The rhetoric of the community colleges presents them as democratizing agents, enabling the underp... more The rhetoric of the community colleges presents them as democratizing agents, enabling the underprivileged to move upward in society through education. While this is their purpose, the community colleges also aspire to gain acceptance as regular members of the system of higher education. In Connecticut, the image of the community colleges suffers for several reasons: (1) they must compete with university 2-year transfer institutions; (2) they are not allowed to duplicate the technical colleges' role; (3) they are housed in substandard buildings where no courses requiring equipment are possible; (4) their per capita expenditures are the lowest among state institutions. Their role in social equalization is hampered by the desire to approximate 4-year institutions in student body makeup, implying a need to avoid high minority enrollments. The faculty is demoralized by a hierarchical governance structure in which it has no power. High turnover and constant tensions among faculty, administration, and students, and an absence of effective leadership have prevented the colleges from developing a clear sense of purpose. This study, based on statewide research as well as a case study of South Central Community College, casts doubt on whether equal opportunity can be fostered under such conditions. (MJK) ' t4.
Part-time instructors constitute a substantial proportion of the faculty at all levels of instruc... more Part-time instructors constitute a substantial proportion of the faculty at all levels of instruction. Community colleges in California are especially dependent on part-time instructors. Based on a survey of 243 (46%) part-time instructors at Santa Monica college, this study shows that most part-time instructors are committed to the profession of teaching but prohibited from full-time jobs by the employment crisis. Their qualifications compare well with those of full-time faculty and they invest a substantial amount of time in preparation for class. They depend on their small salary from the college for a large proportion of their total income; many support themselves by_holding_a_number of part-time assignments at various.educational institutions. Part-time instructors are aggrieved by their low salaries, lack of fringe benefits, and their low status. Most would accept a full-time job but half would prefer to remain part-time if their pay and status were improved. Part-time teachers are denied the opportunity to prove themselves and then penalized for failure to demonstrate their merit. Additionally, the disproportionate number of women on the part-time staff can be considered as an example of the discriminatory treatment of women in academia. The women are more qualified, invest more time in class preparation, and have fewer outside professional commitments. The survey instrument and tabulated responses are *
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2013
Drawing on a large cache of letters to John and Frances Gunther after the death of their son as w... more Drawing on a large cache of letters to John and Frances Gunther after the death of their son as well as memoirs and fiction by bereaved parents, this essay challenges the assumptions of secularization that infuse histories of twentieth-century American medicine. Many parents who experienced the death of children during the postwar period relied heavily on religion to help make sense of the tragedies medicine could not prevent. Parental accounts included expression of belief in divine intervention and the power of prayer, gratitude for God's role in minimizing suffering, confidence in the existence of an afterlife, and acceptance of the will of God. Historians seeking to understand how parents and families understood both the delivery of medical care and the cultural authority of medical science must integrate an understanding of religious experiences and faith into their work.
Although the term “patient dumping” was rarely used before the 1960s, the practice started much e... more Although the term “patient dumping” was rarely used before the 1960s, the practice started much earlier. In the late 1870s, the New York Times began to report that private hospitals were using ambulances to shift poor, moribund patients to Bellevue, the city's preeminent public facility. Many trips had serious medical consequences. Private hospitals also instructed ambulances to take critically ill patients directly to Bellevue regardless of the distance. Efforts to combat such practices took various forms. When transfers resulted in death, Manhattan coroners held inquests. In 1902, the Commissioner of Charities issued an order requiring that he be sent a full report from the superintendent of any hospital in which a patient transferred from another facility died within three days after admission. Four years later, the city passed an ordinance imposing a severe penalty on any hospital official who transferred an ill patient. Those reforms were only partially effective at deterri...
Drawing on the case files of a major charitable agency, this paper explores how poor people exper... more Drawing on the case files of a major charitable agency, this paper explores how poor people experienced New York City's pioneering program of tuberculosis control. Although the program provided enormous benefits, poor New Yorkers often had pressing concerns that took priority over eradicating tuberculosis. Moreover, the program imposed extreme hardships even as it promised liberation from a terrible scourge. Poor people did not protest collectively, but many individually resisted. They delayed seeking diagnosis, disobeyed the advice promulgated by the Department of Health, attended clinics irregularly, and either refused to enroll in hospitals, sanatoria, and preventoria or fled soon after arrival.
Public health officials contributed to the early 20thcentury campaign against Mexicans and Filipi... more Public health officials contributed to the early 20thcentury campaign against Mexicans and Filipinos in Los Angeles. In 1914, the newly established city and county health departments confronted the overwhelming task of building a public health infrastructure for a rapidly growing population spread over a large area. However, for several years public health reports focused almost exclusively on the various infectious diseases associated with Mexican immigrants. Although the segregation of Mexicans was illegal in California until 1935, county officials established separate clinics for Whites and Mexicans during the 1920s. With assistance from state officials, local health authorities participated actively in efforts to restrict Mexican immigration throughout the 1920s and to expel both Mexicans and Filipinos during the 1930s.
