Papers by FİKRET KAÇAROĞLU
Forecast of water pollution sources using ANNs and hydrogeochemical analysis: Case study from Turkey
Journal of Pollution Effects and Control, May 5, 2016
Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of structurally controlled geothermal and mineral waters of Muğla (SW Turkey)
Geothermics, Nov 1, 2016
Abstract This study focuses on the geochemical and isotopic properties of geothermal and mineral ... more Abstract This study focuses on the geochemical and isotopic properties of geothermal and mineral waters in the Mugla region of SW Turkey. In total, 55 water samples – comprised of 38 geothermal water, 16 mineral water, and 1 fresh water – were collected from inland and coastal waters of Mugla. Among the 26 individual sites in the study area, 16 are geothermal and 10 are mineral water sources. The temperature of the geothermal waters ranges between 18.3 and 39.2 °C, and thus they are categorized as “low temperature” waters. Two principal processes determine the hydrogeochemical properties of the waters: water-rock interaction and seawater mixing. The hydrogeochemistry of the inland mineral waters is determined by water-rock interaction due to the long residence time of groundwater along the low-angle discontinuity surface between the core and cover units of Menderes Massif. Conversely, seawater mixing controls the chemical character of the coastal geothermal and mineral waters, which results in Na-Cl type waters. The seawater contribution to coastal waters ranges between 3% to 100%. The stable oxygen (δ 18 O) and hydrogen (δD) isotope compositions also imply seawater mixing in the coastal waters and meteoric origin for the inland waters. High angle dip-slip fault systems related to Late Alpine tectonics are extensively responsible for the inland and coastal geothermal waters in the study area. Geothermometer calculations suggest reservoir temperatures ranging between 30 and 164 °C for Mugla geothermal sites.
Balıklı Spa (Kangal Fish Spring) is situated to the northeast of Kangal district centre, Sivas, T... more Balıklı Spa (Kangal Fish Spring) is situated to the northeast of Kangal district centre, Sivas, Turkey. Balıklı Spa is of a particular place amongst the other thermal baths found in Turkey and is used in the treatment of psoriasis. The temperature and discharge of the Balıklı Spa water range between 33.6 and 35.4 oC and 145-220 L/s, respectively. The discharge of the Çermik Stream measured downstream of the Balıklı Spa is in the range of 150-660 L/s, and is mostly supplied by Balıklı Spa. Total dissolved solids (TDS) of the Balıklı Spa and Çermik Stream waters range between 348 and 395 mg/L and 278 and 377 mg/L, respectively. Dominant ions of these waters are Ca, Mg and HCO3, and they are classified as calcium bicarbonate type waters. In terms of balneological classification Balıklı Spa is "acrotothermal water". Secondary and minor element (B,
Hydrogeological features and environmental impacts of geothermal waters in Y?ld?z River Basin (Sivas, Turkey)
Water Environment Research, 2014
The study area, located in the Yıldız River Basin (Sivas), has eight geothermal waters, which are... more The study area, located in the Yıldız River Basin (Sivas), has eight geothermal waters, which are used for balneotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the natural and/or anthropogenic water pollution in terms of drinking and irrigation water in the Sıcak Çermik, Uyuz Çermiği, and Hamzaşeyh Çermiği geothermal areas. Na+, Cl-, SO4(-2), B, Mn, Fe, As, and Se concentrations of the geothermal waters generally exceed the upper limits stated in the Turkish Standards for Water Intended for Human Consumption and World Health Organization regulations. Based on the irrigation water classification by the U.S. Salinity Laboratory Diagram, it is concluded that these waters may have hazardous levels of salinity and sodium when used as irrigation water. Wastewater from these health and tourism centers is discharged into the Yıldız River and to agricultural land. This procedure causes increase in the concentrations of major and minor elements and negatively affects the river water quality.
Gokpinar karst kaynaklari, Gurun’un (Sivas) 8 km guneyinde Gokpinar koyunde yeralir. Jura-Kretase... more Gokpinar karst kaynaklari, Gurun’un (Sivas) 8 km guneyinde Gokpinar koyunde yeralir. Jura-Kretase yasli Yuceyurt formasyonu kirectasindan bosalan kaynaklar, karstik kaynak tipinde olup, iki ana bosalim noktasina sahiptir. Iki kaynagin toplam debisi 4.5-7.8 m3/s arasinda degisir. Bu calismanin amaci, Gokpinar kaynaklarinin hidrojeolojik ozelliklerinin, kaynaklarin bosalim rejiminin ve sularin kimyasal ozelliklerinin ve kalitesinin belirlenmesidir. Yuceyurt formasyonu inceleme alaninda ana akiferi olusturur ve karstik ozelliklere sahiptir. Formasyonda karenler, dolinler, dudenler, cokuntu alanlari, yeralti kanallari ve bosluklarindan olusan gelismis bir karst sistemi vardir. Kaynak bosalimlarinin analizinden elde edilen verilere gore, karst akiferinin depolama kapasitesi buyuk, drenaji yavastir. Gokpinar kaynaklarinin toplam depolama kapasitesi 239x106 m3, bosalim katsayisi 2.83x10-3 gun-1 olarak hesaplanmistir. Inceleme alanindaki sular genellikle Ca+2, Mg+2 ve HCO3-1 iyonlarinin hak...
