Papers by Eliana Regina FORNI-MARTINS
CYTOLOGIA, 2011
Anemopaegma (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) includes 45 species distributed from Mexico to Northeaster... more Anemopaegma (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) includes 45 species distributed from Mexico to Northeastern Argentina. The genus is monophyletic and well supported by morphological and molecular characters. However, the delimitation of species within Anemopaegma is complex. In this study, we determined chromosome numbers and interphase nuclei structure for 5 shrubby species of Anemopaegma, 3 of which belong to the Anemopaegma arvense species complex. While most shrubby species analyzed were polyploids (2nϭ4xϭ80), polyploidy was not encountered among the climbing members of the genus. Furthermore, interphase nuclei was shown to vary among species. In particular, A. album was the only species that presented semi-reticulate interphase nuclei, while A. glaucum and A. scabriusculum presented areticulate nuclei. Anemopaegma acutifolium and A. arvense, on the other hand, presented an interphase nuclei structure that was intermediate between the areticulate and semi-reticulate types. Overall, our findings suggest that ploidy level may have had an important role in the diversification of the Neotropical genus Anemopaegma.
O genero Machaerium Pers. (Leguminosae Papilionoideae) abrange cerca de 120 especies, com distrib... more O genero Machaerium Pers. (Leguminosae Papilionoideae) abrange cerca de 120 especies, com distribuicao tipicamente neotropical e de ocorrencia em diferentes tipos de habitat. A maioria dos trabalhos sobre o genero e quase sempre de carater regional, onde os problemas taxonomicos tem sido perpetuados. Poucas especies de Machaerium foram estudadas sob o ponto de vista biossistematico, incluindo a citotaxonomia. Estudos sobre as caracteristicas de frutos, sementes e plântulas sao tambem incipientes. Neste trabalho foi realizada a caracterizacao cromossomica de 18 especies de Machaerium, sendo 16 novas contagens. O genero apresenta numero cromossomico 2n= 20, mas tambem foram encontradas especies tetraploides, com 2n= 40. As diferencas de ploidia auxiliaram na delimitacao de algumas especies. Um estudo da morfologia de frutos, sementes e plântulas de 19 especies de Machaerium foi tambem realizado. As especies foram agrupadas em categorias de acordo com o desenvolvimento do eixo embrionario, o numero de pinulas na plumula, o tipo de plântula e numero de foliolos do primeiro no eofilar. Estas informacoes auxiliaram no posicionamento das especies dentro das secoes do genero e no estabelecimento de relacoes de afinidades entre as secoes. Uma sinopse das secoes de Machaerium tambem foi apresentada. Foram listadas 127 especies, sendo duas especies novas, e 13 variedades, totalizando 140 taxons para o genero e 159 sinonimos, dos quais oito sao novos. Foi sugerida a criacao de uma nova secao para abrigar quatro especies, com base em dados blastogenicos e listadas 41 especies que nao foram incluidas em nenhuma secao em trabalhos anteriores. Foram tambem listadas quatro especies duvidosas e sete nomes invalidos. As secoes do genero foram lectotipificadas. A revisao taxonomica das especies de Machaerium sect. Oblonga tambem foi apresentada. Foram apresentadas chave de identificacao, descricoes e ilustracoes de 12 especies e de uma variedade e a organografia de duas especies novas que, posteriormente, serao publicadas. Foram listados cinco novos sinonimos e um nome novo e designados um epitipo e cinco lectotipos. Os dados fenologicos das especies estudadas indicaram que elas nao florescem simultaneamente numa mesma estacao. As especies ocorrem principalmente na regiao Sudeste e Sul do Brasil, mas sao tambem encontradas especies na Bahia e fora do Brasil, na Argentina, Paraguai, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas e Panama. Foram observadas especies com distribuicao restrita, muito restrita e ampla. Algumas especies amazonicas representam uma disjuncao dentro de Machaerium sect. Oblonga Abstract
