Papers by Energy Materials
Energy Materials, 2025
The interest in lithium solid-state batteries (LSSBs) is rapidly escalating, driven by their impr... more The interest in lithium solid-state batteries (LSSBs) is rapidly escalating, driven by their impressive energy density and safety features. However, they face crucial challenges, including limited ionic conductivity, high interfacial resistance, and unwanted side reactions. Intensive research has been conducted on polymer solid-state electrolytes positioned between the anode and cathode, aiming to replace traditional liquid electrolytes. To alleviate interfacial resistance and mitigate adverse reactions between electrodes and polymer electrolytes, the interfacial modification strategy has been proven to enhance the energy density of LSSBs. This design process is grounded in precise and elaborate theories, with in-situ/operando techniques and simulation methods facilitating the interpretation and validation of structure-property relationships by simplifying them. This review first outlines the recent advancements in surface modification strategies specifically tailored for solid polymer electrolytes. Furthermore, it also provides an overview of innovative in-situ/operando characterizations and simulation methods featured in recent publications, which can gain a more accurate understanding of processes that occur within materials, devices, or chemical reactions as they are happening. Lastly, the review discusses the existing challenges and presents a forward-looking perspective on the future of the next-generation LSSBs.
Energy Materials, 2025
Quasi-solid polymer electrolytes (QSPEs) are considered a promising alternative to liquid electro... more Quasi-solid polymer electrolytes (QSPEs) are considered a promising alternative to liquid electrolytes for high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Herein, we present their properties and performance supported on polyolefin microporous separators. These QSPEs consist of a poly(vinylidene-fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) polymer matrix, ethylene carbonate as a plasticizer, and various lithium salt mixtures, including lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), and LiNO3 as a solid electrolyte interface-forming additive. They exhibit an ionic conductivity of ca. 1 mS cm-1 at room temperature and excellent resistance against lithium dendrites, attributed to the presence of the tough polyolefin separator. The effect of the lithium salt mixture composition on lithium plating/stripping performance and electrooxidation stability was studied in detail, showing that LiNO3, while having a clear positive effect on the plating/stripping performance, may also adversely affect the oxidative stability of the electrolyte, accelerating the degradation of the cathode/electrolyte interface. QSPEs with binary LiFSI/LiBOB salt mixtures were tested at room temperature in a LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2||Li monolayer pouch cell with a cathode area capacity of ca. 2.5 mAh cm-2. This cell delivered an initial capacity close to 200 mAh g-1 at C/20, 150 mAh g-1 at C/1, and 80% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 25 °C. The results demonstrate the viability of supported QSPEs, based on poly(vinylidene-fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), ethylene carbonate, LiFSI and LiBOB, for application in high-voltage quasi solid-state lithium metal batteries.
Energy Materials, 2025
Compaction pressure directly determines the compactness of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), which... more Compaction pressure directly determines the compactness of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), which is crucial to affect the electrochemical performance of solid-state lithium batteries (SLBs). Herein, Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZTO) pellets are compacted under various pressures before sintering to study the impact of compaction pressure on the overall properties of LLZTO SSEs and their SLBs. Notably, the sample pressed at 600 MPa (LLZTO-600) exhibits the highest compactness and the highest ionic conductivity due to improved particle contact and suppressed lithium loss. Consequently, the Li|LLZTO-600|Li symmetric cell exhibits the best performance among the samples, which can stably cycle for 1,500 h without short circuits. Meanwhile, the LiFePO4|LLZTO-600|Li full cell can retain 94.8% of its initial capacity after 150 cycles with the lowest overpotential among the SSEs. This work highlights the importance of tuning compaction pressure in developing high-performance SSEs and related SLBs.