Hydrogeological investigation of the Cumhuriyet University campus area and its vicinity
DergiPark (Istanbul University), 1996
Sivas/Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi kampüsü ve civarının (Sivas) hidrojeoloji incelemesi
Acta Carsologica, 2012
Kraški izviri Gökpınar se nahajajo 8 km južno od regijskega središča Gürün, Sivas, Turčija. Voda ... more Kraški izviri Gökpınar se nahajajo 8 km južno od regijskega središča Gürün, Sivas, Turčija. Voda izvira iz dveh glavnih izvirov (Gökpınar 1 in Gökpınar 2) in izteka iz jursko kredne yüceyurt formacije (apnenec). Skupni pretoki nihajo med 4,5 in 7,8 m 3 /s. Prispevno območje pokriva alohtone in avtohtone litološke enote, katerih starost sega od zgornje devonskih do kvartarnih kamnin, večinoma apnencev. Formacija yüceyurt (apnenec) sestavlja glavni vodonosni sistem in je močno zakrasela. Območje prekrivajo številne škraplje, vrtače, ponori, podzemni kanali in jame. V prispevku je bila izvedena analiza zmanjševanja pretoka na izvirih Gökpınar, izračunani sta bila količnika uskladiščenja in upadanja pretoka obeh glavnih izvirov. Količnik uskladiščenja je 141×10 6 m 3 oziroma 98×10 6 m 3 , količnik upadanja pretoka pa 2.71×10-3 dan-1 oziroma 2.98×10-3 dan-1. Dobljeni rezultati kažejo, da ima obravnavani vodonosnik yüceyurtskega apnenca veliko zmogljivost uskladiščenja in zato je odvodnjavanje precej počasno. Glavni kationi v vodah na obravnavanem območju so Ca 2+ in Mg 2+ , med anioni pa prevladuje HCO 3-. Vode so kalcij-bikarbonatnega tipa. Nekateri kemijski parametri v vodah izvirov Gökpınar se gibljejo med naslednjimi vrednostmi: T=10.8-11.1°C, pH=7.65-7.95, EC=270-310 µS/cm, TDS=170-200 mg/L, Ca 2+ =40.0-54.0 mg/L, Mg 2+ =4.5-10.0 mg/L, HCO 3-=144.0-158.0 mg/L. Temperatura, EC, TDS, Ca 2+ in HCO 3 koncentracije niso v času opazovanja pokazale značilnih variacij.
Istanbul University - DergiPark, Mar 1, 2006
Tecer Dağı Sivas'ın yaklaşık 40 km güneydoğusunda yer almakta olup, Mestriştiyen-Tanesiyen yaşlı ... more Tecer Dağı Sivas'ın yaklaşık 40 km güneydoğusunda yer almakta olup, Mestriştiyen-Tanesiyen yaşlı kireçtaşından (Tecer kireçtaşı) oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Tecer kireçtaşının hidrojeolojik özelliklerinin, su kimyası ve kalitesinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tecer kireçtaşı, oldukça kırıklı, çatlaklı ve karstik yapılıdır. Birimde karstik yapı olarak çoğunlukla karenler, dolinler, düdenler, yeraltı kanalları ve mağaralar gözlenmiştir. Karstik Tecer kireçtaşında yeraltısuyu dolaşımı genellikle kireçtaşının çözünmesiyle genişlemiş eklemler, çatlaklar ve karstik kanallar boyunca yersel dolaşım şeklindedir. İnceleme alanında Tecer kireçtaşından boşalan kaynakların debileri 0.5-565 l/s arasında değişmektedir. Tecer kireçtaşından boşalan en büyük debili karstik kaynak olan Beşgözeler kaynağının debisi 150-565 l/s arasında değişmektedir. CaHCO 3 'lı tipte olan bu suların elektriksel iletkenlik (EC) değerleri 215-585 µS/cm arasında, sertlikleri ise 10-20 Fransız sertlik derecesi (o F) arasında değişmektedir. Kaynaklar, sulama suyu açısından, ABD Tuzluluk Laboratuvarı Diyagramı'nda orta tuzlu-düşük sodyumlu sular (C 2-S 1) sınıfında yer almaktadır. Tecer Deresi sularının EC değerleri 630-885 µS/cm arasında, sertlikleri 30-45 o F arasında değişmektedir. Karstik yapılara ve eklem sistemlerine ilişkin arazi gözlemleri, hava fotoğrafları ve uydu görüntüleri incelemelerine göre Tecer kireçtaşında özellikle süreksizliklerin denetiminde karstlaşma gelişmiştir. Kırık izleri, eklemler ve faylar ile karstlaşmanın yoğunlaştığı zonlar arasında oldukça belirgin bir uyumluluğun bulunduğu gözlenmektedir.