Foram realizados estudos citologicos em treze especies de sete familias possuidoras de representa... more Foram realizados estudos citologicos em treze especies de sete familias possuidoras de representantes trepadores na Mata de Santa Canavalia parviflora, Canavalia picta, Centrosema sagitattum Mascagnia (Fabaceae ), Dalechampia pentaphylla (Euhorbiaceae), anisopetala, Stigmaphyllon lalandianum (Malpighiaceae) Merremia macrocalyx (Convolvulaceae ), Momordica charantia (Cucurbi taceae), Passiflora miersii (Passifloraceae ), Serjania caracasana, Serjania fuscifolia, Serjania meridionalis, Urvillea laevis (Sapindaceae). Foram observados os numeros cromossomicos destas especies, sendo que para dez delas foram aferidas as medidas dos cromossomos, e para seis destas especies que foram medidas, dados cariomorfologicos cromossomico. Foram obtidos, sendo feito o ideograma. Destas treze ineditas contagens de numero cromossomico, seis sao ineditas. Tambem procurou se tracar um paralelo entre as variacoes de numero cromossomico e a evolucao do habito trepador dentro dos taxons. Esta analise foi feita apenas para quatro generos, em virtude da dificuldade de se encontrar dados a respeito do habito das especies estudadas. Devido ao numero de especies analisadas nao representar uma amostragem grande o suficiente, torna-se prematura qualquer tentativa de argumentacao no sentido de se comprovar a importância das alteracoes numericas dos cromossomos na derivacao das trepadeiras. Apenas para Serjania pode-se estabelecer uma relacao entre variacao de habito e de numero cromossomico, ainda que se facam necessarios mais estudos dentro da familia Sapindaceae para que esta relacao seja confirmada. Abstract
ABSTRACT With ca. 100 species, Psidium (Myrtaceae) is an important component of Neotropical flora... more ABSTRACT With ca. 100 species, Psidium (Myrtaceae) is an important component of Neotropical flora and widespread in the Brazilian Cerrado and Tropical Atlantic Rain Forest. This is a high taxonomic complex genus and some natural hybridization cases are related. Recent phylogenetic approach pointed Psidium as a monophyletic taxa, whereas with a reduced taxa sampling, being the delimitation of some species unclear. To help assist taxonomic delimitation and understanding of their species, in this work we applied different frameworks: (1) phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data, (2) chromosomal and (3) genome size studies in an evolutionary context. The phylogenetic analysis used Parsimony and Bayesian Inference of 26 species (24% of the genera diversity) and for DNA regions (ITS, ETS, psbA-trnH, ndhF). To determine the sister group we sampled some species of genera morphologically related to Psidium (Acca, Accara, Campomanesia, Mosiera, Myrrhinium, Pimenta and Ugni). The sampling comprised native species collected in the Amazonia, Brazilian Cerrado, Caatinga and Tropical Atlantic Rain Forest biomes. Psidium was confirmed to be monophyletic and its sister group is Myrrhinium. The cladogram indicates three principal clades, showing a clear biogeographical pattern. The species endemic to the Cerrado vegetation appear in two separate clades, each with good statistical support: one emerges as sister group to a clade comprising species from Caatinga and Tropical Atlantic Rain Forest, while the other cerrado clade is sister to Amazonian species. Some internal clades presented low resolution has a clade that includes the P. grandifolium complex, where recent works establish several unclear taxa as varieties and recognized as a very difficult taxonomic delimitation. The chromosomal approach includes 25 species in the majority taxa sampled in the phylogenetic analysis: Acca (1), Accara (1), Campomanesia (9), Myrrhinium (1), Mosiera (1), Pimenta (1) and Psidium (11). All species presents small chromosomes (<2µm) and the diploid chromosome number 2n=2x=22 occurred in these genera, exception for Psidium, where this number was observed in only two species (P. guajava and P. guineense). Polyploidy was observed in 82% of species of Psidium with a big variation on the ploidy levels (2n=22, 44, 55, 66, 88). For P. cattleianum were found tetra (2n=4x=44) and hexaploid (2n=6x=66) cytotypes, where 6x populations occurs at highest altitude than 4x that is distributed in other Atlantic Tropical Rain Forest localities with lower altitudes, next to the sea level. The distribution and number of rDNA 45S sites suggest a hybrid origin of hexaploid. The genome size (2C-value) was determined by flow cytometry for 10 species of Psidium. The intra-specific variation of 2C-value was 9-fold, in a positive correlation with ploidy level. This approach reinforces the indications of an allopolyploid origin of 6x cytotypes of P. cattleianum. Future studies will to increase the sampling of molecular and chromosomal data would help to clarify the species relationships and more detailed biogeographical patterns from Psidium, and to explain the origins of polyploidy in these differential environments.
