentration, amyloglucosidase concentration and strokes speed is determined to be 20% (w/v), 109.5 U/g, 36 U/mL and 50 spm, respectively. The reducing sugar obtained at these optimum conditions is 175.94 g/L, which is close to the average value from experiments (174.29 g/L). The optimum yeast concentration, reaction temperature and agitation speed is found to be 1.3 g/L, 35.6 • C and 181 rpm, respectively. The ethanol concentration obtained from the fermentation of sorghum starch by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast at these optimum conditions is 82.11 g/L, which is in good agreement with the average value from experiments (81.52 g/L). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the model developed in this study model is an effective method to optimize bioethanol production, and it reduces the cost, time and effort associated with experimental techniques.
Biodiesel from non-edible seeds has attracted the attention of the authors to investigate Hevea b... more Biodiesel from non-edible seeds has attracted the attention of the authors to investigate Hevea brasilien-sis (HB) and Ricinus communis (RC) as potential feedstocks. Biodiesel production was carried out using esterification-neutralization-transesterification (ENT) process. The transesterification process was carried out under variation methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time and speed agitation. On top of that, optimization was evaluated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and a quadratic polynomial model for ENT method. The optimization results show that production biodiesel from HBME and RCME with ENT method were 99.32% and 99.07% respectively. All the properties measured for produced methyl ester met in ASTMD 6751. Moreover, the presence of ricinoleic (-elaeostearic) in RCME can improve the cold point, pour point and cold filter plugging point, which resulted in −40.4 • C, −27.8 • C and −35.0 • C respectively. The results of the cold flow properties are better due to higher unsaturated fatty acid concentration. It is indicates that RCME has good performance during cold weather engine operation. It short, biodiesel production using ENT method can produce high methyl ester yield and good biodiesel properties.
Schleichera oleosa L oil as the potential resource for biodiesel production. The optimization usi... more Schleichera oleosa L oil as the potential resource for biodiesel production. The optimization using four different catalysts for transesterification process. The optimum ester yield obtained was 96 by KOH. The properties of Schleichera oleosa L biodiesel satisfied with ASTM D6751 specifications. g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t a b s t r a c t The non-edible oil from Schleichera oleosa possesses the potential as a feedstock for biodiesel production. In this study, the biodiesel production was performed using two-step transesterification process on a laboratory scale. The parameters studied were reaction temperature, molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, reaction time and catalysts type. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the methyl ester yield. The optimum conditions were obtained as follows: reaction temperature at 55 °C, methanol to oil molar ratio of 8:1, 1 wt.% of hydroxide catalyst (KOH and NaOH) and 1 wt.% methoxide catalyst (CH 3 OK and CH 3 ONa) for reaction time 90 min. Based from these optimum conditions, the observed ester yields from different catalysts were average 96%, 93%, 91% and 88% for KOH, NaOH, CH 3 OK and CH 3 ONa respectively as the catalyst. S. oleosa methyl ester (SOME) exhibited a satisfying oxidative stability of 7.23 h and high cetane number (50.6) compared to petrol diesel (49.7). Besides, SOME has good pour and cloud point of À3.0 °C and À1.0 °C respectively due to high unsaturated fatty chain. As a conclusion, this study reveals that biodiesel production from SOME, as one of non-edible feed-stock, is able to be an alternative for petrol diesel. Moreover, the produced biodiesel from SOME could be used in diesel engine without major modification due to its properties and can be used in cold regions.
Description ASTM American society for testing and materials CCIO Crude Calohyllum inophyllum oil ... more Description ASTM American society for testing and materials CCIO Crude Calohyllum inophyllum oil CIB Calohyllum inophyllum biodiesel blending with diesel fuel CIME Calohyllum inophyllum methyl ester CIO Calohyllum inophyllum oil CIB10
Exploring and improvement of biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil is one of the eff... more Exploring and improvement of biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil is one of the effective ways to solve limited amount of traditional raw materials and their high prices. The main objective of this study is to optimize the biodiesel production process parameters (methanol-to-oil ratio, agitation speed and concentration of the potassium hydroxide catalyst) of a biodiesel derived from non-edible feedstocks, namely Jatropha curcas and Ceiba pentandra, using response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken experimental design. Based on the results, the optimum operating parameters for transesterification of the J50C50 oil mixture at 60 °C over a period of 2 h are as follows: methanol-to-oil ratio: 30%, agitation speed: 1300 rpm and catalyst concentration: 0.5 wt.%. These optimum operating parameters gives the highest yield for the J50C50 biodiesel with a value of 93.33%. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the physicochemical properties of the J50C50 biodiesel after optimization, whereby the kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, density at 15 °C, calorific value, acid value and oxidation stability is 3.950 mm 2 /s, 831.2 kg/m 3 , 40.929 MJ/kg, 0.025 mg KOH/g and 10.01 h, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the optimized J50C50 biodiesel fulfill the requirements given in the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards.