Even before the influx of Mexicans, public health officials in Los Angeles constructed very sick ... more Even before the influx of Mexicans, public health officials in Los Angeles constructed very sick and very poor tubercular people as an illegitimate presence who not only endangered others but also represented weakness and failure and imposed intolerable economic burdens. The identification of tuberculosis with Mexicans during the 1920s hardened the perception that they did not belong in Los Angeles. Because Mexicans lived and worked in dangerous surroundings, it is likely that they bore a very high burden of tuberculosis. Contemporary statistics, however, tell us less about the prevalence of disease than about the attitudes of health officials. Most were convinced that Mexicans had an innate susceptibility to tuberculosis. Concerns about the cost of supporting tubercular Mexicans figured prominently in efforts to restrict their immigration in the 1920s, and in the deportation and repatriation drives of the 1930s.
This thesis is a study of the changing role which Toynbee Hell, the first university settlement, ... more This thesis is a study of the changing role which Toynbee Hell, the first university settlement, played in East London between 1884 and 1914. The first chapter presents a brief biography of Sainiel Augustus Barnett, the founder end ft ret warden of the settlement, and analyzes his social thought in relation to the beliefs which were current in Britain during the period. The second chapter discusses the founding of the settlement, its organiza-. tion&. structure and the aims which underlay its early v&rk. The third chapter, concentrating on Iliree residents, C.R. Ashbee, .H. Beveridge and T. dmund Harvey, shows the way in which subsequent settlement workers reformulated these aims In accordance with their own social and economic views. The subsequent chapters discuss the accomp1Ishnnts of the settlement in various fields. The fourth shows that Toynbee Hell's educational program, iich was largely en attempt to work out Matthew Arnold's theory of culture, left little i.mpact on the life of E85t London. The fifth chapter discusses the set tlanent residents' Ineffectual atteuts to establish contact with working men's organizations. The final chapter seeks to demonstrate that In the field of philanthropy the resident a were far nre success- .
Drawing on a large cache of letters to John and Frances Gunther after the death of their son as w... more Drawing on a large cache of letters to John and Frances Gunther after the death of their son as well as memoirs and fiction by bereaved parents, this essay challenges the assumptions of secularization that infuse histories of twentieth-century American medicine. Many parents who experienced the death of children during the postwar period relied heavily on religion to help make sense of the tragedies medicine could not prevent. Parental accounts included expression of belief in divine intervention and the power of prayer, gratitude for God's role in minimizing suffering, confidence in the existence of an afterlife, and acceptance of the will of God. Historians seeking to understand how parents and families understood both the delivery of medical care and the cultural authority of medical science must integrate an understanding of religious experiences and faith into their work.
The rhetoric of the community colleges presents them as democratizing agents, enabling the underp... more The rhetoric of the community colleges presents them as democratizing agents, enabling the underprivileged to move upward in society through education. While this is their purpose, the community colleges also aspire to gain acceptance as regular members of the system of higher education. In Connecticut, the image of the community colleges suffers for several reasons: (1) they must compete with university 2-year transfer institutions; (2) they are not allowed to duplicate the technical colleges' role; (3) they are housed in substandard buildings where no courses requiring equipment are possible; (4) their per capita expenditures are the lowest among state institutions. Their role in social equalization is hampered by the desire to approximate 4-year institutions in student body makeup, implying a need to avoid high minority enrollments. The faculty is demoralized by a hierarchical governance structure in which it has no power. High turnover and constant tensions among faculty, administration, and students, and an absence of effective leadership have prevented the colleges from developing a clear sense of purpose. This study, based on statewide research as well as a case study of South Central Community College, casts doubt on whether equal opportunity can be fostered under such conditions. (MJK) ' t4.
Part-time instructors constitute a substantial proportion of the faculty at all levels of instruc... more Part-time instructors constitute a substantial proportion of the faculty at all levels of instruction. Community colleges in California are especially dependent on part-time instructors. Based on a survey of 243 (46%) part-time instructors at Santa Monica college, this study shows that most part-time instructors are committed to the profession of teaching but prohibited from full-time jobs by the employment crisis. Their qualifications compare well with those of full-time faculty and they invest a substantial amount of time in preparation for class. They depend on their small salary from the college for a large proportion of their total income; many support themselves by_holding_a_number of part-time assignments at various.educational institutions. Part-time instructors are aggrieved by their low salaries, lack of fringe benefits, and their low status. Most would accept a full-time job but half would prefer to remain part-time if their pay and status were improved. Part-time teachers are denied the opportunity to prove themselves and then penalized for failure to demonstrate their merit. Additionally, the disproportionate number of women on the part-time staff can be considered as an example of the discriminatory treatment of women in academia. The women are more qualified, invest more time in class preparation, and have fewer outside professional commitments. The survey instrument and tabulated responses are *
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2013
Drawing on a large cache of letters to John and Frances Gunther after the death of their son as w... more Drawing on a large cache of letters to John and Frances Gunther after the death of their son as well as memoirs and fiction by bereaved parents, this essay challenges the assumptions of secularization that infuse histories of twentieth-century American medicine. Many parents who experienced the death of children during the postwar period relied heavily on religion to help make sense of the tragedies medicine could not prevent. Parental accounts included expression of belief in divine intervention and the power of prayer, gratitude for God's role in minimizing suffering, confidence in the existence of an afterlife, and acceptance of the will of God. Historians seeking to understand how parents and families understood both the delivery of medical care and the cultural authority of medical science must integrate an understanding of religious experiences and faith into their work.