Energy Materials, 2025
Increasing atmospheric CO2 levels and global carbon neutrality goals have driven interest in tech... more Increasing atmospheric CO2 levels and global carbon neutrality goals have driven interest in technologies that both mitigate CO2 emissions and provide sustainable energy storage solutions. Metal-carbon dioxide (M-CO2) batteries offer significant promise due to their high energy density and potential to utilize atmospheric CO2. A key challenge in advancing M-CO2 batteries lies in optimizing CO2-breathing cathodes, which are essential for CO2 adsorption, diffusion, and conversion. Carbon-based cathodes play a critical role in facilitating CO2 redox for M-CO2 batteries, owing to their cost-effectiveness, high conductivity, tunable microstructure, and porosity. However, there is a lack of current systematic understanding of the relationship between the structure, composition, and catalytic properties of carbon-based cathodes, as well as their impact on the overall efficiency, stability, and durability of M-CO2 batteries. In this review, we will give an insightful review and analysis of recent advances in various carbon-based materials, including commercial carbons, single-atom catalysts, transition metal/carbon composites, metal-organic frameworks, etc., focusing on their structure-function-property relationships. A comprehensive understanding of the pivotal role played by carbon-based materials and their optimization strategies in M-CO2 batteries will be provided. Moreover, future perspectives and research suggestions for carbon-based materials are presented to advance the development and innovation of M-CO2 batteries.
Energy Materials, 2025
Li-rich Mn-based cathode materials (LRM) have received great attention owing to their high capaci... more Li-rich Mn-based cathode materials (LRM) have received great attention owing to their high capacity and low cost. However, the mismatch between the widely used carbonate electrolyte and the LRM cathode and lithium metal anode causes a series of problems, such as electrolyte continuous oxidation, cathode structure degradation, and Li dendritic growth. Herein, inorganic oxide B2O3 is introduced as a dual-functional high-voltage electrolyte additive to construct stable cathode electrolyte interphase and solid electrolyte interphase for Li||LRM batteries. The modified interface derived from the additive can induce dendrite-free Li deposition, stabilize cathode structure, and inhibit transition metal dissolution. Moreover, the adverse side reactions are mitigated, thus enhancing Li+ transport rate and reducing interface impedance. With the addition of B2O3 into the carbonate electrolyte, the Li||LRM battery exhibits an enhanced discharge capacity of 221 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles, equaling a capacity retention of 92.1%. When the upper cut-off voltage is increased to 5 V, a superior capacity retention of > 85% can still be achieved after 150 cycles at 1 C. In addition, the low cost of B2O3 benefits for commercial application. This work offers new guidance for the research of low-cost, high-voltage dual-functional additives for advanced lithium metal batteries.
Energy Materials, 2025
This review paper examines the innovative use of liquid crystals (LCs) as phase change materials ... more This review paper examines the innovative use of liquid crystals (LCs) as phase change materials in thermal energy storage systems. With the rising demand for efficient energy storage, LCs offer unique opportunities owing to their tunable phase transitions, high latent heat, and favorable thermal conductivity. This paper covers various types of LCs, such as nematic, smectic, and cholesteric phases, and their roles in enhancing thermal energy storage. It discusses the mechanisms of LC phase transitions and their impact on energy storage efficiency. Strategies to improve the thermal conductivities of LCs and LC polymers have also been explored. One method involves embedding LC units within the molecular structure to promote orderly arrangement, facilitate heat flow, and reduce phonon scattering. Aligning polymer chains through external fields or mechanical processes significantly improves intrinsic thermal conductivity. The inclusion of thermally conductive fillers and optimization of filler-matrix interactions further boost thermal performance. Challenges related to the scalability, cost-effectiveness, and long-term stability of LC-based phase change materials are addressed, along with future research directions. This review synthesizes the current knowledge and identifies gaps in the literature, providing a valuable resource for researchers and engineers to develop advanced thermal energy storage technologies, contributing to sustainable energy solutions.
Energy Materials, 2025
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have great potential as electrodes for aqueous hybrid supercap... more Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have great potential as electrodes for aqueous hybrid supercapacitors (AHCs) owing to their designable structure and resourceful advantages. However, their low capacities and high structure instability in aqueous electrolytes limit the onward practical applications. Here, we have synthesized robust hexaazatrinaphthylene-based COF (HATN-COF) by a simple condensation between cyclohexanehexone and 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene. The π-conjugation skeleton, porous structure, and high-proportioned imine bonds give HATN-COF sufficient electron and ion diffusion pathways for rapid reaction kinetics together with abundant exposed active sites for large capacity. Meanwhile, the formed hydrogen bond networks by ethanol molecules in frameworks improve the acid-base tolerance. As a consequence, HATN-COF delivers an exceptional specific capacity of 367 mAhg-1 at 1 A g-1 (maximum value among reported COF-related electrodes in AHCs), high rate capability with 259.7 mAhg-1 at 20 A g-1, and superior cycle durability with retaining 97.8% of its capacity even after 20,000 cycles. Moreover, the AHC, constructed by HATN-COF as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode, exhibits a large energy density of 67 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 375 W kg-1, accompanied by outstanding cycling stability. The research presents a promising approach for designing high-performance COF electrodes for advanced AHCs.
