We studied capture Eastern Coyotes (Canis latrans) from 27-585 days of age and compiled an ethogr... more We studied capture Eastern Coyotes (Canis latrans) from 27-585 days of age and compiled an ethogram on them. A total of 72247 15-sec samples were taken, amounting to 301 h of field time varying between 59.4-61.3 h per Coyote. A total of 540 behavioral patterns was observed amongst the 16 behaviour categories ranging from 9 (miscellaneous) to 72 (explore/ investigate) action patterns per parent category. The 16 parent categories that we believed best described and appropriately sorted the behavioural actions were resting, sitting, sitting1, sitting2, standing, traveling, explore/investigating, hunting, feeding, infantile, greeting, self play, play initiating, playing, agonistic, and miscellaneous. Exploring accounted for >31% of all of the behaviours observed with resting and sitting (combined), standing, traveling, and play as categories decreasing in order of most to least frequent. Despite some omissions in our ethogram and drift associated with its ongoing development, we believe that the large amount of data collected made it rigorous enough to be a useful guide for the species. We argue that although future research will no doubt add to and/or modify components of it, its ease of use in the field (in captivity or in the wild) and it being the first complete ethogram described for the species, make it a useful tool for future researchers.
Welcome to another special edition of Cities and the Environment Journal. In this issue, we focus... more Welcome to another special edition of Cities and the Environment Journal. In this issue, we focus on the proceedings of the MillionTreesNYC, Green Infrastructure and Urban Ecology Research Symposium held in the spring of 2010 in New York City. The MillionTreesNYC Initiative is a comprehensive urban greening and education program that is truly transdisciplinary in scope and participation (www.milliontreesnyc.org). This initiative engages the full range of stakeholders, from the Mayor's Office, The NYC Parks and Recreation Department and the USDA Forest Service, to local NGO's scientists and educators. The diversity of participants in both the conference and the tree planting effort reflects the heterogeneous community engaged in urban ecology as it is practiced today. We are delighted to be the journal that hosts the scholarship supporting this conference. We are offering both full length articles and for the first time, selected poster presentations -all of course in digital format. All of the articles have gone through rigorous peer review prior to presentation at the conference and then again before acceptance to CATE. The articles and posters presented in this edition of CATE reflect the engagement of the full array of participants and stakeholders, including biodiversity, human well-being, ecological literacy, water quality, green infrastructure and planting effectiveness. We are particularly proud of the diversity of scholarship represented in this edition.
, provides an introduction to the Summer 2011 issue. He discusses the journal's transition to its... more , provides an introduction to the Summer 2011 issue. He discusses the journal's transition to its new home at Loyola Marymount University and the creation of the Center for Urban Resilience and Ecological Solution, while underscoring highlights of the special topics section on Urban Predators. The contributors to this section participated in the International Symposium on Urban Wildlife and the Environment hosted by the Wildlife Society at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in June of 2009. Finally, Dr. Strauss notes the breadth of our issue by mentioning the additional articles' focus on rain gardens, water quality, arthropod diversity, green roofs, and socio-ecological dynamics.
The parcel-level tree canopy assessment data produced by Galvin et. al (2019) was a fundamental p... more The parcel-level tree canopy assessment data produced by Galvin et. al (2019) was a fundamental part of this project. We are grateful to all of the participants from the City of Commerce who helped plan and participate in the tree summit. We hope this project helps you in growing Commerce's urban forest.
Canine science is rapidly maturing into an interdisciplinary and highly impactful field with grea... more Canine science is rapidly maturing into an interdisciplinary and highly impactful field with great potential for both basic and translational research. The articles in thisFrontiersResearch Topic,Our Canine Connection: The History, Benefits and Future of Human-Dog Interactions, arise from two meetings sponsored by the Wallis Annenberg PetSpace Leadership Institute, which convened experts from diverse areas of canine science to assess the state of the field and challenges and opportunities for its future. In this finalPerspectivepaper, we identify a set of overarching themes that will be critical for a productive and sustainable future in canine science. We explore the roles of dog welfare, science communication, and research funding, with an emphasis on developing approaches that benefit people and dogs, alike.