Brittonia, 2018
Chaetogastra is the largest genus in Melastomateae, with about 165–190 species. The genus was onl... more Chaetogastra is the largest genus in Melastomateae, with about 165–190 species. The genus was only recently resurrected, based on species that have been traditionally treated in Tibouchina sects. Diotanthera, Pseudopterolepis, Purpurella and Simplicicaules. This article presents 15 chromosome counts for the genus, a review of the available counts and also a discussion of these counts in a systematic context. Although the sampling in the genus is still poor, the data found in the literature and in our research indicate x=9 as the base chromosome number for the genus. We also found that euploidy may be common in Chaetogastra, with diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species. Basic chromosome numbers also seem to be a taxonomic character that distinguishes Chaetogastra (x=9) from Brachyotum (x=10).
Plant Biology, 2017
• Naturalists Fritz and Hermann Müller hypothesised that heteranthery often leads to a division o... more • Naturalists Fritz and Hermann Müller hypothesised that heteranthery often leads to a division of labour into 'feeding' and 'pollinating' stamens; the latter often being as long as the pistil so as to promote successful pollination on the bees' back. In many buzz-pollinated species of Senna, however, the so-called pollinating stamens are short Accepted Article This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. and do not level with the stigma, raising the question of how pollen is shed on the bees' back. Here we explore a mechanism called "ricochet pollination". We test whether division of labour is achieved through the interaction between short lower stamens and strongly concave "deflector petals". • We studied the arrangement and morphology of the floral organs involved in the ricochet pollination, the functioning of the flowers through artificial sonication, and observed the interactions between bees and flowers in the field. • The middle stamens are adapted to eject pollen downwardly, which can be readily collected on the bees' ventral parts. Most part of the pollen is ejected towards the deflector petal(s), The short lower stamens that stay below large Xylocopa bees. Pollen from this set of stamens is more likely to contribute to pollination. The pollen grains seem to ricochet multiple times against the deflector petals to eventually reach the bee's back. • The pollen ricochet mechanism promotes a division of labour by involving additional floral organs, such as petals, reinforcing Müllers' division-of-labour hypothesis. However, alternative, non-multiexclusive hypotheses could be explored in genus Senna and other angiosperm species.
CYTOLOGIA, 1998
Cytological studies were carried out based on eleven species in seven families of climbers from t... more Cytological studies were carried out based on eleven species in seven families of climbers from the Santa Genebra Forest Reserve: Canavalia parviflora, Canavalia picta, Centrosema sagitattum, Phaseolus lunatus (Fabaceae), Dalechampia pentaphylla (Euphorbiaceae), Mascagnia anisopetala, Stigmaphyllon lalandianum (Malpighiaceae), Merremia macrocalyx (Con.volvulaceae), Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae), Passiflora miersii (Passifloraceae). Their chromosome numbers and its distribution inside their genera were analyzed. In eight species the chromosomes were measured and for three of these species it was possible to construct the chromosomal ideograms based on karyological data. Five of these chromosome counts were made for the first time.
Caryologia, 2006
In this work, we carried out chromosome counts of four species of Campomanesia (C. adamantium, C.... more In this work, we carried out chromosome counts of four species of Campomanesia (C. adamantium, C. guaviroba, C. phaea and C. pubescens) and four of Psidum (P. acutangulum, P. cattleyanum, P. cinereum and P. guajava) from different populations. In Campomanesia, 2n=22 was found in all of the species analyzed, and no polyploidy was seen. For Psidium, only P. guajava had 2n=22 and another three species had 2n=44. No abnormalities in meiosis were observed. High levels of pollen stainability (> 80%) was seen in all species. About 50% of Myrtinae species were polyploid, indicating the importance of polyploidy in the evolution of this group.
