Papers by Environmental Science Archives
Environmental Science Archives, 2025
Desiccation tolerance (DT) withstands extreme dehydration (90-95% water loss). Post-gemination DT... more Desiccation tolerance (DT) withstands extreme dehydration (90-95% water loss). Post-gemination DT is one of three types of DT known to be present in angiosperms. Wheat possesses postgermination DT. Present study found post-germination DT superior in drought tolerant cultivar than drought susceptible cultivar. Further investigation demonstrated that grades of phenolics, lignin, anthocyanins, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), proline, sugars and starch and activities of guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, and amylases were linked to the post-germination-DT of drought tolerant compared to drought susceptible cultivar. Results concluded that post-germination DT can be the marker of drought tolerance in wheat. Antioxidants, proline, sugars, and GABA may be the chief players involved in post-germination DT in wheat.
Environmental Science Archives, 2025
The study reports our evaluation of high resolution, hyperspectral leaf reflectance and pigment m... more The study reports our evaluation of high resolution, hyperspectral leaf reflectance and pigment measurement as a potential tool to aid in identifying and delineating the effect of crop residue management and macronutrients on chlorophyll content and crop health of wheat crop (T. aestivum). The split-plot design was employed for the experiment with rice straw management practice as the main plots, while 4 sub treatments include an increase in N % from 23 % to 50 % compared to the control. Hyperspectral reflectance data (350-1000 nm) at 5 nm resolution were collected after 2nd irrigation and N % dose application at about 85 days of crop maturity using a SPECIM camera under natural light conditions from ~1200-1500 hrs. The reflectance was measured at ~60 cm from the plant tip and the variance and multivariate mean separation among the various treatments. There was a significant increase (~1.5 fold) in reflectance for the T4 treatment compared to the control (T1), and a corresponding increase in chlorophyll content was observed with the T4 treatment compared to the control. The increase in chlorophyll was also correlated with the content of mineral N soil (mg/kg). With the addition of additional N % along with residuemanaged plots, there is a linear increase in chlorophyll content, which is also compared with SPAD and green seeker (NDVI) data taken simultaneously at the time of HSI imaging. This is the first observation where the HSI technique is successfully employed to study the impact of crop residue management on crop health.
Environmental Science Archives, 2025
The fishing business has been greatly impacted by artificial intelligence (AI), which has increas... more The fishing business has been greatly impacted by artificial intelligence (AI), which has increased production, sustainability, and efficiency. AI enables ships to collect and analyse enormous volumes of data on things like water temperature, salinity, fish behaviour, and ocean currents by combining sensors, cameras, and machine learning algorithms. Increased catch rates and lower operating expenses result from fishermen using this data-driven method to make well-informed decisions about the best times and places to fish. Additionally, AI has proven crucial in the development of smart fishing gear, lowering bycatch, and lessening the negative environmental effects of fishing. AI-based methods also help with stock availability, population dynamics, fish migration patterns, and resource management optimisation. This makes it possible for fishermen to modify their tactics, set sustainable quotas, and refrain from overfishing, all of which help to preserve fish stocks over the long run and guarantee the sustainability of the fishing sector for coming generations. AI technology has the potential to completely transform the fishing sector as it develops further.
Environmental Science Archives, 2025
The assessment of Air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index of most occurri... more The assessment of Air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index of most occurring plants along National Highway-07 (Nahan-Paonta Sahib), Himachal Pradesh. The investigation has been done along NH-07 from December 2023 to January 2024. There were four 10-km segments of the 40-km NH-07 route between Nahan and Paonta Sahib were separated for analysis. The vehicle activity's effect on vegetation was evaluated by measuring plants at D1 (0-5 m), D2 (5-10 m), and D3 (>10 m) distances from the NH-07 on both sides. Based on the estimated APTI and the socioeconomic traits of most occurring plant species found along the roadside at various locations, the expected performance index (API) was evaluated. The findings revealed that, all the four dominant species scored less APTI score (< 11) and categorised as sensitive plant species. There is no discernible variance in APTI across all sites, according to the two-way ANOVA. The APTI and socioeconomic factors are used in the novel ecological process known as the Anticipated Performance Index (API) to choose plant species that will reduce air pollution. The findings, as reported by API, indicated that among the four most dominant plant species, Shorea robusta (API = 4) considered as "good" performance, Eucalyptus globulus (API = 3) is a moderate performer whereas Ficus roxburghii and Mallotus phillippenis (API = 2) are poor performers. Therefore, it is recommended that a green belt be created for the top performer i.e. Shorea robusta in a particular study area.