This article describes efforts undertaken by two centers at Loyola Marymount University—the Cente... more This article describes efforts undertaken by two centers at Loyola Marymount University—the Center for Equity for English Learners (CEEL) and the Center for Urban Resilience (CURes)—in collaboration with five southern California school districts to develop and implement the Urban Ecology for English Learners Project. This project aligns with the 2018 NASEM report call to action to (1) create contexts for systems- and classroom-level supports that recognizes assets that English Learners contribute to the classroom and, and (2) increase rigorous science instruction for English Learners through the provision of targeted program models, curriculum, and instruction. The article presents project highlights, professional learning approaches, elements of the interdisciplinary, standards-based Urban Ecology curricular modules, and project evaluation results about ELs’ outcomes and teachers’ knowledge and skills in delivering high-quality STEM education for ELs. The authors list various impli...
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center of Urban Resilience at Digi... more This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center of Urban Resilience at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Center of Urban Resilience Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Repository Citation Romolini, Michele; Strauss, Eric; Bruce-Eisen, Sarah; and Simso, Emily, "The Value of Urban Parklands: A User Study of the Baldwin Hills" (2017). Center of Urban Resilience Scholarship. 4. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cures_pub/4
In this chapter, we present results from an out-of-school time STEM (science, technology, enginee... more In this chapter, we present results from an out-of-school time STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) education program in the United States in which we engage urban youth in urban planning projects for sites in their neighbourhoods. In the field of urban planning today it is nearly impossible to create any urban plan without the use of GIS technologies. In our work, youth have been using sophisticated GIS modelling technologies to create and evaluate different urban plans for particular areas within their own city. As a part of their projects, youth visit a site to collect basic physical data, talk with residents, and identify the resources that are available to the neighbourhood. With that information in hand, the youth create different site designs using a software package, CommunityViz, and evaluate the economic and ecological impacts of their different designs. In doing this, youth learn about (1) the urban planning process; (2) GIS skills and the role that GIS...
We document the death of a pack of Eastern Coyotes (Canis latrans) from high levels of brodifacou... more We document the death of a pack of Eastern Coyotes (Canis latrans) from high levels of brodifacoum, a second generation poison that is the active ingredient in some forms of rat poison (e.g., d-Con®). The Coyotes died within a week of each other during late March/early April 2005. This incident indicates the vulnerability of wild animals to commercial over-the-counter rodenticides.
To gain a better knowledge of eastern coyote (Canis latrans var.) behaviour, we directly observed... more To gain a better knowledge of eastern coyote (Canis latrans var.) behaviour, we directly observed a socialized, hand-reared captive pack of five eastern coyotes to examine how activity during morning and late afternoon was related to the following variables: (i) age, (ii) temperature, (iii) social/hierarchal rank, (iv) body mass, (v) weather, and (vi) gender. An estimate of each coyote's overall activity level index (ALI) was obtained through 609 30minute observation sessions with 120 (19.7% for each) bouts conducted on coyotes named "Caon", "Late", and "Trans", 124 (20.4%) on "Cane", and 125 (20.5%) on "Lupe". ALI per session varied for each animal with averages of 1.78 for Cane (range 1.01-2.53), 1.74 for Caon (range 1.02-2.42), 1.79 for Late (range 1.00-2.50), 1.69 for Lupe (range 1.01-2.40), and 1.79 for Trans (range 1.03-2.38). The model explained 11.5% of the variance in ALI (adjusted R-squared = 0.115). Age in days (β =-0.270, p < 0.0001), temperature (β =-0.178, p < 0.0001), and rank (β = 0.135, p = 0.001) were the three variables that best predicted ALI. Our study showed that coyotes display plastic behavioural patterns, and that they are capable of altering activity based on environmental circumstances. Because most wild coyote populations are inherently difficult to observe, data from coyotes in captivity complement data from studies of coyotes in the wild.