Caves in clastic rocks (Muğla, SW Türkiye)
Bulletin of the mineral research and exploration, Aug 3, 2022
Tecer Dağı (Sivas-Ulaş) kaynaklarının hidrojeolojisi
Cumhuriyet Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 2001
Tecer Dagi Sivas’in yaklasik 40 km guneydogusunda yer almakta olup, Mestristiyen-Tanesiyen yasli ... more Tecer Dagi Sivas’in yaklasik 40 km guneydogusunda yer almakta olup, Mestristiyen-Tanesiyen yasli kirectasindan(Tecer kirectasi) olusmaktadir. Bu calismada, Tecer kirectasinin hidrojeolojik ozelliklerinin, su kimyasi ve kalitesinin belirlenmesi amaclanmistir. Tecer kirectasi, oldukca kirikli, catlakli ve karstik yapilidir. Birimde karstik yapi olarak cogunlukla karenler, dolinler, dudenler, yeralti kanallari ve magaralar gozlenmistir. Karstik Tecer kirectasindayeraltisuyu dolasimi genellikle kirectasinin cozunmesiyle genislemis eklemler, catlaklar ve karstik kanallar boyunca yersel dolasim seklindedir. Inceleme alaninda Tecer kirectasindan bosalan kaynaklarin debileri 0.5-565 l/s arasinda degismektedir. Tecer kirectasindan bosalan en buyuk debili karstik kaynak olan Besgozeler kaynaginin debisi 150-565 l/s arasinda degismektedir. CaHCO’li tipte olan bu sularin elektriksel iletkenlik (EC) degerleri 215585 µS/cm arasinda, sertlikleri ise 10-20 Fransiz sertlik derecesi (oF) arasinda deg...
Statistical analysis of water discharging from rocks of different origin: a case study from Turkey
Environmental Earth Sciences, 2016
The present study was conducted in Sivas, Karabük and Bartın regions of Turkey, which have rocks ... more The present study was conducted in Sivas, Karabük and Bartın regions of Turkey, which have rocks of different origins, agricultural and mining activities. Correlation, principal components, hierarchical cluster and multidimensional scaling analyses were applied to determine the processes controlling the chemical composition of groundwater. The results show that dissolution-weathering process, agricultural activities, oxidation processes of sulfide minerals, mining activities, coal levels, alteration of volcanics and progressive silicate hydrolysis effects the physicochemical properties of groundwater in the study areas. Principal components and multidimensional scaling analyses provided excellent visual representations of the grouping of the waters. The significant variables in the first factor are SO4, Mn, Fe, Al, and pH. The factor represents the groundwater reached by these elements via the dissolution and oxidation processes of sulfide minerals (especially pyrite). Ca, EC, and HCO3 are generally grouped under the second factor representing the dissolution of carbonate rocks. The third factor represented by Na, CO3, and pH is mostly related to alteration of volcanics, progressive silicate hydrolysis and dissolution, and probably ion exchange between Ca and Na. The fourth factor of NO3 and Cl is strongly influenced by agricultural activity. The measurement, analyses and evaluation results showed that the groundwater contamination is caused by (1) NO3 in waters discharging from clastic rocks in areas where intensive agricultural activities are conducted; (2) Al, Fe, Mn, and SO4 ions in water emerging from volcanics containing Pb–Zn–Cu ore deposits; and (3) Al, Fe, and Mn in water issuing from coal levels and altered volcanics. Some of these waters are used by adjacent towns for drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes.
