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Enrique Galvez

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Arizona State University

Kemal Keseroglu

Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

PROF. OM PRAKASH SINHA

Amity University

South East Technological University

Virginie Boucher

CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Spanish National Research Council)

Shiv Poojan Patel

Inter University Accelerator Centre

Aniruddha Dutta

University of Delaware

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya

Jephias Gwamuri

National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)

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Papers by Enrique Galvez

Front Matter: Volume 10120

Proceedings of SPIE, Jun 6, 2017

Numbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the seven-digit citation identifier (CI... more Numbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the seven-digit citation identifier (CID) article numbering system used in Proceedings of SPIE. The first five digits reflect the volume number. Base 36 numbering is employed for the last two digits and indicates the order of articles within the volume. Numbers start with 00,

An Easier-To-Align Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference Demonstration

Front Matter: Volume 7227

Proceedings of SPIE, Feb 12, 2009

Orbital angular momentum of light in optics instruction

Proceedings of SPIE, Aug 3, 2015

We present an introduction to the orbital angular momentum of light for use in optics instruction... more We present an introduction to the orbital angular momentum of light for use in optics instruction. This type of angular momentum is a new fundamental concept discovered fifteen years ago. It arises in optical beams with helical wave-fronts. We introduce it as part of a fundamental discussion of the momentum of light. We also present inexpensive demonstrations of transfer of linear and angular momentum of light using optical tweezers.

Poincaré Bessel beams: structure and propagation

Journal of Optics, Sep 5, 2019

Non-separable superpositions of polarization and spatial modes in Gaussian beams have shown rich ... more Non-separable superpositions of polarization and spatial modes in Gaussian beams have shown rich patterns of spatially-variable polarization encoded in the transverse mode of the light, with the potential for many applications. In this work we investigate encoding similar types of superpositions in Bessel beams. We find that analogously to what is observed in Poincaré-Gaussian beams, Poincaré-Bessel beams can be produced by Bessel-mode superpositions. They show polarization patterns with disclinations in the orientation of the polarization ellipse and mappings of the Poincaré sphere onto the transverse mode. We report on the observation of lemons, stars and monstar disclinations in the multi-ringed profile of Bessel modes. By manipulating the angular spectrum of the component Bessel beams we are able to impart linear rotation of the patterns along the non-diffracting range due to a linearly increasing propagation phase difference.

Complex Light and Optical Forces XI: Proceedings of SPIE - Vol. 10120

Vector (2) Optical Vortex Generation (2) Beam Properties (2) Optical Angular Momentum (3) Optical... more

A demonstration of quantum key distribution with entangled photons for the undergraduate laboratory

American Journal of Physics, 2021

Now that fundamental quantum principles of indeterminacy and measurement have become the basis of... more Now that fundamental quantum principles of indeterminacy and measurement have become the basis of new technologies that provide secrecy between two communicating parties, there is a need to provide teaching laboratories that illustrate how these technologies work. In this article we describe a laboratory exercise in which students perform quantum key distribution with single photons, and see how the secrecy of the communication is ensured by the principles of quantum superposition and state projection. We used a table-top apparatus, similar to those used in correlated-photon undergraduate laboratories, to implement the Bennett-Brassard-84 protocol with polarization-entangled photons. Our experiment shows how the communication between two parties is disrupted by an eavesdropper. We use a simple quartz plate to mimic how an eavesdropper intercepts, measures, and resends the photons used in the communication, and we analyze the state of the light to show how the eavesdropper changes it.

$Research paper thumbnail of Multitwist M\"obius Strips and Twisted Ribbons in the Polarization of Paraxial Light Beams$

Multitwist M\"obius Strips and Twisted Ribbons in the Polarization of Paraxial Light Beams

arXiv (Cornell University), Sep 25, 2017

The polarization of light can exhibit unusual features when singular optical beams are involved. ... more The polarization of light can exhibit unusual features when singular optical beams are involved. In 3-dimensional polarized random media the polarization orientation around singularities describe 1/2 or 3/2 Möbius strips. It has been predicted that if singular beams intersect non-collinearly in free space, the polarization ellipse rotates forming many-turn Möbius strips or twisted ribbons along closed loops around a central singularity. These polarization features are important because polarization is an aspect of light that mediate strong interactions with matter, with potential for new applications. We examined the non-collinear superposition of two unfocused paraxial light beams when one of them carried an optical vortex and the other one a uniform phase front, both in orthogonal states of circular polarization. It is known that these superpositions in 2-dimensions produce space-variant patterns of polarization. Relying on the symmetry of the problem, we extracted the 3-dimensional patterns from projective measurements, and confirmed the formation of many-turn Möbius strips or twisted ribbons when the topological charge of one of the component beams was odd or even, respectively. The measurements agree well with the modelings and confirmed that these types of patterns occur at macroscopic length scales and in ordinary superposition situations.