Teaching Science and Investigating Environmental Issues with Geospatial Technology, 2013
Urbanization trends of the past century show a dramatic rise in the size of cities worldwide. Mor... more Urbanization trends of the past century show a dramatic rise in the size of cities worldwide. More than 300 cities have more than one million inhabitants, and 16 "megacities" have populations exceeding ten million. With increased urbanization of rural landscapes and densifi cation of existing cities, greater pressure is placed on critical urban natural resources, such as watersheds, forests, and wildlife. These resources are critical to maintaining ecosystem health and to providing economic, civic, and public health benefi ts for metropolitan area residents (Grimm, Grove, Pickett, & Redman, 2000). At the forefront of ensuring that urban ecosystems are Chapter 2
This study focuses on a high school urban ecology curriculum that was enacted by twenty-two teach... more This study focuses on a high school urban ecology curriculum that was enacted by twenty-two teachers. We investigated how teachers' beliefs about science instruction and enactment of the curriculum impacted student learning. Results from the hierarchical linear model suggest that teachers' use of lecture, incorporation of group work, level of adaptation of the curriculum and beliefs about argumentation all significantly impact student achievement. Theoretical Framework Learning environments consist of a variety of different social and material supports that can interact synergistically to support students in developing rich disciplinary knowledge (Tabak, 2004). Historically, the role of the teacher has been overlooked when examining the impact of curriculum on student learning (Ball & Cohen, 1996). Yet the teacher is essential in enacting curriculum materials in terms of the culture of inquiry that is fostered in the classroom, which ultimately impacts students' development of rich conceptual understandings (Puntambekar, Stylianou & Goldstein, 2007). Teachers' understanding of the curriculum as well as their beliefs about teaching and learning influence their enactment of curriculum (Ball & Cohen, 1996). Recent research emphasizes the importance of moving away from a traditional model of instruction in which the teacher's main role is that of transmission of information to a new model of a community of learners in which students actively construct their own conceptual understandings (Sawyer, 2006). Although there are numerous qualitative studies investigating the role of such environments, large-scale quantitative studies still need to be conducted to validate these findings and link teaching practices to student outcomes (Thadani, Stevens & Tao, 2009). The large scale studies that have been conducted in science education provide mixed results on student achievement with studies finding that standards-based inquiry teaching practices have a positive effect (Kahle, Meece & Scantlebury, 2000), both positive and negative effects (Von Secker & Lissitz, 1999), and no significant positive or negative effects (Lee, Penfield, Maerten-Rivera, 2009) on student learning. Furthermore, none of these studies investigate teacher beliefs in conjunction with their instructional practices. Consequently, our research question is: How do teachers' beliefs about science instruction and their enactment of an inquiry-oriented high school science curriculum impact students' learning in science?
collaborated on multi-year projects to implement the Urban Ecology for English Learners Projects ... more collaborated on multi-year projects to implement the Urban Ecology for English Learners Projects designed to implement a professional learning and curriculum model to explicitly engage students in experiences where they learn science content through investigations of their local schoolyards and neighborhoods while simultaneously advancing language and literacy skills. This partnership empowers educators to leverage the interdisciplinary science of urban ecology and resilience as a way to democratize access and opportunity for English Learner students in diverse urban settings.
