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Eliza Ahmed

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Eliza is a visiting fellow at the Regulatory Institutions Network (RegNet) at the Australian National University, examining the application of restorative justice and responsive regulation in school bullying. Previously she has held appointment as a Research Fellow at RegNet.Eliza has played a major role in furthering her cross-cultural work on how shame/pride management shapes and is shaped by social perception, social interaction, and the processes of regulation, building on her PhD and postdoctoral research at the University.

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Kristina Murphy

Griffith University

UPM - Universiti Putra Malaysia

ofiafoh Eiya Dr.

University of Benin

Valerie Braithwaite

Sevcan Güleç Solak

Gazi University

KIIT University

CUTHBERT MADZIVANYIKA

Midlands State University, Zimbabwe

Lateef Ayodele Agbetunde

Yaba College of Technology, Lagos. Nigeria

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Papers by Eliza Ahmed

Preliminary findings from 'the what's fair and what's unfair survey' about justice issues in the Australian tax context

Between November 2002 and March 2003, researchers at the Centre for Tax System Integrity conducte... more Between November 2002 and March 2003, researchers at the Centre for Tax System Integrity conducted a national tax survey of 4000 Australian taxpayers. Responses were obtained from a representative sample of 965 taxpayers. Specific issues of interest to the survey researchers were Australian taxpayers' perceptions of fairness and justice in the area of tax, the fairness of penalties and law enforcement processes, the emotions involved in such justice sentiments; and perceptions of tax evaders and alleged rule-breakers such as tax scheme investors. This report discusses the methodology of the survey process, a descriptive analysis of some of the more important findings from the survey, and a codebook that details the frequencies, means and standard deviations to each question of the survey.

Shame and desistance from bullying: Findings from a three-year follow-up study

John Braithwaite Forgiveness , Shaming , Shame and Bullying

T his study predicts self-initiated bullying from three variables: shaming, forgiveness and shame... more T his study predicts self-initiated bullying from three variables: shaming, forgiveness and shame. Data were collected from 1875 Bangladeshi school children (60% girls; mean grade = 8.28) using the Bengali version of the Life at School Survey. Results demonstrated that reintegrative shaming and forgiveness were related to less bullying. High shame acknowledgment (accepting responsibility, making amends) and low shame displacement into anger or blaming others were also associated with less bullying. Liking school protected children who experienced (a) less reintegrative shaming, and (b) more stigmatising shaming at home. Equally, more reintegrative shaming and less stigmatising shaming protected children against bullying when liking for school was absent.The forgiveness main effect on bullying (22.4% reduction) was much bigger than the main effect of reintegrative shaming (11.3% reduction). These results are consistent with the view that forgiveness is a more powerful restorative practice than reintegrative shaming.

Understanding bullying from a shame management perspective: Findings from a three-year follow-up study

This study investigates bullies, victims and bully/victims who moved out of these roles over a th... more This study investigates bullies, victims and bully/victims who moved out of these roles over a three-year period in terms of their socially adaptive shame management skills and examines how such skills differ from those who remained stable in their bullying status. Data were collected from 32 schools in the Australian Capital Territory (1996 and 1999). The sample consisted of 365 students (48 per cent boys) who partici- pated at two time points. Occupying a bully role in primary school was the most significant risk for con- tinuing in the role in secondary school (51 per cent). Of the participants in 1996, 46 per cent of the non-bullies/non-victims, 40 per cent of the bullies/victims and 31 per cent of the victims remained stable in 1999. To test the importance of shame management in relation to the stability and variability in bully- ing roles, a modified version of the MOSS-SASD (Management of Shame State: Shame Acknowledgement and Shame Displacement) instrument was used. As expec...