Fine structure of the 2 3P state in helium-like sulfur and chlorine

AIP Conference Proceedings, 1993

We present precision measurements of the 1s2p (3P2 - 3P0) fine structure energies in the helium-l... more We present precision measurements of the 1s2p (3P2 - 3P0) fine structure energies in the helium-like ions S14+ and Cl15+. The fine structures are obtained from spectroscopic measurements of the 1s2s 3S1 - 1s2p 3P0,2 transition wavelengths. These results represent the most precise experimental determinations of the helium-like J=2 - 0 intervals for Z>~5. They establish the magnitude of missing higher order relativistic contributions in previous high-Z calculations of this fine structure, and they are in excellent agreement with new relativistic many-body calculations.

Complex Light: Feature issue of Optical Engineering

 Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose... more  Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.  You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain  You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

Physics from Planet Earth: An Introduction to Mechanics

American Journal of Physics, 2017

ISBN 978-1-4348-6783-9. (Jeffrey Lawson and Matthew Rave, Reviewers.) Writing a physics textbook ... more ISBN 978-1-4348-6783-9. (Jeffrey Lawson and Matthew Rave, Reviewers.) Writing a physics textbook is a tricky business. Make a book too comprehensive, and it quickly becomes unwieldy [one study ("Textbook Weight in California: Analysis and Recommendations," California State Board of Education, May 2004 hhttp://www2.cde.ca.gov/be/ag/ag/may04item21.pdfi) found that high school physics texts average above 6 pounds]. But leave out examples or explanatory text, and a textbook becomes less a teaching tool and more a handbook for practicing physicists (e.g., Jackson's classic electrodynamics text). So what's an author to do? One useful strategy for producing a good physics textbook is to narrow its scope, which thereby (possibly) limits its readership but allows for the kind of time and attention to detail required for student understanding.

$Research paper thumbnail of Quantum wave-mechanics of the simple pendulum via non-diffracting pendulum optical beams$

Quantum wave-mechanics of the simple pendulum via non-diffracting pendulum optical beams

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Jun 3, 2020

Structure of hydrogenic transitions in high-Z beryllium-like ions

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 1988

The structure of hydrogenic states, or low lying Rydberg states, in highly-ionized beryllium-like... more The structure of hydrogenic states, or low lying Rydberg states, in highly-ionized beryllium-like atoms is influenced by the effects of atomic core polarization as well as configuration interaction. Measurements have been made, using fast-ion spectroscopy, of the resolved structure of hydrogemc transitions in S XIII and CI XIV involving ls22snl and ls'2pnl states with n = 6-11. Relativistic MCHF calculations are compared with the observed structures.

Multistep transitions between Rydberg states of Na induced by blackbody radiation

Physical Review A, 1995

We report on measurements of the time dependence of the populations of Rydberg states of Na with ... more We report on measurements of the time dependence of the populations of Rydberg states of Na with n=25-33 produced by stepwise excitation or deexcitation from the initially populated state 28s, stimulated by room-temperature blackbody radiation. We also present a theoretica1. modeling of the experiments, which mainly consists of solving the set of coupled rate equations for all the states involved. The results of the calculations show that for times of the order of the lifetime of 28s the populations of ns and nd states produced via two-step transitions can be up to 3070 of the populations of np states. We also find that np states get repopulated via three-step transitions at the 2-12 70 level. A comparison between the data and calculations shows good agreement.

The Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometer in the undergraduate laboratory

European Journal of Physics, 2012

ABSTRACT The Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometer is an optical device that allows us to prove the quant... more ABSTRACT The Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometer is an optical device that allows us to prove the quantum nature of light experimentally via the quantum amplitude superposition of two indistinguishable photons. We have implemented this experiment as an advanced undergraduate laboratory experience. We were able to overcome well-known difficulties using techniques reported recently by Thomas et al (2009 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80 036101).