Cities and the Environment Editor, Eric Strauss, provides an introduction to the Summer 2011 issu... more Cities and the Environment Editor, Eric Strauss, provides an introduction to the Summer 2011 issue. He discusses the journal\u27s transition to its new home at Loyola Marymount University and the creation of the Center for Urban Resilience and Ecological Solution, while underscoring highlights of the special topics section on Urban Predators. The contributors to this section participated in the International Symposium on Urban Wildlife and the Environment hosted by the Wildlife Society at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in June of 2009. Finally, Dr. Strauss notes the breadth of our issue by mentioning the additional articles\u27 focus on rain gardens, water quality, arthropod diversity, green roofs, and socio-ecological dynamics
Trapping in the United States is controversial; the humaneness of foothold traps appears to be th... more Trapping in the United States is controversial; the humaneness of foothold traps appears to be the primary issue dividing pro-and anti-trapping groups (Gentile 1987, jotham and Phillips 1994, Sahr and Knowlton 2000). Recent international standards have been agreed upon which stipulate acceptable thresholds for injury of captured animals; these agreements highlight the societal importance of using humane capture devices to capture wildlife
We studied capture Eastern Coyotes (Canis latrans) from 27-585 days of age and compiled an ethogr... more We studied capture Eastern Coyotes (Canis latrans) from 27-585 days of age and compiled an ethogram on them. A total of 72247 15-sec samples were taken, amounting to 301 h of field time varying between 59.4-61.3 h per Coyote. A total of 540 behavioral patterns was observed amongst the 16 behaviour categories ranging from 9 (miscellaneous) to 72 (explore/ investigate) action patterns per parent category. The 16 parent categories that we believed best described and appropriately sorted the behavioural actions were resting, sitting, sitting1, sitting2, standing, traveling, explore/investigating, hunting, feeding, infantile, greeting, self play, play initiating, playing, agonistic, and miscellaneous. Exploring accounted for >31% of all of the behaviours observed with resting and sitting (combined), standing, traveling, and play as categories decreasing in order of most to least frequent. Despite some omissions in our ethogram and drift associated with its ongoing development, we believe that the large amount of data collected made it rigorous enough to be a useful guide for the species. We argue that although future research will no doubt add to and/or modify components of it, its ease of use in the field (in captivity or in the wild) and it being the first complete ethogram described for the species, make it a useful tool for future researchers.
Welcome to another special edition of Cities and the Environment Journal. In this issue, we focus... more Welcome to another special edition of Cities and the Environment Journal. In this issue, we focus on the proceedings of the MillionTreesNYC, Green Infrastructure and Urban Ecology Research Symposium held in the spring of 2010 in New York City. The MillionTreesNYC Initiative is a comprehensive urban greening and education program that is truly transdisciplinary in scope and participation (www.milliontreesnyc.org). This initiative engages the full range of stakeholders, from the Mayor's Office, The NYC Parks and Recreation Department and the USDA Forest Service, to local NGO's scientists and educators. The diversity of participants in both the conference and the tree planting effort reflects the heterogeneous community engaged in urban ecology as it is practiced today. We are delighted to be the journal that hosts the scholarship supporting this conference. We are offering both full length articles and for the first time, selected poster presentations -all of course in digital format. All of the articles have gone through rigorous peer review prior to presentation at the conference and then again before acceptance to CATE. The articles and posters presented in this edition of CATE reflect the engagement of the full array of participants and stakeholders, including biodiversity, human well-being, ecological literacy, water quality, green infrastructure and planting effectiveness. We are particularly proud of the diversity of scholarship represented in this edition.
, provides an introduction to the Summer 2011 issue. He discusses the journal's transition to its... more , provides an introduction to the Summer 2011 issue. He discusses the journal's transition to its new home at Loyola Marymount University and the creation of the Center for Urban Resilience and Ecological Solution, while underscoring highlights of the special topics section on Urban Predators. The contributors to this section participated in the International Symposium on Urban Wildlife and the Environment hosted by the Wildlife Society at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in June of 2009. Finally, Dr. Strauss notes the breadth of our issue by mentioning the additional articles' focus on rain gardens, water quality, arthropod diversity, green roofs, and socio-ecological dynamics.
The parcel-level tree canopy assessment data produced by Galvin et. al (2019) was a fundamental p... more The parcel-level tree canopy assessment data produced by Galvin et. al (2019) was a fundamental part of this project. We are grateful to all of the participants from the City of Commerce who helped plan and participate in the tree summit. We hope this project helps you in growing Commerce's urban forest.
Canine science is rapidly maturing into an interdisciplinary and highly impactful field with grea... more Canine science is rapidly maturing into an interdisciplinary and highly impactful field with great potential for both basic and translational research. The articles in thisFrontiersResearch Topic,Our Canine Connection: The History, Benefits and Future of Human-Dog Interactions, arise from two meetings sponsored by the Wallis Annenberg PetSpace Leadership Institute, which convened experts from diverse areas of canine science to assess the state of the field and challenges and opportunities for its future. In this finalPerspectivepaper, we identify a set of overarching themes that will be critical for a productive and sustainable future in canine science. We explore the roles of dog welfare, science communication, and research funding, with an emphasis on developing approaches that benefit people and dogs, alike.