“Fair to me, fair to us, or fair to you?” Unresolved conflict between government and graduates over Australia’s tertiary education loans

Journal of Economic Policy Reform

Better Support Services for Better Mental Health?—The Case of Depression among Parents on Welfare

Open Journal of Depression

The present study aims to investigate independent and interactive impacts of risk and protective ... more The present study aims to investigate independent and interactive impacts of risk and protective factors influencing depression among parents receiving welfare. The study uses panel data from the first two waves of the nationally representative Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. The analytic sample included 1204 parents of children aged 4-5 years who participated in both of the waves and received government payments as their main income source in Wave 1. At Wave 2, twenty seven percent of all participant parents have income support as their main income source, and one-third of these parents reported having depressive symptoms during the 4 weeks prior to the interview. In hierarchical regression analysis, specific stressful events in the past 12 months (relationship breakdown, financial hardship, substance abuse, and death of a love one) have emerged as significant risk factors of depression. Parenting self-efficacy, timely access to support services and neighborhood belonging were found to be significant protective factors of depression. The most unique and key finding is that parents experiencing stressful events were less likely to report depression if they had adequate access to support services at times of adversity, and these results remain largely unchanged above and beyond the effects of the control variables. These findings have important implications for inculcating resilience in families on welfare in particular, through driving an institutional change that is responsive to ongoing and emergent needs. It is important that policy and health services delivery are designed in conjunction to provide maximum support for disadvantaged families at times of adversity.

Looking beneath the iceberg: can shame and pride be handled restoratively in cases of workplace bullying

The International Journal of Restorative Justice

Central to restorative justice interventions that follow revised reintegrative shaming theory (Ah... more Central to restorative justice interventions that follow revised reintegrative shaming theory (Ahmed et al. 2001) is individual capacity to manage shame and pride in safe and supportive spaces. From a random sample of 1,967 Australians who responded to a national crime survey, 1045 completed a module about bullying experiences at work over the past year, along with the MOSS-SASD and MOPS shame and pride management scales. Those who identified themselves as having bullied others were pride-focused, not shame-focused. They were more likely to express narcissistic pride over their work success, lauding their feats over others, and were less likely to express humble pride, sharing their success with others. In contrast, victims were defined by acknowledged and displaced shame over work task failures. In addition to these personal impediments to social reintegration, those who bullied and those targeted had low trust in others, particularly professionals. While these findings do not challenge macro interventions for culture change through more respectful and restorative practices, they provide a basis for setting boundaries for the appropriate use of restorative justice meetings to address particular workplace bullying complaints.

The Personal Management of Shame and Pride in Workplace Bullying

SSRN Electronic Journal

Shame and pride management were used to predict workplace bullying and victimization among a rand... more Shame and pride management were used to predict workplace bullying and victimization among a random sample of 1,967 Australians who responded to a national crime survey. Those who identified themselves as having bullied others were pride-focused, not shame focused. They were more likely to express narcissistic pride over their work success, lauding their feats over others, and were less likely to express humble pride, sharing their success with others. In contrast, victims were defined primarily by their shame over failures. They were more likely to both acknowledge and displace shame over failures in work tasks. Victims and bullies revealed impediments to social reintegration. Victims did not trust others, while bullies did not see victims as needing to see offender rehabilitation. The findings raise questions of whether competitive, hierarchical and performance oriented workplaces fail to provide incentives for workers to manage shame and pride in ways that promote collegial workplace relations.

Can Justice and Shame Deter an Escalation in Tax Evasion?

Australian Journal of Social Issues

Abstract: This study examines the roles that justice and shame management play in deterring escal... more

Preliminary findings from the Graduates' Hopes, Visions and Actions (GHVA) Survey

This report presents basic descriptive results from the Graduates' Hopes, Visions and Actions (GH... more This report presents basic descriptive results from the Graduates' Hopes, Visions and Actions (GHVA) Survey conducted by the Centre for Tax System Integrity in 2000. The GHVA Survey consisted of eight parts, each designed to measure graduates' attitudes and opinions towards the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS), the Australian Taxation Office (Tax Office) and the tax system. Specific areas of interest were graduates' views of HECS as a policy, their course and degree they obtained, the Tax Office, the Australian tax system and their taxpaying behaviour. The Survey was also designed to obtain graduates' views on a select set of policy implementation issues. Of the 1500 questionnaires distributed, 447 completed surveys were returned, giving a response rate of 33%. This report is divided into two sections: Section 1 briefly describes the background of the GHVA Survey. It also presents the method of sampling and data collection, including response rates and sample representativeness. Section 2 explains what is being measured in each part of the Survey, and highlights important findings.

Shame Management and Bullying

Publikationsansicht. 36091352. Shame management and bullying (1999). Ahmed, Eliza. Details der Pu... more

2003 Victorian Longitudinal Community Attitudes Survey

Technical Advisers Dr Eliza Ahmed has 15 years of professional experiences in teaching (statistic... more

Volume 1: An Annotated Bibliography relating to voluntary tax compliance

Higher education loans and tax evasion: A case of policy eroding compliance?

