Edward Furgol

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Completing a D.Phil. in 17th century Scottish history at Oxford University was scarcely a secure route to a career. Fortunately, the Manpower Services Commission funded training opportunities for people in my situation and in 1982 I became the historian at the Pendle Heritage Centre, mainly dealing with the Tudor and Stuart period. In 1984 I left to work for Historic Environment Scotland researching manuscripts containing information on Duff House, creating a still-used resource on the house and a catalog to the Montcoffer Papers. Then I produced exhibits on Holyrood Park and Mary Queen of Scots. In 1987 I returned to the USA as the curator of the National Museum of the United States Navy, where I retired as managing director in 2017. Since then I have revised my A Regimental History of the Covenanting Armies, 1639-1651, and written chapters for ‘His Majesty’s Loyal Subjects’: The Scottish Royalist Armies of the British Civil Wars, 1639-1655, which I am co-authoring with Dr. Andrew Lind.

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Armando Marques-Guedes

UNL - New University of Lisbon

Giulia Sissa

Ucla

John Asimakopoulos

City University of New York

Graham B . Slater

Southern Illinois University Edwardsville

Osman Murat Deniz

Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University

Thomas Marois

McMaster University

Marcellius Ari Christy

STFT Widya Sasana Malang

Abhinav Anand

Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad

Massimo De Angelis

University of East London

Heinz Duthel

PCU

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Papers by Edward Furgol

Reviews of Book

International History Review, Mar 1, 2003

Geoffrey Blainey. A Short History of the World. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002. Pp. xi, 464. 827.50 (... more Geoffrey Blainey. A Short History of the World. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002. Pp. xi, 464. 827.50 (US). Reviewed by W. Warren WagarAlfred W. Crosby. Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology through History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 206. $26.00 (US). Reviewed by William H. McneillEdwin G. Pulleyblank. Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, Variorum, 2002. Pp. xii, 312. $105.95 (US). Reviewed by Nicola Di CosmoSanjay Subrahmanyam. Penumbral Visions: Making Polities in Early Modern South India. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. Pp. ix, 295. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Chandra R. De SilvaSusan B. Edgington and Sarah Lambert, eds. Gendering the Crusades. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Pp. xvi, 215. $18.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Peter EdburyThomas T. Allsen. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xiii, 245. 860.00 (US). Reviewed by Jonathan ShepardHaim Beinart. The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, trans. Jeffrey M. Green. Oxford and Portland: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2002. Pp. xv, 591. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by Felipe Fernández-ArmestoH. G. Koenigsberger. Monarchies, States Generals, and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xix, 381. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Christine KooiMary Elizabeth Ailes. Military Migration and State Formation: The British Military Community in Seventeenth-Century Sweden. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 192. $50.00 (US). Reviewed by Edward FurgolAlastair Hamilton. Arab Culture and Ottoman Magnificence in Antwerp&#x27;s Golden Age. London and Oxford: The Arcadian Library in association with Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. 134. £60.00. Reviewed by Deborah HowardHARRY G. GELBER. Nations out of Empires: European Nationalism and the Transformation of Asia. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. ix, 263. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Fred HallidayLeah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose, eds. Elizabeth I: Collected Works. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Pp. xxiv, 446. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by John CraigJeremy Black. European International Relations, 1648–1815. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. xiii, 274. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jennifer MoriMlada Bukovansky. Legitimacy and Power Politics: The American and French Revolutions in International Political Culture. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp. viii, 255. $39.50 (US). Reviewed by Norman HampsonPatricia Seed. American Pentimento: The Invention of Indians and the Pursuit of Riches. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 299. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Sarah H. HillPatrick Griffin. The People with No Name: Ireland&#x27;s Ulster Scots, America&#x27;s Scots Irish, and the Creation of a British Atlantic World, 1689–1764. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 244. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by K. David MilobarThomas Philipp. Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Pp. 299. $17.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by DINA Rizk KhouryDon H. Doyle. Nations Divided: America, Italy, and the Southern Question. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 2002. Pp. xvii, 130. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by Enrico Dal LagoCharles John Fedorak. Henry Addington, Prime Minister, 1801–1804: Peace, War, and Parliamentary Politics. Akron: University of Akron Press, 2002. Pp. xvii, 268. $44.95 (US). Reviewed by J. E. CooksonDáire Keogh and Kevin Whelan, eds. Acts of Union: The Causes, Contexts, and Consequences of the Act of Union. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 270. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Jim SmythKlaus Gallo. Great Britain and Argentina: From Invasion to Recognition, 1806-26. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. vi, 195. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Andrew S. ThompsonRory Muir. Salamanca 1812. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001. Pp. xiv, 322. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Richard Thorburn HerzogWilliam Barr, ed. and annotated. From Barrow to Boothia: The Arctic Journal of Chief Factor Peter Warren Dease, 1836–1839. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen&#x27;s University Press, 2002. Pp. xi, 330. $49.95 (CDN). Reviewed by William R. MorrisonTimothy Brook and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, eds. Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000. Pp. xiv, 444. $22.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by David ClaytonJohn Mason Hart. Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002. Pp.xi, 677. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Thomas SchoonoverJeremy Black. Warfare in the Western World, 1882–1975. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2002. Pp. xii,…