This article describes efforts undertaken by two centers at Loyola Marymount University—the Cente... more This article describes efforts undertaken by two centers at Loyola Marymount University—the Center for Equity for English Learners (CEEL) and the Center for Urban Resilience (CURes)—in collaboration with five southern California school districts to develop and implement the Urban Ecology for English Learners Project. This project aligns with the 2018 NASEM report call to action to (1) create contexts for systems- and classroom-level supports that recognizes assets that English Learners contribute to the classroom and, and (2) increase rigorous science instruction for English Learners through the provision of targeted program models, curriculum, and instruction. The article presents project highlights, professional learning approaches, elements of the interdisciplinary, standards-based Urban Ecology curricular modules, and project evaluation results about ELs’ outcomes and teachers’ knowledge and skills in delivering high-quality STEM education for ELs. The authors list various impli...
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center of Urban Resilience at Digi... more This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center of Urban Resilience at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Center of Urban Resilience Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Repository Citation Romolini, Michele; Strauss, Eric; Bruce-Eisen, Sarah; and Simso, Emily, "The Value of Urban Parklands: A User Study of the Baldwin Hills" (2017). Center of Urban Resilience Scholarship. 4. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cures_pub/4
In this chapter, we present results from an out-of-school time STEM (science, technology, enginee... more In this chapter, we present results from an out-of-school time STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) education program in the United States in which we engage urban youth in urban planning projects for sites in their neighbourhoods. In the field of urban planning today it is nearly impossible to create any urban plan without the use of GIS technologies. In our work, youth have been using sophisticated GIS modelling technologies to create and evaluate different urban plans for particular areas within their own city. As a part of their projects, youth visit a site to collect basic physical data, talk with residents, and identify the resources that are available to the neighbourhood. With that information in hand, the youth create different site designs using a software package, CommunityViz, and evaluate the economic and ecological impacts of their different designs. In doing this, youth learn about (1) the urban planning process; (2) GIS skills and the role that GIS...
We document the death of a pack of Eastern Coyotes (Canis latrans) from high levels of brodifacou... more We document the death of a pack of Eastern Coyotes (Canis latrans) from high levels of brodifacoum, a second generation poison that is the active ingredient in some forms of rat poison (e.g., d-Con®). The Coyotes died within a week of each other during late March/early April 2005. This incident indicates the vulnerability of wild animals to commercial over-the-counter rodenticides.
To gain a better knowledge of eastern coyote (Canis latrans var.) behaviour, we directly observed... more To gain a better knowledge of eastern coyote (Canis latrans var.) behaviour, we directly observed a socialized, hand-reared captive pack of five eastern coyotes to examine how activity during morning and late afternoon was related to the following variables: (i) age, (ii) temperature, (iii) social/hierarchal rank, (iv) body mass, (v) weather, and (vi) gender. An estimate of each coyote's overall activity level index (ALI) was obtained through 609 30minute observation sessions with 120 (19.7% for each) bouts conducted on coyotes named "Caon", "Late", and "Trans", 124 (20.4%) on "Cane", and 125 (20.5%) on "Lupe". ALI per session varied for each animal with averages of 1.78 for Cane (range 1.01-2.53), 1.74 for Caon (range 1.02-2.42), 1.79 for Late (range 1.00-2.50), 1.69 for Lupe (range 1.01-2.40), and 1.79 for Trans (range 1.03-2.38). The model explained 11.5% of the variance in ALI (adjusted R-squared = 0.115). Age in days (β =-0.270, p < 0.0001), temperature (β =-0.178, p < 0.0001), and rank (β = 0.135, p = 0.001) were the three variables that best predicted ALI. Our study showed that coyotes display plastic behavioural patterns, and that they are capable of altering activity based on environmental circumstances. Because most wild coyote populations are inherently difficult to observe, data from coyotes in captivity complement data from studies of coyotes in the wild.