Although the term “patient dumping” was rarely used before the 1960s, the practice started much e... more Although the term “patient dumping” was rarely used before the 1960s, the practice started much earlier. In the late 1870s, the New York Times began to report that private hospitals were using ambulances to shift poor, moribund patients to Bellevue, the city's preeminent public facility. Many trips had serious medical consequences. Private hospitals also instructed ambulances to take critically ill patients directly to Bellevue regardless of the distance. Efforts to combat such practices took various forms. When transfers resulted in death, Manhattan coroners held inquests. In 1902, the Commissioner of Charities issued an order requiring that he be sent a full report from the superintendent of any hospital in which a patient transferred from another facility died within three days after admission. Four years later, the city passed an ordinance imposing a severe penalty on any hospital official who transferred an ill patient. Those reforms were only partially effective at deterri...
Drawing on the case files of a major charitable agency, this paper explores how poor people exper... more Drawing on the case files of a major charitable agency, this paper explores how poor people experienced New York City's pioneering program of tuberculosis control. Although the program provided enormous benefits, poor New Yorkers often had pressing concerns that took priority over eradicating tuberculosis. Moreover, the program imposed extreme hardships even as it promised liberation from a terrible scourge. Poor people did not protest collectively, but many individually resisted. They delayed seeking diagnosis, disobeyed the advice promulgated by the Department of Health, attended clinics irregularly, and either refused to enroll in hospitals, sanatoria, and preventoria or fled soon after arrival.
Public health officials contributed to the early 20thcentury campaign against Mexicans and Filipi... more Public health officials contributed to the early 20thcentury campaign against Mexicans and Filipinos in Los Angeles. In 1914, the newly established city and county health departments confronted the overwhelming task of building a public health infrastructure for a rapidly growing population spread over a large area. However, for several years public health reports focused almost exclusively on the various infectious diseases associated with Mexican immigrants. Although the segregation of Mexicans was illegal in California until 1935, county officials established separate clinics for Whites and Mexicans during the 1920s. With assistance from state officials, local health authorities participated actively in efforts to restrict Mexican immigration throughout the 1920s and to expel both Mexicans and Filipinos during the 1930s.
Even before the influx of Mexicans, public health officials in Los Angeles constructed very sick ... more Even before the influx of Mexicans, public health officials in Los Angeles constructed very sick and very poor tubercular people as an illegitimate presence who not only endangered others but also represented weakness and failure and imposed intolerable economic burdens. The identification of tuberculosis with Mexicans during the 1920s hardened the perception that they did not belong in Los Angeles. Because Mexicans lived and worked in dangerous surroundings, it is likely that they bore a very high burden of tuberculosis. Contemporary statistics, however, tell us less about the prevalence of disease than about the attitudes of health officials. Most were convinced that Mexicans had an innate susceptibility to tuberculosis. Concerns about the cost of supporting tubercular Mexicans figured prominently in efforts to restrict their immigration in the 1920s, and in the deportation and repatriation drives of the 1930s.
This thesis is a study of the changing role which Toynbee Hell, the first university settlement, ... more This thesis is a study of the changing role which Toynbee Hell, the first university settlement, played in East London between 1884 and 1914. The first chapter presents a brief biography of Sainiel Augustus Barnett, the founder end ft ret warden of the settlement, and analyzes his social thought in relation to the beliefs which were current in Britain during the period. The second chapter discusses the founding of the settlement, its organiza-. tion&. structure and the aims which underlay its early v&rk. The third chapter, concentrating on Iliree residents, C.R. Ashbee, .H. Beveridge and T. dmund Harvey, shows the way in which subsequent settlement workers reformulated these aims In accordance with their own social and economic views. The subsequent chapters discuss the accomp1Ishnnts of the settlement in various fields. The fourth shows that Toynbee Hell's educational program, iich was largely en attempt to work out Matthew Arnold's theory of culture, left little i.mpact on the life of E85t London. The fifth chapter discusses the set tlanent residents' Ineffectual atteuts to establish contact with working men's organizations. The final chapter seeks to demonstrate that In the field of philanthropy the resident a were far nre success- .
Drawing on a large cache of letters to John and Frances Gunther after the death of their son as w... more Drawing on a large cache of letters to John and Frances Gunther after the death of their son as well as memoirs and fiction by bereaved parents, this essay challenges the assumptions of secularization that infuse histories of twentieth-century American medicine. Many parents who experienced the death of children during the postwar period relied heavily on religion to help make sense of the tragedies medicine could not prevent. Parental accounts included expression of belief in divine intervention and the power of prayer, gratitude for God's role in minimizing suffering, confidence in the existence of an afterlife, and acceptance of the will of God. Historians seeking to understand how parents and families understood both the delivery of medical care and the cultural authority of medical science must integrate an understanding of religious experiences and faith into their work.
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Papers by Emily Abel