Environmental Science Archives, 2025
Coccolithophores, a special group of calcifying phytoplankton in the Indian Ocean, their distribu... more Coccolithophores, a special group of calcifying phytoplankton in the Indian Ocean, their distribution and productivity are strongly mediated by monsoonal dynamics, and they are a key player in the oceanic biogeochemical cycles. Our study explores the multifaceted dynamics between monsoondriven environmental variability and coccolithophores, examining the influences of upwelling, nutrient accessibility and stratification. Normally, the Southwest (SW) monsoon is characterized by strong winds and substantial upwelling of nutrients and promotes coccolithophore blooms. In contrast, the population density is often lower with reduced upwelling of the northeast (NE) monsoon. This driving force is also noted in the analysis as different responses across regions of the Indian Ocean highlight the local environmental conditions. In addition, it highlights the importance of detailed long-term monitoring and innovative methods, including remote sensing and in situ measurements. As the monsoon pattern continues to change as a result of climate change, the research on coccolithophores in the Indian Ocean is becoming increasingly important in projecting future changes in marine ecosystems and environmental carbon. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the present state of knowledge, highlights major research gaps and proposes directions for future research to gain an understanding of the resilience and adaptability of coccolithophores in a changing environment.
Environmental Science Archives, 2025
Plastic pollution can have negative effects on human health as well as serious effects on marine ... more Plastic pollution can have negative effects on human health as well as serious effects on marine ecosystems. The widespread production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) single-use plastics poses a significant threat to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in terms of plastic waste. PET is a strong, clear and light plastic that is typically used for food and beverage packaging, as well as for other single-use applications. As a result, removing plastic from the environment is not only difficult but also ineffective financially. Numerous strains of bacteria are capable of biodegrading a variety of plastics. Utilizing beneficial microorganisms that are capable of breaking down plastic could be an effective and long-term solution to all of the problems. Ideonella sakaeinsis 201-F6 is the most well-known heterotrophic bacteria that can use PET as its primary source of energy and carbon to degrade plastic in the environment. It has a place with the sort of Ideonella and the family Comamonadaceae. With the assistance of specific enzymes like PETase and MHETase, it can ultimately degrade plastic, potentially reducing the problem of plastic waste. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is first transformed by the PETase into mono-(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET), after which MHET is hydrolyzed to produce ethylene glycol (EG) and terephthalic acid (TPA). I. sakaiensis offers a novel strategy for recycling PET because it can mediate the direct transformation of non-biodegradable PET into plastic that is better for the environment.
Photocatalytic studies emphasize upon the chemical reactions that occur when light and a photocat... more Photocatalytic studies emphasize upon the chemical reactions that occur when light and a photocatalyst are present in a chemical reaction. A semiconductor known as a photocatalyst increases the rate of reaction just by being there. Numerous uses for photocatalysis exist, including water purification, self-cleaning, antimicrobial, de-odorizing, air purifying and antifogging. Since photocatalysis is a green chemical route, it is essential in the present times and is the need of the hour. Various industries are using different types of dyes in their routine processes including textile and leather industries. These industries put out a huge amount of dyes in their wastewaters which can be harmful to the human health. This short review emphasizes the application of different photocatalytic systems to degrade the dyes including Orange G, Methyl Orange and Methylene Blue which may be present in the industrial watsewaters.
Environmental Science Archives, 2025
Electronic waste (e-waste) has become a major environmental issue due to its hazardous contents, ... more Electronic waste (e-waste) has become a major environmental issue due to its hazardous contents, such as toxic substances like Mercury, Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs), and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), which pose significant risks to human health and ecosystems. The rapid pace of technological advancement and the increasing consumption of electronic devices have caused a substantial surge in e-waste generation. In 2019, global e-waste production reached 53.6 million metric tons, with projections suggesting it will double by 2050. High-income countries have made strides in developing policies and infrastructure for e-waste recycling; however, a significant portion of this waste is exported to low-income countries, where improper processing methods lead to serious environmental and health hazards. Although recycling e-waste has substantial economic value, with raw material recovery potentially worth $57 billion, only 17.4% of global e-waste was properly recycled in 2019, emphasizing the urgent need for improved management strategies and international cooperation to address this growing issue.
Environmental Science Archives, 2024
Air change is a major discuss of today`s earth. The worry of weather changes along with the chang... more Air change is a major discuss of today`s earth. The worry of weather changes along with the changeability of oil in the future. The burning of fossil power source, mostly coal is much accountable for global warming. The atmospheric response of sulfur dioxide is considerable acid rain predecessor and are accountable for acidification of various forms of climatic water. The purpose of present work was to study the influence of the succinic acid inhibited CoO catalyzed autoxidation of S(IV) in alkaline medium has been studied and on the basis of observed results following rate has been proposed. Rate constants and the order of reaction were calculated and the reaction was found to be pseudo-first order in all cases. The effect of pH and temperature are also discussed. The value of apparent activation (Ea) energy was calculated by using Arrhenius equation. On the basis of calculated inhibition parameters, the reaction follows a free radical mechanism.