Review of "Essential Agony. The Battle of Dunbar 1650" by Edward M. Furgol

Arran Johnston. Essential Agony. The Battle of Dunbar 1650. Warwick, England. Helion and Company,... more

Grosjean, An Unofficial Alliance

The Scottish Historical Review, Oct 1, 2005

Tides in the Affairs of Men: The Social History of the Elizabethan Seamen, 1580-1603

Albion, 2003

Anglo-Spanish war, have been analyzed by generations of historians. Until recently, the focus has... more Anglo-Spanish war, have been analyzed by generations of historians. Until recently, the focus has been placed on events and participants "at the top". In the following pages, we w i l l revisit that period but we shall scrutinize it from a different perspective: this is an examination of the men of the seafaring comunity and their experiences during a particularly volatile period of maritime history. Without a doubt, the seafaring community had to contend with simultaneous pressures from many different directions: shipowners and merchants, motivated by profit, hired seamen to sail voyages of ever-increasing distance which taxed the health and capabilities of sixteenth-century crews and vessels. International tensions in the last two decadcs of Elizabeth's reign magnified the risks to al1 seamen, whether in civilian employment or on warships. The advent of open warfare with Spain in 1585 ushered in two major developments. Firstly, there was the privateering war against the Spanish empire, seen by seamen as one of the few economic benefits of the conflict. Seamen, however, were not the only ones who went to sea for pillage and plunder: unprecedented numbers of landsmen were also anxious to participate in the very popular privateering war. This influx tested the cohesion of the maritime community, largely unprotected by a guild or trade group. The otiier major development was the introduction of large-scale impressment, a Chapter I ...... Introduction Chapter II. .. .. . T raining and Manning the Maritime Community iii-v vi-viii Chapter III .. Authority, Discipline, and the Maritime 127-198

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Nicholas Tracy(ed.), The Age of Sail: The International Annual of the Historic Sailing Ship, Vol. I, 2002-2003

The International Journal of Maritime History, 2003

The religious aspects of the Scottish covenanting armies, 1639-1651

Dr Leonard Polonsky thesis digitisation, 1983

While historians of Britain in the 1640s have long been attracted by the English New Model Army ... more While historians of Britain in the 1640s have long been attracted by the English New Model Army and in recent years by the English royalist armies, the armies fielded by the Scottish Covenanters have suffered a strange neglect. It was not until the work on this thesis was well- advanced that the crude nature of previous efforts became apparent. In an attempt to provide a basic understanding of the Covenanting forces, this thesis synthesizes a mass of material relating to the religious aspects of the armies. Two crucial questions emerged: did the military reflect Scottish society or any part of it; were the Covenanters' forces godly armies seeking to evangelize the areas they occupied? These themes have been interpreted broadly to include the rules of war, the army chaplains, religious manifestations in military life, the moral behaviour of the soldiers, and the role of the armies in spreading the presbyterian faith. In addition to those topics, an examination of the soldiers' relations with civilians and the political activities of the military have been included. The first most clearly allows one to determine whether the Covenanting armies attained the status of godly armies. The political question arises out of the close relationship between religious and political activities in the period. With the exception of family legal papers the entire spectrum of Scottish seventeenth-century sources was inspected. The records of the 1.Estates and its committees, the General Assembly and its Commission, form the basic sources for a view of national developments. At the local level the burgh, presbytery, family and kirk session records proved invaluable. Unfortunately few diaries, memoirs or letters survived. English materials primarily state papers, pamphlets and news books were also helpful. The findings of this thesis suggest that the armies of the Covenanters failed to achieve the ideals set for them.