Aqueous zinc-sulfur batteries (AZSBs) have emerged as promising candidates for high-energy densit... more Aqueous zinc-sulfur batteries (AZSBs) have emerged as promising candidates for high-energy density, costeffective, and environmentally sustainable energy storage systems. Despite their potential, several challenges hinder the realization of high-performance AZSBs, including sluggish reaction kinetics, disproportionation reactions of ZnS in water, low conductivity and volume expansion of the sulfur cathode, poor wetting properties, and dendrite growth issues of the zinc anode. This review comprehensively summarizes optimization strategies for overcoming these challenges. We discuss cathode modification approaches, such as sulfur/carbon composites, sulfide composites, and catalytic sulfur matrices, which address low conductivity and volume expansion while enhancing sulfur conversion reaction kinetics. Additionally, electrolyte engineering strategies, including the use of iodide-based additives and co-solvent modifications, are examined for their effectiveness in improving reaction kinetics and wetting properties. Despite these advancements, AZSBs still face issues with long-cycle stability. Therefore, this review proposes future perspectives for the development of AZSBs. We aim to provide valuable insights into sulfur-based cathode materials and advance the achievement of high-performance AZSBs.
Energy Materials, 2025
Phase change materials (PCMs) represent an innovative solution to passively manage device tempera... more Phase change materials (PCMs) represent an innovative solution to passively manage device temperature or store heat, taking advantage of the material phase transitions. In this work, the attitude of high density polyethylene (HDPE) for the shape stabilization of three selected organic PCMs with a melting temperature close to 55 °C was investigated. Composites with PCM content in the range of 50-61 wt.% were produced by melt compounding, and lab-scale panels were produced by compression molding. The ability of the supporting olefinic matrix to stabilize the PCM and contain leakage was verified and compared through thermo-mechanical characterization. Moreover, expanded graphite was introduced according to a novel vacuum impregnation process in order to provide an extra stabilizing contribution, resulting in an outstanding thermal conductivity increase of up to 1.6 W/m·K, and a maximized enthalpy of 112 J/g. Besides the shape stability, HDPE also improves the mechanical properties of PCM-based composites, as documented by detailed and extended characterization through cold and hot compression tests, flexural tests, Vicat and shore A tests. The thermal management effect of the materials is quantified through infrared thermography, by proportionally relating the temperature lags to the high melting/crystallization enthalpy of the investigated products. In view of thermal management applications in the range of 30-60 °C, the main properties of selected HDPE panels with different PCMs are summarized and compared.
Energy Materials, 2025
The rational design of Pd-based catalysts to enhance their applications in ethanol oxidation reac... more The rational design of Pd-based catalysts to enhance their applications in ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) presents both exciting opportunities and significant challenges. Herein, a series of carbon-supported PdSn nanoparticle catalysts (PdSn/C-X, X = 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2) with tunable lattice strains were synthesized using a facile method at room temperature and applied to the EOR. Our findings demonstrate that the activity and stability of EOR can be modulated by manipulating the lattice strain in Pd-based catalysts. Remarkably, PdSn/C-1 exhibits an excellent mass current density of 8,452.3 mA/mgPd, which is higher than that of most Pd-based catalysts, along with great stability, maintaining a mass activity of 573.9 mA/mgPd after 5,000 s. By combining structural analysis, in situ spectral characterization, and theoretical calculation, we elucidate that the optimal tensile strain adjusted by Sn composition in PdSn/C optimizes the free energy of the key intermediate (*CH2CO) during EOR, thereby favoring the C1 pathway and enhancing catalytic activity. This study demonstrates that by controlling the composition, the lattice strain can be altered to improve catalytic performance of Pd-based catalysts in EOR.