Teaching quantum mechanics with the Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer

12th Education and Training in Optics and Photonics Conference, 2014

The Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer is an optical device which allows us to prove experimentally th... more The Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer is an optical device which allows us to prove experimentally the quantum nature of light via the quantum amplitude superposition of two indistinguishable photons. We have implemented this experiment as an advanced undergraduate laboratory experience. We were able to overcome well known difficulties with this experiment using recently reported techniques by Thomas et al. [Rev. Sci. Instr. 80, 036101 (2009), ].

Crown-structured optical harmonics

arXiv (Cornell University), Jun 12, 2019

Backscatter scanning electron microscope image of the post-myostracal layer nacre

Backscatter SEM image showing the nacre layers in the post-myostracal layer

Optics Laboratories to Teach Quantum Mechanics

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2020

Quantum optics laboratories based on entangled photon pairs produced by parametric down-conversio... more Quantum optics laboratories based on entangled photon pairs produced by parametric down-conversion provide a curriculum of laboratories that illustrate by experimentation the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. Experiments focus on fundamental issues, such as superposition, entanglement, realism and nonlocality. They encourage students to think deeply about quantum physics, with topics such as quantum erasure, delayed choice, measurement and wave-particle complementarity issues. The laboratories also serve as a platform to exercise quantum bra-ket algebra, with optical elements acting as operators on the states of the light. Under development are new labs to illustrate the quantum mechanical wave-function in the harmonic oscillator via non-diffracting light beams. The labs can be used in the advanced physics laboratory course, or as we do, in a dedicated lab for the upper-level quantum mechanics course.

Multitwist Möbius Strips and Twisted Ribbons in the Polarization of Paraxial Light Beams

Scientific reports, Jan 20, 2017

The polarization of light can exhibit unusual features when singular optical beams are involved. ... more The polarization of light can exhibit unusual features when singular optical beams are involved. In 3-dimensional polarized random media the polarization orientation around singularities describe 1/2 or 3/2 Möbius strips. It has been predicted that if singular beams intersect non-collinearly in free space, the polarization ellipse rotates forming many-turn Möbius strips or twisted ribbons along closed loops around a central singularity. These polarization features are important because polarization is an aspect of light that mediate strong interactions with matter, with potential for new applications. We examined the non-collinear superposition of two unfocused paraxial light beams when one of them carried an optical vortex and the other one a uniform phase front, both in orthogonal states of circular polarization. It is known that these superpositions in 2-dimensions produce space-variant patterns of polarization. Relying on the symmetry of the problem, we extracted the 3-dimension...

Front Matter: Volume 10120

Proceedings of SPIE, Jun 6, 2017

Numbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the seven-digit citation identifier (CI... more Numbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the seven-digit citation identifier (CID) article numbering system used in Proceedings of SPIE. The first five digits reflect the volume number. Base 36 numbering is employed for the last two digits and indicates the order of articles within the volume. Numbers start with 00,

An Easier-To-Align Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference Demonstration

Front Matter: Volume 7227

Proceedings of SPIE, Feb 12, 2009

Orbital angular momentum of light in optics instruction

Proceedings of SPIE, Aug 3, 2015

We present an introduction to the orbital angular momentum of light for use in optics instruction... more We present an introduction to the orbital angular momentum of light for use in optics instruction. This type of angular momentum is a new fundamental concept discovered fifteen years ago. It arises in optical beams with helical wave-fronts. We introduce it as part of a fundamental discussion of the momentum of light. We also present inexpensive demonstrations of transfer of linear and angular momentum of light using optical tweezers.

Poincaré Bessel beams: structure and propagation

Journal of Optics, Sep 5, 2019

Non-separable superpositions of polarization and spatial modes in Gaussian beams have shown rich ... more Non-separable superpositions of polarization and spatial modes in Gaussian beams have shown rich patterns of spatially-variable polarization encoded in the transverse mode of the light, with the potential for many applications. In this work we investigate encoding similar types of superpositions in Bessel beams. We find that analogously to what is observed in Poincaré-Gaussian beams, Poincaré-Bessel beams can be produced by Bessel-mode superpositions. They show polarization patterns with disclinations in the orientation of the polarization ellipse and mappings of the Poincaré sphere onto the transverse mode. We report on the observation of lemons, stars and monstar disclinations in the multi-ringed profile of Bessel modes. By manipulating the angular spectrum of the component Bessel beams we are able to impart linear rotation of the patterns along the non-diffracting range due to a linearly increasing propagation phase difference.