Tides in the Affairs of Men: The Social History of Elizabethan Seamen, 1580-1603

The Sixteenth century journal, Jul 1, 2003

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Scrope, Henry, ninth Baron Scrope of Bolton (1533/4–1592), soldier

Oxford University Press eBooks, Sep 23, 2004

<i>Military Leadership in the British Civil Wars, 1642-1651: ‘The Genius of this Age,’</i> by Stanley D.M. Carpenter

Canadian journal of history, Jun 1, 2006

David Loades. England's Maritime Empire: Seapower, Commerce and Policy 1490–1690. (Turning Points.) Essex: Pearson Education Limited. 2000. Pp. xi, 277. $15.99. ISBN 0-582-35628-8

Albion, 2002

A regimental history of the Covenanting armies, 1639-1651

Choice Reviews Online, Dec 1, 1990

American or European universities, some are specialists in the theology of the reformed tradition... more American or European universities, some are specialists in the theology of the reformed tradition; there is little evidence in this volume of any discordance of view among them on the matters under discussion. Calvin, they agree, is much better understood now than he was fifteen years ago. Gone, except in the popular mind, is the 'tyrant theocrat of Geneva', 'the stern predestinarian killjoy'. In his place we have the ' man mastered by God', a believer in the power of rhetoric, a teacher who seeks above all to persuade, as God himself persuades and teaches us in the Word. In place of the systematic builder of a new summa we have the expositor of an existential faith; his teaching is seen to 'radiate out like the spokes of a wheel from his own personal religious experience of the presence of the living God'. For Calvin, it is claimed, 'God is seen primarily in terms of energy, power, activity, moral purpose, intentionality'. Consequently, theology itself is practical, its purpose being to glorify God and to transform the world; truth is measured by its ' power to change those whom it grasps' and the point of rhetoric is that it can make the hearer understand. In Calvin's own words (and it is surprising that so few of these are directly quoted by the contributors): 'knowledge is not speculation which flits in the brain but that which will be sound and fruitful if it takes refuge in the heart'. Several of the contributors are concerned to show how early and how important was Calvin's debt to Zwingli, to Bullinger and to Bucer; others emphasise the central, but ultimately subordinate, role of natural theology in the picture: the insights of reason in the contemplation of creation can help even the non-Christian philosopher to glorify God. But it is only the Christian who is in a position to understand the ultimate meaning of natural phenomena, because it is in the Bible that God reveals himself to us. We must not become so besotted with our powers of reasoning and observing that we forget that all of nature is witness to God's sovereignty, and that the active power in the universe is that of the Holy Spirit. All the contributors to this volume approach Calvin as a religious thinker, not primarily as an historical phenomenon or as a psychological enigma. These were pre-Bouwsma days: it would be interesting to learn whether or not these writers have found disturbing his interpretation of Calvin, or whether, as seems more likely, they will have found it assimilable within their own picture, and in some respects new and illuminating in its attempt to understand the person, and to set him in the complex and contradictory culture in which he belonged.

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A review of "Marshal Schomberg , “The Ablest Soldier of His Age.”" by Matthew Glozier

The journeys of Mary Queen of Scots through her kingdom are analysed for information on methods of transport, types of building stayed in, her reasons for travel and her impact on her hosts

The journeys of Mary Queen of Scots through her kingdom are analysed for information on methods o... more The journeys of Mary Queen of Scots through her kingdom are analysed for information on methods of transport, types of building stayed in, her reasons for travel and her impact on her hosts. From the reign of Mary Queen of Scots writers have been interested in that unfortunate queen's movements through her kingdom. Attempts to produce an accurate itinerary of the queen may be said to commence with the contemporary English ambassadorial despatches (CSP Scot, I & II, passim). The royal household accounts (E/33/6-9) also recorded information on the routes of Mary's travels, but they were not utilized for that purpose for two and a half centuries. Then in the second decade of the 19th century George Chalmers (1822,1, passim) drew on them for his biography of the queen. Unfortunately, D Hay Fleming (1897,515-43), who produced the only full itinerary for Mary, was unaware of them. His oversight has been rectified for the travels in Aberdeenshire, 1562

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A Review of "'The Furie of the Ordnance' Artillery in the English Civil Wars" by Stephen Bull

The religious aspects of the Scottish covenanting armies, 1639-1651

Military Leadership in the British Civil Wars, 1642-1651: ‘The Genius of this Age,’ by Stanley D.M. Carpenter