Genetics and Molecular Research, 2012
Banding and FISH in Vernonia geminata of 45S rDNA of one chromosome of the normal complement, but... more Banding and FISH in Vernonia geminata of 45S rDNA of one chromosome of the normal complement, but not in B chromosomes.
Tree Genetics & Genomes
Evolutionary Ecology, 2021
Different pre- and postzygotic isolating mechanisms may prevent interspecific gene exchange in se... more Different pre- and postzygotic isolating mechanisms may prevent interspecific gene exchange in secondary contact zones. Due to the different nature of each isolating barrier, which may act in different life history stages, multidisciplinary approaches are crucial to investigate the evolution of reproductive isolation (RI) in contact zones. In this study, we analysed seven different pre- and postzygotic RI mechanisms and reproductive success of two neotropical orchid species with contrasting pollination strategies, the nectarless food-deceptive Epidendrum denticulatum and the nectar rewarding E. orchidiflorum . The two species occur sympatrically in the coastal vegetation of Southeastern Brazil and share habitats with their natural hybrid E. x purpureum . Our aim was to test the contribution of pre and postzygotic reproductive barriers to species cohesion, examining potential asymmetries among RI mechanisms. Our results indicate habitat isolation as an important prezygotic barrier, strongly influenced by the contrasting habitat preferences found between the parental species. Hybrid sterility was also important, though incomplete, to prevent species collapse in this hybrid zone. This latter barrier was likely shaped by strong differences in chromosome numbers found between parental species ( E. denticulatum 2n = 52, E. orchidiflorum 2n = 156). Indeed, hybrids showed lower levels of fertility when compared to parental species, probably due to meiotic abnormalities found in hybrid plants. However, contrary to our expectations, hybrid plants are still able to attract flower visitors during the day and night, and natural pollination success was comparable to one of the parental species, suggesting sexual reproduction of hybrid plants may contribute to the persistence of this hybrid zone. This study highlights the importance of studying hybrid zones between species diverging in several morphological and ecological traits, where the balance of hybridization is still unpredictable and almost unknown.
Genetics and Molecular Research, 2010
Cytological preparations for FISH in Passiflora nonspecific signals were observed. Our methodolog... more Cytological preparations for FISH in Passiflora nonspecific signals were observed. Our methodological adaptations allowed the preparation of metaphase slides of high quality for the FISH technique, with less time required for the preparation of samples.
Foram feitos estudos citotaxonomicos em 18 especies de Hacroptilium (Bentham) Urban, Phaseolus l.... more Foram feitos estudos citotaxonomicos em 18 especies de Hacroptilium (Bentham) Urban, Phaseolus l. e Vigna Savi (leguminosae, P~pilionoideae): M. atropurpureum (D.C.) Urban, M. bracteatum (Nees & Mart.) Marechal & Baudet,CBentham) CHoehne)Urban, M. lath~roides (l. ) Urban,M.M.er~throloma sabaraense V.P. Barbosa Fevereiro, P. acutifolius A. Gra~, P.anisotrichus Schlecht., P. coc~ineus l., P. filiformis Bentham,P. lunatus l. , P. vulgaris l., V. adenantha CG.F. Me~er)Marecha I , Mascherpa & Stainier, V. candida (Vellozo) Marecha 1,Mascherpa & Stainier, V. luteola CJacq.) Bentham, V. peduncularis CH.B.K.) Fawcet & Rendle, V. radiata (l.) Wilczek, V. umbel1ata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi e V. unguiculata Cl.> Walpers. Ideograma,cariotipo, formulas cariotipicas, comprimento total de cromatina (CTC) e indice TF% (simetria cariotipica) sao apresentadas para cada especie. ... Observacao: O resumo, na integra, podera ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital Abstr