Complex Light and Optical Forces XI: Proceedings of SPIE - Vol. 10120

Vector (2) Optical Vortex Generation (2) Beam Properties (2) Optical Angular Momentum (3) Optical... more

A demonstration of quantum key distribution with entangled photons for the undergraduate laboratory

American Journal of Physics, 2021

Now that fundamental quantum principles of indeterminacy and measurement have become the basis of... more Now that fundamental quantum principles of indeterminacy and measurement have become the basis of new technologies that provide secrecy between two communicating parties, there is a need to provide teaching laboratories that illustrate how these technologies work. In this article we describe a laboratory exercise in which students perform quantum key distribution with single photons, and see how the secrecy of the communication is ensured by the principles of quantum superposition and state projection. We used a table-top apparatus, similar to those used in correlated-photon undergraduate laboratories, to implement the Bennett-Brassard-84 protocol with polarization-entangled photons. Our experiment shows how the communication between two parties is disrupted by an eavesdropper. We use a simple quartz plate to mimic how an eavesdropper intercepts, measures, and resends the photons used in the communication, and we analyze the state of the light to show how the eavesdropper changes it.

$Research paper thumbnail of Multitwist M\"obius Strips and Twisted Ribbons in the Polarization of Paraxial Light Beams$

Multitwist M\"obius Strips and Twisted Ribbons in the Polarization of Paraxial Light Beams

arXiv (Cornell University), Sep 25, 2017

The polarization of light can exhibit unusual features when singular optical beams are involved. ... more The polarization of light can exhibit unusual features when singular optical beams are involved. In 3-dimensional polarized random media the polarization orientation around singularities describe 1/2 or 3/2 Möbius strips. It has been predicted that if singular beams intersect non-collinearly in free space, the polarization ellipse rotates forming many-turn Möbius strips or twisted ribbons along closed loops around a central singularity. These polarization features are important because polarization is an aspect of light that mediate strong interactions with matter, with potential for new applications. We examined the non-collinear superposition of two unfocused paraxial light beams when one of them carried an optical vortex and the other one a uniform phase front, both in orthogonal states of circular polarization. It is known that these superpositions in 2-dimensions produce space-variant patterns of polarization. Relying on the symmetry of the problem, we extracted the 3-dimensional patterns from projective measurements, and confirmed the formation of many-turn Möbius strips or twisted ribbons when the topological charge of one of the component beams was odd or even, respectively. The measurements agree well with the modelings and confirmed that these types of patterns occur at macroscopic length scales and in ordinary superposition situations.

Fine structure of the 2 3P state in helium-like sulfur and chlorine

AIP Conference Proceedings, 1993

We present precision measurements of the 1s2p (3P2 - 3P0) fine structure energies in the helium-l... more We present precision measurements of the 1s2p (3P2 - 3P0) fine structure energies in the helium-like ions S14+ and Cl15+. The fine structures are obtained from spectroscopic measurements of the 1s2s 3S1 - 1s2p 3P0,2 transition wavelengths. These results represent the most precise experimental determinations of the helium-like J=2 - 0 intervals for Z>~5. They establish the magnitude of missing higher order relativistic contributions in previous high-Z calculations of this fine structure, and they are in excellent agreement with new relativistic many-body calculations.

Complex Light: Feature issue of Optical Engineering

 Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose... more  Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.  You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain  You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

Physics from Planet Earth: An Introduction to Mechanics

American Journal of Physics, 2017

ISBN 978-1-4348-6783-9. (Jeffrey Lawson and Matthew Rave, Reviewers.) Writing a physics textbook ... more ISBN 978-1-4348-6783-9. (Jeffrey Lawson and Matthew Rave, Reviewers.) Writing a physics textbook is a tricky business. Make a book too comprehensive, and it quickly becomes unwieldy [one study ("Textbook Weight in California: Analysis and Recommendations," California State Board of Education, May 2004 hhttp://www2.cde.ca.gov/be/ag/ag/may04item21.pdfi) found that high school physics texts average above 6 pounds]. But leave out examples or explanatory text, and a textbook becomes less a teaching tool and more a handbook for practicing physicists (e.g., Jackson's classic electrodynamics text). So what's an author to do? One useful strategy for producing a good physics textbook is to narrow its scope, which thereby (possibly) limits its readership but allows for the kind of time and attention to detail required for student understanding.