This paper investigates the performance, emission and combustion of a four cylinder commonrail tu... more This paper investigates the performance, emission and combustion of a four cylinder commonrail turbocharged diesel engine using jatropha curcas biodiesel blends (JCB). The test was performed with various ratios
Exploring and improvement of biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil is one of the eff... more Exploring and improvement of biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil is one of the effective ways to solve limited amount of traditional raw materials and their high prices. The main objective of this study is to optimize the biodiesel production process parameters (methanol-to-oil ratio, agitation speed and concentration of the potassium hydroxide catalyst) of a biodiesel derived from non-edible feedstocks, namely Jatropha curcas and Ceiba pentandra, using response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken experimental design. Based on the results, the optimum operating parameters for transesterification of the J50C50 oil mixture at 60 °C over a period of 2 h are as follows: methanol-to-oil ratio: 30%, agitation speed: 1300 rpm and catalyst concentration: 0.5 wt.%. These optimum operating parameters gives the highest yield for the J50C50 biodiesel with a value of 93.33%. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the physicochemical properties of the J50C50 biodiesel after optimization, whereby the kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, density at 15 °C, calorific value, acid value and oxidation stability is 3.950 mm 2 /s, 831.2 kg/m 3 , 40.929 MJ/kg, 0.025 mg KOH/g and 10.01 h, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the optimized J50C50 biodiesel fulfill the requirements given in the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards.
Description ASTM American society for testing and materials CCIO Crude Calohyllum inophyllum oil ... more Description ASTM American society for testing and materials CCIO Crude Calohyllum inophyllum oil CIB Calohyllum inophyllum biodiesel blending with diesel fuel CIME Calohyllum inophyllum methyl ester CIO Calohyllum inophyllum oil CIB10
The increasing global demand for fuel, limited fossil fuel resources, and increasing concern abou... more The increasing global demand for fuel, limited fossil fuel resources, and increasing concern about the upturn in gaseous CO 2 emissions are the key drivers of research and development into sources of renewable liquid transport fuels, such as biodiesel. In the present work, we demonstrate biodiesel production from Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) seed oil by lipase-catalyzed transesterification. Sweet basil seeds contain 22% oil on a dry weight basis. Artificial neural network with genetic algorithm modelling was used to optimize reaction. Temperature, catalyst concentration, time, and methanol to oil molar ratio were the input factors in the optimization study, while fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was the key model output. FAME composition was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The optimized transesterification process resulted in a 94.58% FAME yield after reaction at 47 °C for 68 h in the presence of 6% w/w catalyst and a methanol to oil ratio of 10:1. The viscosity, density, calorific value, pour point, and cloud point of the biodiesel derived from sweet basil seed oil conformed to the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standard specifications. The antioxidant stability of the biodiesel did not meet these specifications but could be improved via the addition of antioxidant.
Exploring and improvement of biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil is one of the eff... more Exploring and improvement of biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil is one of the effective ways to solve limited amount of traditional raw materials and their high prices. The main objective of this study is to optimize the biodiesel production process parameters (methanol-to-oil ratio, agitation speed and concentration of the potassium hydroxide catalyst) of a biodiesel derived from non-edible feedstocks, namely Jatropha curcas and Ceiba pentandra, using response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken experimental design. Based on the results, the optimum operating parameters for transesterification of the J50C50 oil mixture at 60 C over a period of 2 h are as follows: methanol-to-oil ratio: 30%, agitation speed: 1300 rpm and catalyst concentration: 0.5 wt.%. These optimum operating parameters gives the highest yield for the J50C50 biodiesel with a value of 93.33%. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the physicochemical properties of the J50C50 biodiesel after optimization, whereby the kinematic viscosity at 40 C, density at 15 C, calorific value, acid value and oxidation stability is 3.950 mm2 /s, 831.2 kg/m3 , 40.929 MJ/kg, 0.025 mg KOH/g and 10.01 h, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the optimized J50C50 biodiesel fulfill the requirements given in the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards.
Biodiesel from non-edible seeds has attracted the attention of the authors to investigate Hevea b... more Biodiesel from non-edible seeds has attracted the attention of the authors to investigate Hevea brasilien-sis (HB) and Ricinus communis (RC) as potential feedstocks. Biodiesel production was carried out using esterification-neutralization-transesterification (ENT) process. The transesterification process was carried out under variation methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time and speed agitation. On top of that, optimization was evaluated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and a quadratic polynomial model for ENT method. The optimization results show that production biodiesel from HBME and RCME with ENT method were 99.32% and 99.07% respectively. All the properties measured for produced methyl ester met in ASTMD 6751. Moreover, the presence of ricinoleic (-elaeostearic) in RCME can improve the cold point, pour point and cold filter plugging point, which resulted in −40.4 • C, −27.8 • C and −35.0 • C respectively. The results of the cold flow properties are better due to higher unsaturated fatty acid concentration. It is indicates that RCME has good performance during cold weather engine operation. It short, biodiesel production using ENT method can produce high methyl ester yield and good biodiesel properties.