Energy Materials, 2025
Composite polymer electrolytes that incorporate ceramic fillers in a polymer matrix offer mechani... more Composite polymer electrolytes that incorporate ceramic fillers in a polymer matrix offer mechanical strength and flexibility as solid electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. However, fast Li+ transport between polymer and Li+-conductive filler phases is not a simple achievement due to high barriers for Li+ exchange across the interphase. This study demonstrates how modification of Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) nanofiller surfaces with silane chemistries influences Li+ transport at local and global electrolyte scales. Anhydrous reactions covalently link amine-functionalized silanes [(3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES)] to LLZO nanoparticles, which protects LLZO in air. APTES functionalization lowers the poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)-LLZO interphase resistance to half that of unmodified LLZO and increases effective Li+ transference number, while insulating Al2O3 completely blocks ion exchange and lowers transference number and conductivity in PEO-lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)-LLZO composites. Modeling an inner resistive interphase between LLZO and PEO surrounded by an outer conductive interphase explains non-linear conductivity trends. Solid-state 7Li & 6Li nuclear magnetic resonance shows Li+ only exchanges between PEO-LiTFSI and some LLZO interphase, with no appreciable Li+ transport through bulk LLZO. Surface functionalization is a promising path toward lowering the polymer-ceramic interphase resistance. This work demonstrates that local changes in Li+ transport affect macroscopic performance, highlighting the intricate relationships between all interfaces in inherently heterogeneous composite polymer electrolytes.
Energy Materials, 2025
The use of aqueous electrolytes and Zn metal anodes in Zn-based energy storage systems provides s... more The use of aqueous electrolytes and Zn metal anodes in Zn-based energy storage systems provides several benefits, including competitive energy density, excellent safety, and low cost. However, Zn dendrites growth and slow ion transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interphase reduce the cycle stability and rate capability of the Zn anode. Herein, the V2O5-x interface layer was rationally and controllably constructed on the Zn surface through in situ spontaneous redox reaction between V2O5 and the Zn anode. The V2O5-x interface layer, with an optimized thickness, plays a crucial role in ion screening and de-solvation, leading to a uniform dispersion of Zn2+ ions and dendrite-free morphology. Moreover, as Zn2+ transports through the V2O5-x interface layer, the V element in a low-valence state allows the oxygen anions to bind more easily with Zn2+. This interaction enables a fast Zn2+ diffusion channel in the interfacial layer. Consequently, symmetric cells with V@Zn anodes achieve stable plating/stripping for more than 1,400 h at 1 mA cm-2. In particular, the full cell paired with a V2O5 cathode exhibits a capacity of nearly 275.9 mA h g-1 at 5 A g-1 after 2,500 cycles without obvious capacity deterioration, further highlighting the potential for practical applications.
Energy Materials, 2025
Lithium metal batteries are considered highly promising candidates for the next-generation high-e... more Lithium metal batteries are considered highly promising candidates for the next-generation high-energy storage system. However, the growth of lithium dendrites significantly hinders their advance, particularly under high current densities, due to the formation of unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers. In this study, we demonstrate that molybdenum-based MXenes, including Mo2CTx, Mo2TiC2Tx, and Mo2Ti2C3Tx, form more stable LiF/Li2CO3 SEI layers during lithium plating, compared to the conventional Cu electrode. Among these, the bimetallic Mo2Ti2C3Tx MXene, with its higher fluorine terminations, produces the most stable LiF-rich SEI layer. The formation of this stable inorganic SEI layer significantly reduces the nucleation overpotential for lithium deposition, promotes uniform Li deposition, and suppresses dendrite growth. Consequently, the Mo2Ti2C3Tx substrate achieved prolonged cycling stability of approximately 544 cycles with coulombic efficiency of ~99.79% at high current density of 3 mA cm-2 and capacity of 1 mAh cm-2. In full cells, the Mo2Ti2C3Tx anode, paired with an NCM622 cathode, maintained capacity retention of 70% over 100 cycles with high cathode loading of 10 mg cm-2. Our approach highlights the potential of Mo-based MXenes to improve the performance of lithium metal batteries, making them promising candidates for the next-generation energy storage system.