Teaching Science and Investigating Environmental Issues with Geospatial Technology, 2013
Urbanization trends of the past century show a dramatic rise in the size of cities worldwide. Mor... more Urbanization trends of the past century show a dramatic rise in the size of cities worldwide. More than 300 cities have more than one million inhabitants, and 16 "megacities" have populations exceeding ten million. With increased urbanization of rural landscapes and densifi cation of existing cities, greater pressure is placed on critical urban natural resources, such as watersheds, forests, and wildlife. These resources are critical to maintaining ecosystem health and to providing economic, civic, and public health benefi ts for metropolitan area residents (Grimm, Grove, Pickett, & Redman, 2000). At the forefront of ensuring that urban ecosystems are Chapter 2
This study focuses on a high school urban ecology curriculum that was enacted by twenty-two teach... more This study focuses on a high school urban ecology curriculum that was enacted by twenty-two teachers. We investigated how teachers' beliefs about science instruction and enactment of the curriculum impacted student learning. Results from the hierarchical linear model suggest that teachers' use of lecture, incorporation of group work, level of adaptation of the curriculum and beliefs about argumentation all significantly impact student achievement. Theoretical Framework Learning environments consist of a variety of different social and material supports that can interact synergistically to support students in developing rich disciplinary knowledge (Tabak, 2004). Historically, the role of the teacher has been overlooked when examining the impact of curriculum on student learning (Ball & Cohen, 1996). Yet the teacher is essential in enacting curriculum materials in terms of the culture of inquiry that is fostered in the classroom, which ultimately impacts students' development of rich conceptual understandings (Puntambekar, Stylianou & Goldstein, 2007). Teachers' understanding of the curriculum as well as their beliefs about teaching and learning influence their enactment of curriculum (Ball & Cohen, 1996). Recent research emphasizes the importance of moving away from a traditional model of instruction in which the teacher's main role is that of transmission of information to a new model of a community of learners in which students actively construct their own conceptual understandings (Sawyer, 2006). Although there are numerous qualitative studies investigating the role of such environments, large-scale quantitative studies still need to be conducted to validate these findings and link teaching practices to student outcomes (Thadani, Stevens & Tao, 2009). The large scale studies that have been conducted in science education provide mixed results on student achievement with studies finding that standards-based inquiry teaching practices have a positive effect (Kahle, Meece & Scantlebury, 2000), both positive and negative effects (Von Secker & Lissitz, 1999), and no significant positive or negative effects (Lee, Penfield, Maerten-Rivera, 2009) on student learning. Furthermore, none of these studies investigate teacher beliefs in conjunction with their instructional practices. Consequently, our research question is: How do teachers' beliefs about science instruction and their enactment of an inquiry-oriented high school science curriculum impact students' learning in science?
collaborated on multi-year projects to implement the Urban Ecology for English Learners Projects ... more collaborated on multi-year projects to implement the Urban Ecology for English Learners Projects designed to implement a professional learning and curriculum model to explicitly engage students in experiences where they learn science content through investigations of their local schoolyards and neighborhoods while simultaneously advancing language and literacy skills. This partnership empowers educators to leverage the interdisciplinary science of urban ecology and resilience as a way to democratize access and opportunity for English Learner students in diverse urban settings.
Cities and the Environment Editor, Eric Strauss, provides an introduction to the Summer 2011 issu... more Cities and the Environment Editor, Eric Strauss, provides an introduction to the Summer 2011 issue. He discusses the journal\u27s transition to its new home at Loyola Marymount University and the creation of the Center for Urban Resilience and Ecological Solution, while underscoring highlights of the special topics section on Urban Predators. The contributors to this section participated in the International Symposium on Urban Wildlife and the Environment hosted by the Wildlife Society at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in June of 2009. Finally, Dr. Strauss notes the breadth of our issue by mentioning the additional articles\u27 focus on rain gardens, water quality, arthropod diversity, green roofs, and socio-ecological dynamics
Trapping in the United States is controversial; the humaneness of foothold traps appears to be th... more Trapping in the United States is controversial; the humaneness of foothold traps appears to be the primary issue dividing pro-and anti-trapping groups (Gentile 1987, jotham and Phillips 1994, Sahr and Knowlton 2000). Recent international standards have been agreed upon which stipulate acceptable thresholds for injury of captured animals; these agreements highlight the societal importance of using humane capture devices to capture wildlife
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