Canadian Journal of History, 2006

Book Review: Sovereigns of the Sea: The Quest to Build the Perfect Renaissance Battleship

International Journal of Maritime History, 2009

Baltic was the primary focus of Denmark's naval interests), and include a more comprehensive ... more Baltic was the primary focus of Denmark's naval interests), and include a more comprehensive and thoughtful conclusion, for the book ends somewhat abruptly, without much fanfare and without a satisfying summary ofBellamy's central observations. Still, one cannot lose sight of the fact that Christian IV and his Navy is a boon to naval history. Thanks to Martin Bellamy's assiduous efforts, we know much more about Denmark's early-modem navy and its influence on Danish politics at the time. This is indeed a positive achievement. Naval historians can use Bellamy's research to greatly enhance our understanding of early-modem European naval development.

Book Review: The Admiral's Secret Weapon: Lord Dundonald and the Origins of Chemical Warfare

International Journal of Maritime History, 2007

Book Review: The Glorious First of June: Fleet Battle in the Reign of Terror

International Journal of Maritime History, 2012

military strategy is properly considered. But their political objectives are not discussed. What ... more military strategy is properly considered. But their political objectives are not discussed. What did Americans hope to achieve in this period? Might the British government have reached a settlement with them? Perhaps, reading between the lines, we can conclude that congressional leaders hoped that a show offorce, and effective resistance, would persuade the king to change his ministry. Lord North was committed to coercion, but his principal parliamentary opponents, the Rockinghamites, were more inclined to conciliation. Edmund Burke, one ofRockingham' s spokesmen in the House ofCommons, had outlined the opposition's position in March 1775. In essence, they offered the Americans a return to the situation of 1763, before Parliament sought to tax the colonies. Is it fanciful to imagine that the rebellion's leaders hoped that, by fighting in 1775, they might topple North's ministry and pave the way for a new British government prepared to offer them what they wanted?

Book Review: The Age of Sail: The International Annual of the Historic Sailing Ship, Vol. I, 2002-2003

International Journal of Maritime History, 2003

werebuilt forspeeda distantechoofthe daysofthe teaclippers. Thoughverypopularand much in demanddu... more werebuilt forspeeda distantechoofthe daysofthe teaclippers. Thoughverypopularand much in demandduring the first half of the twentieth century, passengerliners became an endangered speciesafterWorldWarIIasairlinecompanies beganprovidingfasterservices. Woodman sumsit all up in onesentence: "Risingfuelcosts, labourtroublesand tug strikes on both sidesof the Atlantic besetall thesegreatshipsin theirtwilightyears. Economically suspect,the passenger linerhad become redundant, replacedby the airliner." [263] So far, so good. The author is at his best while writing about the technical specifications or about the riggingof ships.Yeteven in this finework,someaberrations of themind,or historical anomalies, are to be found. Someone as meticulous abouthis subject matteras Woodman could easilyhave checkedthe propernamesof Dutch ship types and persons(Barentsoen is theDutchcartographer andexplorerWillemBarentszoon [61)).The DutchEastIndiaCompanywasestablished in 1602,not 1604[100],whilethecaptureof the SpanishSilverFleet in the Bayof Matanzas (Cuba)tookplacein 1628,not 1638.[103]On page 102,Woodman states that "[s]peedwasoflittle interestto the East Indiamen of both Britishand DutchCompanies," yetsincethesecompanies tradedextensively in perishable consumer goods suchas spicesand tea and muchdesiredexpensive textiles, they all tried to reachthe European marketsfirst,makingspeedas important duringthe seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as it wasduringtheclipperera,or in our owndays.A littlefurther, the authorwritesabout"mercantilist practices pioneered and established by the Dutch." [104; my italics] This is nonsense: I cannot think of instances, and the author does not provide them. Also, Woodman describes the systemof coercion by pressgangs used to man naval ships.[121]Hesuggests thiswascommon practicein manycountries, whereasIbelievethis to havebeena uniquelyBritishpractice. Be this as it may,Woodman'sbeautifully writtenand illustrated book on a vast, all-encompassing andextremelycomplex topicdeservesattentionandacclaim. Ifyoucannot affordthespaceor the moneyto havethetwelve-volume serieson the "Historyof the Ship" on yourshelves, thenseethisbookasa substitute. Ifyoualreadydo havethe Conwayseries lined up in your bookcase, then see Woodman'sfine workas complementary.

Reviews of Book

International History Review, Mar 1, 2003