Attitude of Psychology students

Individual Risk Taking

Women's Perceived Self-Status as a function of their Employment and Socio-Economic Class

Achievement Motivation and Career

Shame, Pride and Workplace Bullying

Emotions, Crime and Justice, 2011

Preliminary findings from 'the what's fair and what's unfair survey' about justice issues in the Australian tax context

Between November 2002 and March 2003, researchers at the Centre for Tax System Integrity conducte... more Between November 2002 and March 2003, researchers at the Centre for Tax System Integrity conducted a national tax survey of 4000 Australian taxpayers. Responses were obtained from a representative sample of 965 taxpayers. Specific issues of interest to the survey researchers were Australian taxpayers' perceptions of fairness and justice in the area of tax, the fairness of penalties and law enforcement processes, the emotions involved in such justice sentiments; and perceptions of tax evaders and alleged rule-breakers such as tax scheme investors. This report discusses the methodology of the survey process, a descriptive analysis of some of the more important findings from the survey, and a codebook that details the frequencies, means and standard deviations to each question of the survey.

Shame and desistance from bullying: Findings from a three-year follow-up study

John Braithwaite Forgiveness , Shaming , Shame and Bullying

T his study predicts self-initiated bullying from three variables: shaming, forgiveness and shame... more T his study predicts self-initiated bullying from three variables: shaming, forgiveness and shame. Data were collected from 1875 Bangladeshi school children (60% girls; mean grade = 8.28) using the Bengali version of the Life at School Survey. Results demonstrated that reintegrative shaming and forgiveness were related to less bullying. High shame acknowledgment (accepting responsibility, making amends) and low shame displacement into anger or blaming others were also associated with less bullying. Liking school protected children who experienced (a) less reintegrative shaming, and (b) more stigmatising shaming at home. Equally, more reintegrative shaming and less stigmatising shaming protected children against bullying when liking for school was absent.The forgiveness main effect on bullying (22.4% reduction) was much bigger than the main effect of reintegrative shaming (11.3% reduction). These results are consistent with the view that forgiveness is a more powerful restorative practice than reintegrative shaming.

Understanding bullying from a shame management perspective: Findings from a three-year follow-up study

This study investigates bullies, victims and bully/victims who moved out of these roles over a th... more This study investigates bullies, victims and bully/victims who moved out of these roles over a three-year period in terms of their socially adaptive shame management skills and examines how such skills differ from those who remained stable in their bullying status. Data were collected from 32 schools in the Australian Capital Territory (1996 and 1999). The sample consisted of 365 students (48 per cent boys) who partici- pated at two time points. Occupying a bully role in primary school was the most significant risk for con- tinuing in the role in secondary school (51 per cent). Of the participants in 1996, 46 per cent of the non-bullies/non-victims, 40 per cent of the bullies/victims and 31 per cent of the victims remained stable in 1999. To test the importance of shame management in relation to the stability and variability in bully- ing roles, a modified version of the MOSS-SASD (Management of Shame State: Shame Acknowledgement and Shame Displacement) instrument was used. As expec...

“Fair to me, fair to us, or fair to you?” Unresolved conflict between government and graduates over Australia’s tertiary education loans

Journal of Economic Policy Reform

Better Support Services for Better Mental Health?—The Case of Depression among Parents on Welfare

Open Journal of Depression

The present study aims to investigate independent and interactive impacts of risk and protective ... more The present study aims to investigate independent and interactive impacts of risk and protective factors influencing depression among parents receiving welfare. The study uses panel data from the first two waves of the nationally representative Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. The analytic sample included 1204 parents of children aged 4-5 years who participated in both of the waves and received government payments as their main income source in Wave 1. At Wave 2, twenty seven percent of all participant parents have income support as their main income source, and one-third of these parents reported having depressive symptoms during the 4 weeks prior to the interview. In hierarchical regression analysis, specific stressful events in the past 12 months (relationship breakdown, financial hardship, substance abuse, and death of a love one) have emerged as significant risk factors of depression. Parenting self-efficacy, timely access to support services and neighborhood belonging were found to be significant protective factors of depression. The most unique and key finding is that parents experiencing stressful events were less likely to report depression if they had adequate access to support services at times of adversity, and these results remain largely unchanged above and beyond the effects of the control variables. These findings have important implications for inculcating resilience in families on welfare in particular, through driving an institutional change that is responsive to ongoing and emergent needs. It is important that policy and health services delivery are designed in conjunction to provide maximum support for disadvantaged families at times of adversity.