Energy Materials, 2025
With the extremely high theoretical energy densities, secondary batteries including lithium-sulfu... more With the extremely high theoretical energy densities, secondary batteries including lithium-sulfur (Li-S) and sodium-sulfur (Na-S) batteries are anticipated to become the leading candidates among metal-sulfur batteries. However, the practical energy density and storage efficiency of Li/Na-sulfur batteries are significantly hindered by several issues: the low conductivity of sulfur cathodes, substantial volume changes during charge and discharge cycles, the shuttle effect caused by metal polysulfides, and uncontrollable dendrite formation on the reactive alkali metal anodes, which also heighten safety concerns. Constructing functionalized separators is considered one of the most promising strategies to overcome these challenges and enhance the performance of Li/Na-sulfur batteries. Functionalized separators offer numerous advantages such as enhanced mechanical stability, bifunctionality in suppressing the shuttle effect and dendrite growth, and minimal impact on battery energy density and volume. However, comprehensive reviews of Li/Na-sulfur functionalized separators are relatively fewer, while the related research has increased significantly. In this context, it is crucial to provide a comprehensive review of recent advances in functionalized separators for Li/Na-sulfur batteries. First, this review offers an in-depth analysis of the current issues faced by Li/Na-sulfur batteries and summarizes the requirements of separators for improving Li/Na-sulfur batteries. Subsequently, a detailed discussion is presented about the performances and applications especially in shuttle effect inhibition and dendrite growth suppression of functionalized separators in Li-S and Na-S batteries. Finally, the review addresses the challenges and potential future research directions for functionalized separators in Li/Na-sulfur batteries.
Energy Materials, 2025
With the advantages of simple preparation, cost-effectiveness, abundant raw materials, and enviro... more With the advantages of simple preparation, cost-effectiveness, abundant raw materials, and environmentally friendly properties, hard carbon is the only commercially available anode material for sodium-ion batteries. However, its unstable capacity is attributed to the complex physicochemical characteristics of the precursors, the intricate and difficult-to-control microstructure, and the debated mechanisms of sodium storage. Although recent reports have revealed a strong correlation between closed pores and the capacity of hard carbon in the low-voltage plateau region, systematic overviews of this relationship remain scarce. This review examines the microstructural properties and precursor selectivity of hard carbon materials and outlines the strategies for the research and development of closed pores, including design theory and characterization. Finally, it summarizes the technical bottlenecks faced by the closed pore research and looks forward to the future development directions.
Energy Materials, 2025
Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are being explored as a potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries ... more Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are being explored as a potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries owing to the growing demand for safer, more sustainable, cost-effective energy storage technologies. In such systems, electrolytes, as one of the key components, have a decisive impact on their electrochemical performance. However, Zn anodes in traditional aqueous electrolytes exhibit drawbacks such as severe hydrogen evolution reactions, Zn corrosion and passivation especially at high temperatures, leading to poor cycling performance of ZIBs. Herein, we designed and evaluated a series of hybrid electrolytes consisting of zinc tetrafluoroborate hydrate [Zn(BF4)2·xH2O] as the solute and various organic solvents [tetraglyme (G4), propylene carbonate, and dimethylformamide] for high-temperature ZIBs. Comparative analysis revealed that G4-based hybrid electrolytes exhibit a unique Zn2+ solvation structure primarily surrounded by organic solvent rather than H2O, which substantially reduces H2O-related side reactions and thus promotes more reversible Zn deposition than propylene carbonate-based and dimethylformamide-based hybrid electrolytes. The superiority of G4-based hybrid electrolyte is further confirmed by long stable cycling life of the corresponding Zn||Zn symmetric cell (> 350 h) and Zn-ion capacitor full cell (over 1,400 cycles with 90.7% capacity retention) at 60 °C.