Biodiesel production has grown rapidly in response to the escalating price of fossil fuels in the... more Biodiesel production has grown rapidly in response to the escalating price of fossil fuels in the last 20 years. Biodiesels appear to be one of the solutions to fulfil the increasing energy demands of the transportation sector since it can be used as substitutes of diesel in diesel engines without the need to modify the engines. The aim of this study is to evaluate the properties of biodiesels produced from crude palm and Calophyllum inophyllum oils using a pilot plant. A 50 L stainless steel jacketed reactor pilot plant is built to convert crude palm oil into palm methyl ester using transesterification process whereas crude C. inophyllum oil is processed using acid-catalysed esterification followed by alkaline-catalysed trans-esterification. The properties of the palm and C. inophyllum methyl esters are characterized according to the American society for testing and materials (ASTM) D6751 and European standard (EN) 14214 standards. In a latter section of this study, the palm and C. inophyllum methyl esters are blended with diesel fuel using different volume ratios. The oxidation stability of these blends is evaluated for two storage conditions for 90 days: (1) vacuum chamber and (2) room temperature. The oxidation stability of these blends is maintained for more than 12 h for 90 days when the fuels are stored in the vacuum chamber, which fulfils the biodiesel standards. Based on the results, both crude palm and C. inophyllum oils are potential feedstocks for industrial-scale biodiesel production and the biodiesels can likely replace diesel fuel in the future.
The non-edible oil from Schleichera oleosa possesses the potential as a feedstock for biodiesel p... more The non-edible oil from Schleichera oleosa possesses the potential as a feedstock for biodiesel production. In this study, the biodiesel production was performed using two-step transesterification process on a lab- oratory scale. The parameters studied were reaction temperature, molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, reaction time and catalysts type. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the methyl ester yield. The optimum conditions were obtained as follows: reaction temperature at 55 C, methanol to oil molar ratio of 8:1, 1 wt.% of hydroxide catalyst (KOH and NaOH) and 1 wt.% methoxide catalyst (CH3OK and CH3ONa) for reaction time 90 min. Based from these optimum conditions, the observed ester yields from different catalysts were average 96%, 93%, 91% and 88% for KOH, NaOH, CH3OK and CH3ONa respectively as the catalyst. S. oleosa methyl ester (SOME) exhibited a satisfying oxidative stability of 7.23 h and high cetane number (50.6) compared to petrol diesel (49.7). Besides, SOME has good pour and cloud point of 3.0 C and 1.0 C respectively due to high unsaturated fatty chain. As a conclusion, this study reveals that biodiesel production from SOME, as one of non-edible feed- stock, is able to be an alternative for petrol diesel. Moreover, the produced biodiesel from SOME could be used in diesel engine without major modification due to its properties and can be used in cold regions.
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Papers by F. Kusumo
In this study, the biodiesel production was performed using two-step transesterification process on a lab-
oratory scale. The parameters studied were reaction temperature, molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst
concentration, reaction time and catalysts type. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine
the methyl ester yield. The optimum conditions were obtained as follows: reaction temperature at 55 C,
methanol to oil molar ratio of 8:1, 1 wt.% of hydroxide catalyst (KOH and NaOH) and 1 wt.% methoxide
catalyst (CH3OK and CH3ONa) for reaction time 90 min. Based from these optimum conditions, the
observed ester yields from different catalysts were average 96%, 93%, 91% and 88% for KOH, NaOH,
CH3OK and CH3ONa respectively as the catalyst. S. oleosa methyl ester (SOME) exhibited a satisfying
oxidative stability of 7.23 h and high cetane number (50.6) compared to petrol diesel (49.7). Besides,
SOME has good pour and cloud point of 3.0 C and 1.0 C respectively due to high unsaturated fatty
chain. As a conclusion, this study reveals that biodiesel production from SOME, as one of non-edible feed-
stock, is able to be an alternative for petrol diesel. Moreover, the produced biodiesel from SOME could be
used in diesel engine without major modification due to its properties and can be used in cold regions.
In this study, the biodiesel production was performed using two-step transesterification process on a lab-
oratory scale. The parameters studied were reaction temperature, molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst
concentration, reaction time and catalysts type. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine
the methyl ester yield. The optimum conditions were obtained as follows: reaction temperature at 55 C,
methanol to oil molar ratio of 8:1, 1 wt.% of hydroxide catalyst (KOH and NaOH) and 1 wt.% methoxide
catalyst (CH3OK and CH3ONa) for reaction time 90 min. Based from these optimum conditions, the
observed ester yields from different catalysts were average 96%, 93%, 91% and 88% for KOH, NaOH,
CH3OK and CH3ONa respectively as the catalyst. S. oleosa methyl ester (SOME) exhibited a satisfying
oxidative stability of 7.23 h and high cetane number (50.6) compared to petrol diesel (49.7). Besides,
SOME has good pour and cloud point of 3.0 C and 1.0 C respectively due to high unsaturated fatty
chain. As a conclusion, this study reveals that biodiesel production from SOME, as one of non-edible feed-
stock, is able to be an alternative for petrol diesel. Moreover, the produced biodiesel from SOME could be
used in diesel engine without major modification due to its properties and can be used in cold regions.