Looking beneath the iceberg: can shame and pride be handled restoratively in cases of workplace bullying

The International Journal of Restorative Justice

Central to restorative justice interventions that follow revised reintegrative shaming theory (Ah... more Central to restorative justice interventions that follow revised reintegrative shaming theory (Ahmed et al. 2001) is individual capacity to manage shame and pride in safe and supportive spaces. From a random sample of 1,967 Australians who responded to a national crime survey, 1045 completed a module about bullying experiences at work over the past year, along with the MOSS-SASD and MOPS shame and pride management scales. Those who identified themselves as having bullied others were pride-focused, not shame-focused. They were more likely to express narcissistic pride over their work success, lauding their feats over others, and were less likely to express humble pride, sharing their success with others. In contrast, victims were defined by acknowledged and displaced shame over work task failures. In addition to these personal impediments to social reintegration, those who bullied and those targeted had low trust in others, particularly professionals. While these findings do not challenge macro interventions for culture change through more respectful and restorative practices, they provide a basis for setting boundaries for the appropriate use of restorative justice meetings to address particular workplace bullying complaints.

The Personal Management of Shame and Pride in Workplace Bullying

SSRN Electronic Journal

Shame and pride management were used to predict workplace bullying and victimization among a rand... more Shame and pride management were used to predict workplace bullying and victimization among a random sample of 1,967 Australians who responded to a national crime survey. Those who identified themselves as having bullied others were pride-focused, not shame focused. They were more likely to express narcissistic pride over their work success, lauding their feats over others, and were less likely to express humble pride, sharing their success with others. In contrast, victims were defined primarily by their shame over failures. They were more likely to both acknowledge and displace shame over failures in work tasks. Victims and bullies revealed impediments to social reintegration. Victims did not trust others, while bullies did not see victims as needing to see offender rehabilitation. The findings raise questions of whether competitive, hierarchical and performance oriented workplaces fail to provide incentives for workers to manage shame and pride in ways that promote collegial workplace relations.

Can Justice and Shame Deter an Escalation in Tax Evasion?

Australian Journal of Social Issues

Abstract: This study examines the roles that justice and shame management play in deterring escal... more

Preliminary findings from the Graduates' Hopes, Visions and Actions (GHVA) Survey

This report presents basic descriptive results from the Graduates' Hopes, Visions and Actions (GH... more This report presents basic descriptive results from the Graduates' Hopes, Visions and Actions (GHVA) Survey conducted by the Centre for Tax System Integrity in 2000. The GHVA Survey consisted of eight parts, each designed to measure graduates' attitudes and opinions towards the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS), the Australian Taxation Office (Tax Office) and the tax system. Specific areas of interest were graduates' views of HECS as a policy, their course and degree they obtained, the Tax Office, the Australian tax system and their taxpaying behaviour. The Survey was also designed to obtain graduates' views on a select set of policy implementation issues. Of the 1500 questionnaires distributed, 447 completed surveys were returned, giving a response rate of 33%. This report is divided into two sections: Section 1 briefly describes the background of the GHVA Survey. It also presents the method of sampling and data collection, including response rates and sample representativeness. Section 2 explains what is being measured in each part of the Survey, and highlights important findings.

Shame Management and Bullying

Publikationsansicht. 36091352. Shame management and bullying (1999). Ahmed, Eliza. Details der Pu... more

2003 Victorian Longitudinal Community Attitudes Survey

Technical Advisers Dr Eliza Ahmed has 15 years of professional experiences in teaching (statistic... more

Volume 1: An Annotated Bibliography relating to voluntary tax compliance

Higher education loans and tax evasion: A case of policy eroding compliance?

Attitude of Psychology students

Individual Risk Taking

Women's Perceived Self-Status as a function of their Employment and Socio-Economic Class

Achievement Motivation and Career

Shame, Pride and Workplace Bullying

Emotions, Crime and Justice, 2011