Energy Materials, 2025
Carbon-based supercapacitors have emerged as promising energy storage components for renewable en... more Carbon-based supercapacitors have emerged as promising energy storage components for renewable energy applications due to the unique combination of various physicochemical characteristics in porous carbon materials (PCMs) that can improve specific capacitance (SC) properties. It is essential to develop a methodical approach that exploits the synergy of these effects in PCMs to achieve superior capacitance performance. In this study, machine learning (ML) provided a clear direction for experiments in the screening of key physicochemical features; SHapley Additive exPlanations analysis on ML indicated that specific surface area and specific doping species had a significant synergistic impact on SC enhancement. Utilizing these insights, an O, N co-doped hierarchical porous carbon (ONPC-900) was synthesized using a synergistic pyrolysis strategy through K2CO3-assisted in-situ thermal exfoliation and nanopore generation. This method leverages the role of carbon nitride (graphite-phase carbon nitride) as an in-situ layer-stacked template and the oxygen (O)-rich properties of the pre-treated lignite, enabling controlled synthesis of graphene-like folded and amorphous hybrid structures engineered for the efficient N and O doping sites and high specific surface area, resulting in an electrode material with enhanced structural adaptability, rapid charge transfer, and diffusion mass transfer capacity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirmed that pyrrole nitrogen (N-5), carboxyl (-COOH) active sites, and the defect structure formed by pores synergically enhanced the adsorption of electrolyte ions (K+) and electron transfer, improving the SC performance. The optimized ONPC-900 electrode exhibited impressive SC properties of 440 F g-1 (0.5 A g-1), outperforming most coal-based PCMs. This study provides a methodology for designing and synthesizing high SC electrode materials by optimizing the key characteristic parameters of synergism from complex structure-activity relationships through the combination of ML screening, experimental synthesis, and density functional theory validation.
Energy Materials, 2025
This study investigates the effectiveness of catalytic decomposition of methane for producing tur... more This study investigates the effectiveness of catalytic decomposition of methane for producing turquoise hydrogen and solid carbon nanomaterials. The focus is on developing cost-effective and high-performance Nickel (Ni)-promoted perovskite oxide catalysts. A series of transition metal, Ni-promoted (La0.75Ca0.25)(Cr0.5Mn0.5)O3-δ (LCCM) catalysts have been successfully prepared using water-based gel-casting technology. These catalysts are designed to decompose methane into turquoise hydrogen and carbon nanomaterials, achieving negligible CO2 emissions. X-ray diffraction results indicate that the solubility of Ni at the B-site of LCCM perovskite is limited, x ≤ 0.2. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis of xNi-LCCM, calcined at 1050 °C for ten h in the air, confirms severe catalyst sintering with excess nickel oxide distributed around the LCCM particles. At a 750 °C operating temperature, a Ni to LCCM molar ratio of 1.5 yields a maximum carbon output of 17.04 gC/gNi. Increasing the molar ratios to 2.0 and 2.5 results in carbon yields of 17.17 gC/gNi and 17.63 gC/gNi, respectively, showing minor changes. The morphology of the carbon nanomaterials is unaffected by the molar ratio of NiO promoter to LCCM and remains nearly the same within the scope of this study.
Energy Materials, 2025
The lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) plays a critical role in the acidic oxygen evolution reaction ... more The lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) plays a critical role in the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) as it provides a more efficient catalytic pathway compared to the conventional adsorption evolution mechanism (AEM). LOM effectively lowers the energy threshold of the reaction and accelerates the reaction rate by exciting the oxygen atoms in the catalyst lattice to directly participate in the OER process. In recent years, with the increase of in-depth understanding of LOM, researchers have developed a variety of iridium (Ir) and ruthenium (Ru)-based catalysts, as well as non-precious metal oxide catalysts, and optimized their performance in acidic OER through different strategies. However, LOM still faces many challenges in practical applications, including the long-term stability of the catalysts, the precise modulation of the active sites, and the application efficiency in real electrolysis systems. Here, we review the application of LOM in acidic OER, analyze its difference with the traditional AEM mechanism and the new oxide pathway mechanism (OPM) mechanism, discuss the experimental and theoretical validation methods of the LOM pathway, and prospect the future development of LOM in electrocatalyst design and energy conversion, aiming to provide fresh perspectives and strategies for solving the current challenges.
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Papers by Energy Materials