$Research paper thumbnail of Quantum wave-mechanics of the simple pendulum via non-diffracting pendulum optical beams$

Quantum wave-mechanics of the simple pendulum via non-diffracting pendulum optical beams

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Jun 3, 2020

Structure of hydrogenic transitions in high-Z beryllium-like ions

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 1988

The structure of hydrogenic states, or low lying Rydberg states, in highly-ionized beryllium-like... more The structure of hydrogenic states, or low lying Rydberg states, in highly-ionized beryllium-like atoms is influenced by the effects of atomic core polarization as well as configuration interaction. Measurements have been made, using fast-ion spectroscopy, of the resolved structure of hydrogemc transitions in S XIII and CI XIV involving ls22snl and ls'2pnl states with n = 6-11. Relativistic MCHF calculations are compared with the observed structures.

Multistep transitions between Rydberg states of Na induced by blackbody radiation

Physical Review A, 1995

We report on measurements of the time dependence of the populations of Rydberg states of Na with ... more We report on measurements of the time dependence of the populations of Rydberg states of Na with n=25-33 produced by stepwise excitation or deexcitation from the initially populated state 28s, stimulated by room-temperature blackbody radiation. We also present a theoretica1. modeling of the experiments, which mainly consists of solving the set of coupled rate equations for all the states involved. The results of the calculations show that for times of the order of the lifetime of 28s the populations of ns and nd states produced via two-step transitions can be up to 3070 of the populations of np states. We also find that np states get repopulated via three-step transitions at the 2-12 70 level. A comparison between the data and calculations shows good agreement.

The Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometer in the undergraduate laboratory

European Journal of Physics, 2012

ABSTRACT The Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometer is an optical device that allows us to prove the quant... more ABSTRACT The Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometer is an optical device that allows us to prove the quantum nature of light experimentally via the quantum amplitude superposition of two indistinguishable photons. We have implemented this experiment as an advanced undergraduate laboratory experience. We were able to overcome well-known difficulties using techniques reported recently by Thomas et al (2009 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80 036101).

Teaching quantum mechanics with the Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer

12th Education and Training in Optics and Photonics Conference, 2014

The Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer is an optical device which allows us to prove experimentally th... more The Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer is an optical device which allows us to prove experimentally the quantum nature of light via the quantum amplitude superposition of two indistinguishable photons. We have implemented this experiment as an advanced undergraduate laboratory experience. We were able to overcome well known difficulties with this experiment using recently reported techniques by Thomas et al. [Rev. Sci. Instr. 80, 036101 (2009), ].

Crown-structured optical harmonics

arXiv (Cornell University), Jun 12, 2019

Backscatter scanning electron microscope image of the post-myostracal layer nacre

Backscatter SEM image showing the nacre layers in the post-myostracal layer

Optics Laboratories to Teach Quantum Mechanics

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 2020

Quantum optics laboratories based on entangled photon pairs produced by parametric down-conversio... more Quantum optics laboratories based on entangled photon pairs produced by parametric down-conversion provide a curriculum of laboratories that illustrate by experimentation the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. Experiments focus on fundamental issues, such as superposition, entanglement, realism and nonlocality. They encourage students to think deeply about quantum physics, with topics such as quantum erasure, delayed choice, measurement and wave-particle complementarity issues. The laboratories also serve as a platform to exercise quantum bra-ket algebra, with optical elements acting as operators on the states of the light. Under development are new labs to illustrate the quantum mechanical wave-function in the harmonic oscillator via non-diffracting light beams. The labs can be used in the advanced physics laboratory course, or as we do, in a dedicated lab for the upper-level quantum mechanics course.

Multitwist Möbius Strips and Twisted Ribbons in the Polarization of Paraxial Light Beams

Scientific reports, Jan 20, 2017

The polarization of light can exhibit unusual features when singular optical beams are involved. ... more The polarization of light can exhibit unusual features when singular optical beams are involved. In 3-dimensional polarized random media the polarization orientation around singularities describe 1/2 or 3/2 Möbius strips. It has been predicted that if singular beams intersect non-collinearly in free space, the polarization ellipse rotates forming many-turn Möbius strips or twisted ribbons along closed loops around a central singularity. These polarization features are important because polarization is an aspect of light that mediate strong interactions with matter, with potential for new applications. We examined the non-collinear superposition of two unfocused paraxial light beams when one of them carried an optical vortex and the other one a uniform phase front, both in orthogonal states of circular polarization. It is known that these superpositions in 2-dimensions produce space-variant patterns of polarization. Relying on the symmetry of the problem, we extracted the 3-dimension...