A familia Rubiaceae e composta por plantas de habito variado e representa a quarta maior familia ... more A familia Rubiaceae e composta por plantas de habito variado e representa a quarta maior familia de Angiospermas, com cerca de 10.700 especies; e cosmopolita e apresenta grande riqueza de especies no Cerrado brasileiro. Objetivando ampliar o conhecimento cromossomico da familia, foi realizado um estudo com 14 especies pertencentes a duas das subfamilias do grupo, coletadas em areas de Cerrado no estado de Sao Paulo (Assis, Campinas, Itirapina,M()gi-GuelCu e M()gi-Mirim) e Melto Gro_so_() . Sul (Tres Lagoas). Na subfamilia Ixoroideae, cinco especies apresentaram numero cromossomico 2n = 22 (Alibertia concolor, A.edulis, A. sessilis, Genipa americana e Tocoyena formosa), e uma apresentou poliploidia, com 2n = 66 (Amaioua intennedia). No entanto, todos sao numeros multiplos do numero basico mais comum da familia, x = 11. Por outro lado, as especies pertencentes a subfamilia Rubioideae exibiram variacoes entre as tribos e generos. observando-se os .numeros 2n = 20 (Coccocypselum lanceo/atum), 2n = 22 (Psychotria hoffmannseggiana) ou n = 11 (Coussarea hydrangeifolia e Palicourea rigida), 2n = 28 (Borreria latifolia, Borreria verticillata eRichardia brasiliensis) e 2n = 32 (Psychotria deflexa). Foram elaborados os cariotipos de 12 especies, sendo todos ineditos (a excecao de Genipa americana). assim como a maioria dos numeros cromossomicos. O tamanho dos cromossomos variou entre 7 ,33 _m e 1 ,26 _m. Os cromossomos sao em sua maioria metacentricos e os cariotipos sao simetricos (TF% variando de 47,45 a 38,01). Sugere-se que a maior constância de numeros cromossomicos em relacao ao numero basico x = 11 seja um apoio a proposta de que a tribo Ixoroideae seja mais basal na familia, ao contrario do que ocorre em Rubioideae, apontada como sendo mais derivada com base em caracteres morfologicos Abstract
A familia Alismataceae, ordem Alismatales, e composta por plantas aquaticas ou semi aquaticas de ... more A familia Alismataceae, ordem Alismatales, e composta por plantas aquaticas ou semi aquaticas de folhas eretas ou flutuantes, que crescem em brejos ou solos encharcados. Dois dos 11 generos que compoem a familia estao presentes nos neotropicos. O genero Echinodorus (26 especies) possui cerca de 17 especies no Brasil, sendo que nove ocorrem no estado de Sao Paulo. O genero Sagittaria (25 especies) possui cerca de seis especies presentes no Brasil, com apenas tres no estado de Sao Paulo. As plantas aquaticas apresentam uma serie de problemas para a sistematica, pois muitas caracteristicas morfologicas apresentam uma extensa plasticidade fenotipica, sendo muitas destas convergentes ou baseadas em aspectos nao geneticos/hereditarios. Com o objetivo de tracar tendencias evolutivas/cariotipicas para o grupo e incorporar dados moleculares/citogeneticos para a familia Alismataceae, foram investigadas nove especies da familia (incluindo uma ou mais populacoes de cada), atraves das tecnicas c...
Brazilian Journal of Botany
Sapindales consists of six larger families (Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Sapi... more Sapindales consists of six larger families (Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, and Simaroubaceae), and three smaller ones (Biebersteiniaceae, Kirkiaceae, and Nitrariaceae). It is monophyletic, but there are controversies in inter- and intra-family relations and no consensus regarding the basic chromosome number of the order and its families. We aim to detect the level of knowledge about chromosome numbers and discuss the evolution in Sapindales. We searched the literature for the available chromosome numbers, accounting for data for 214 genera and 805 species, corresponding to only about 46% of the genera and 15% of the species. Globally, among the six largest families, we observed the highest percentages of species with chromosome counts in Rutaceae (18%) and Sapindaceae (15.5%), contrasting with Burseraceae (3.5%). Chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 10 in Biebersteiniaceae species to 2n = 360 in Trichilia dregeana Sond. (Meliaceae). We found a great diversity of chromosome numbers in each family, especially in Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, and Meliaceae. A low percentage of species of Sapindales of the Brazilian flora have their chromosome numbers known, mainly in Burseraceae (2.6%) and Meliaceae (14.9%). We confirm the importance of numerical chromosome changes in the diversification of families and genera. Polyploidy was very important in the origin of large families and later in their diversification, especially in Meliaceae and Rutaceae. Dysploidy is very frequent in the diversification of the large families. We discussed the basic chromosome numbers (x) for Sapindales and its families, based on the literature. Inconclusive results on x occur in Meliaceae and Simaroubaceae.