Karst groundwater (the water in a karst aquifer) is a major water resource in many regions of som... more Karst groundwater (the water in a karst aquifer) is a major water resource in many regions of some countries. Water requirements for most of the settlements in the karstic regions are supplied from karst aquifers. Karst environments are also used for the disposal of liquid and solid domestic agricultural, and industrial wastes, which result in karst groundwater pollution. Karst aquifers have specific hydraulic and hydrogeologic characteristics that render them highly vulnerable to pollution from human activities. Karst groundwater becomes polluted more easily and in shorter time periods than water in non-karstic aquifers. Thus, protection measures are required to preserve the quality and quantity of karst groundwater that specifically consider the vulnerability of the karst environment. In order to preserve karst groundwater, the geological, hydrological and hydrogeological characteristics of the karst area must be investigated and information on polluting activities and sources must be collected. Then, a comprehensive protection and control system must be developed consisting of the following six components: (1) develop and implement a groundwater monitoring system, (2) establish critical protection zones, (3) develop proper land use strategies, (4) determine the reasonable development capacity of the karst aquifer, (5) control and eliminate when necessary sources of pollution, (6) increase public awareness of the value and vulnerability of karst aquifers.
Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2001
The solubility of the gypsum is generally very high in comparison to many other minerals. The sur... more The solubility of the gypsum is generally very high in comparison to many other minerals. The surface and groundwater contacting gypsum formations can easily attain high amounts oftotal dissolved solids (TDS), calcium, and sulphate. This composition of the waters prevent their usage for drinking,domestic, industrial and irrigation purposes.Gypsum formations, containing halite (rock salt) interlayers, crop out in a large area
Environmental Earth Sciences, 2014
The determination of the rock types from which the water is recharged/discharged is an essential ... more The determination of the rock types from which the water is recharged/discharged is an essential component of hydrochemical, hydrogeological and water pollution studies. Especially, detection of sources of groundwater contamination is very important in terms of human health and other living organism. This study aims at prediction of water pollution sources using artificial neural networks (ANNs) in Sivas, Karabük and Bartın areas of Turkey, which have different types of rocks, agricultural activity and mining activity. In this study, a model based on ANNs was developed for forecast to the water discharging from different types of rocks and the water pollution sources in the study areas. Back propagation and Bee Algorithm (BA) were used in ANN training. For achieving the aim of the study, 14 hydrochemical data set were used. The best ANN classification of water discharging from different type of rocks was accomplished with 80 % accuracy using BA. These results indicate that the researches that are similar to this study can provide quite convenience for the assessment of groundwater pollution sources when applied on a large and regional scale.
Hydrogeology Journal, 1997
Environmental Geology, 1997
In this study, karstification developed in the Miocene gypsum which covers a large area around Si... more In this study, karstification developed in the Miocene gypsum which covers a large area around Sivas, Turkey, the relation between regional tectonics and karstification, and hydrogeological features have been investigated. The karstic features in the gypsum have developed conforming to the fault zones and the general strikes of gypsum beds. In the study area, numerous dolines (sinkholes) and ponors (swallow holes) of different sizes are observed. Most of these karstic features are in the different-sized longitudinal depressions (troughs) which conform to the tectonic structures. These karstic features occur NE-SW along bedding planes and about NW-SE and NE-SW along fault zones. At the intersections, high-capacity (yield) karst springs (Göydün and Seyfe springs) are observed. The Göydün and Seyfe springs issue from the karstified gypsum aquifer, with an average discharge of 1.10 m 3 /s and 0.25 m 3 /s, respectively. In addition, there are some low-yield (a few l/s) springs in the same drainage area. The surface drainage area of the springs is 64 km 2 , and the precipitation in this area cannot provide the total groundwater discharging from Göydün and Seyfe springs. Water budget calculations indicate that more than 70% of the water discharged by these two springs is provided from the adjacent basins. The Göydün and Seyfe springs are rich in dissolved solids and average electrical conductivities (EC) are about 13 000 mS/cm. The major cations in the waters are Ca and Na; major anions are SO 4 and Cl, and the waters are brackish. Because of these properties, especially in summer and autumn, the springs cause extreme salinization in Kızılırmak river.
Environmental Geology, 1997
A large amount of the water requirement (municipal, industrial, etc.) of Eskişehir city, Turkey, ... more A large amount of the water requirement (municipal, industrial, etc.) of Eskişehir city, Turkey, is supplied from groundwater via wells in the urban area. The groundwater in the Eskişehir Plain alluvium has been polluted by municipal and industrial wastewater, and agricultural activities. The nitrate concentrations at nine sampling points on Porsuk River, the main water course in the plain, ranged from 1.5 to 63.3 mg/l during the period from July 1986 to August 1988. In the same period, the nitrate concentrations measured in water from 51 wells ranged between 2.2-257.0 mg/l. The nitrate content of the groundwater samples was 34.2% above 45 mg/l, the upper limit for nitrate in drinking water standards. High nitrate levels were observed in water from wells in the central and eastern parts of the urban area. The nitrate content of the well water is subject to seasonal fluctuation. In general, low nitrate concentrations were observed in wet seasons, and high ones in dry seasons.
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Papers by FİKRET KAÇAROĞLU