A subtribo Lychnophorinae abrange nove generos, encontrados nos campos rupestres nos estados de M... more A subtribo Lychnophorinae abrange nove generos, encontrados nos campos rupestres nos estados de Minas Gerais, Bahia e Goias, tendo, a maioria das especies, alto grau de endemismo. Um desses generos e Lychnophora, o qual apresenta discordância entre diferentes autores quanto ao seu limite e numero de especies (desde 68 a apenas 11). Essa diferenca de interpretacao baseia-se na sinonimizacao e na transferencia de diversas especies para generos proximos, como Lychnophoriopsis e Paralychnophora. Alem disso, ha dificuldades na delimitacao de outros generos da subtribo Lychnophorinae, como Minasia, Proteopsis e Heterocoma. Foi iniciado o estudo citotaxonomico de especies de Lychnophora e de outros generos da subtribo, objetivando a analise de caracteristicas cromossomicas que pudessem ser uteis ao entendimento taxonomico do grupo como um todo. Foram determinados numeros cromossomicos de cerca de 49 especies, constatando-se 2n=34, 36 ou 38. Esses numeros cromossomicos distribuem-se entre especies de diversas secoes de Lychnophora e tambem nos generos proximos, de forma que nao podem ser usados como caracteres distintivos nos niveis intergenericos e infragenericos. Entretanto, numeros cromossomicos sao muito importantes na diferenciacao de algumas especies de Lychnophora, cujos limites taxonomicos tem sido questionados. Por exemplo, no taxon sinonimizado como L. ericoides, diferentes numeros cromossomicos foram encontrados, sugerindo a validade das antigas especies: 2n=34 para L. ericoides e L. pinaster, 2n=36 para L. gardneri e 2n=38 para L. pseudovillosissima. Outros caracteres cariotipicos foram analisados em sete especies da subtribo, como tamanho e morfologia dos cromossomos, evidenciando uma relativa constância. Os cromossomos sao pequenos, medindo entre 1,10 e 2,58?m, e sao predominantemente metacentricos, embora alguns submetacentricos tambem tenham sido observados em algumas especies. Estudos envolvendo a hibridacao in situ, com a sonda de rDNA 45S, tem demonstrado grande diversidade nos resultados, com variacao de dois a dez sitios de hibridacao entre especies. Assim, a comparacao desses marcadores cromossomicos podera trazer novos subsidios para a taxonomia de Lychnophora e de generos de Lychnophorinae. Adicionalmente, a analise da microsporogenese revelou a existencia de algumas anormalidades meioticas em algumas especies Abstract
Semina-ciencias Agrarias, 2017
Calydorea crocoides is distributed predominantly in Southern Brazil, occurring in a restricted ar... more Calydorea crocoides is distributed predominantly in Southern Brazil, occurring in a restricted area at altitudes ranging from 800 to 1500 m. The species is in the red list of threatened species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), however conservation measures specifically are unknown. Although cytogenetic data provide useful information for species characterization in Iridaceae, scarce cytological data are available for this species. In the present work, populations of C. crocoides from Southern Brazil were characterized from the point of view of chromosome number and morphology, number and position of heterochromatic CMA/DAPI bands, as well as of pollen morphology and viability. Mitotic analyses were performed with plants from five populations . All accessions have basic chromosome number x = 7. Although polyploid species are known for the genus , only diploid individuals (2n = 2x = 14) were found for all populations. The karyotype is reasonably bimodal in...
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Papers by Eliana Regina FORNI-MARTINS