Environmental Science Archives, 2024
Barium (Ba), a naturally occurring alkaline earth metal, has gained attention due to its environm... more Barium (Ba), a naturally occurring alkaline earth metal, has gained attention due to its environmental prevalence and potential toxicity. This review examines the sources of Ba in the environment, its distribution across ecosystems, and its toxicological impacts on plants and human health. Ba is widely distributed through natural processes such as the weathering of Ba-rich minerals like barite and witherite, volcanic eruptions, and biological uptake by certain plants and anthropogenic activities, including industrial discharges, oil and gas drilling, and improper waste disposal. Consequently, Ba accumulates in soils and water ecosystems, with concentrations influenced by geological and industrial factors. While Ba in its natural form generally exhibits low toxicity, it shows a dose-dependent impact on the physiology and growth of plants. Aquatic organisms are particularly vulnerable, as Ba disrupts physiological processes, threatening aquatic ecosystems. Regulatory agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO), have established guidelines for acceptable Ba levels in drinking water and soil to safeguard human health and the environment. This review emphasizes the critical need to understand Ba's sources, distribution patterns, and toxicological impacts to protect living organisms and environmental health.
Environmental Science Archives, 2024
Himachal Pradesh, a mountainous state in northern India, is known for its rich biodiversity, pris... more Himachal Pradesh, a mountainous state in northern India, is known for its rich biodiversity, pristine ecosystems, and picturesque landscapes. However, over recent decades, anthropogenic activities such as industrialization, deforestation, urbanization, and tourism have exerted immense pressure on its environment and local communities. This paper provides a comprehensive review of these human-induced impacts, highlighting the interconnection between environmental degradation, socio-economic transformations and the well-being of local populations. This study also explores the consequences of developmental activities and evaluates potential strategies to promote sustainable development in the region.
Environmental Science Archives, 2024
Apitherapy is an alternative medicine that treats a variety of human ailments by using honeybee p... more Apitherapy is an alternative medicine that treats a variety of human ailments by using honeybee products, most notably bee venom. Bee stings or hand injections are two ways venom might enter a human's body. Peptides and enzymes, among other active chemicals, found in bee venom have the potential to be very beneficial in treating inflammation and disorders of the central nervous system, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, studies using bee venom have demonstrated encouraging results against many cancer forms and antiviral activities, including against the difficult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This article aims to provide an overview of the principal components of bee venom, including its key biological features, modes of action, and therapeutic benefits when used in conjunction with alternative medicine approaches. Many research publications have suggested that bee venom, either directly from a bee sting or as an injectable, can be used to treat various difficulties either in vivo or in vitro. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the usage of bee venom, either whole or in fractions, as an alternative therapeutic strategy for a variety of illnesses and medication toxicities.
Environmental Science Archives, 2024
Gram -ve bacteria is highly virulent as compared to gram +ve microbes due to presence of outer me... more Gram -ve bacteria is highly virulent as compared to gram +ve microbes due to presence of outer membrane, lipoproteins and also due to the endotoxins they produce. Hence, their isolation and detailed studies on antimicrobial agents that can kill them is a challenging task. Earlier studies on Proteus spp. (P.mirabilis) has showed positive effect on growth of the plants like Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, commonly referred as Tomato plant and proven to be effective on plant development. In recent studies, we have isolated Gram -ve bacillus (Proteus spp.) from the root samples of Kalanchoe pinnata, Euphorbia tithymaloides and K. pneumoniae from Murray koenigii by plating serially diluted root extract samples on MacConkey agar and MacConkey Agar w/o CV, NaCl w/ 0.5% sodium taurocholate medium. The bacterial strains isolated were identified to be Gram -ve bacilli characterised using biochemical tests and Gram staining technique. The bacilli isolated from the rootlets of Kalanchoe pinnata and Euphorbia tithymaloides were found to be motile and identified as P.mirabilis and in case of Murray koenigii, the isolated bacilli were found to be non-motile and identified as Gram -ve K. pneumoniae.
Environmental Science Archives, 2024
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was synthesized and employed as a promising catalyst under sunlight i... more Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was synthesized and employed as a promising catalyst under sunlight illumination for the photocatalytic degradation of Titan yellow (TY) dye. The structural and physiochemical features of the hydrothermally synthesized MoS2 nanoparticles were examined by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. XRD affirmed the formation of 2H-MoS2, which is the most stable phase of the MoS2. Additionally, morphological insights into the MoS2 nanospheres were obtained through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The photodegradation process and energy band gap value were analyzed using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. Due to visible light responsive band gap of synthesized MoS2, it showed excellent degradation efficiency of 96 % under natural sunlight in a small-time duration (12 minutes). All the characteristics features of this study anticipated that MoS2 can be used as potential photocatalyst for cleaning our river, water treatment and environmental remediation.
Environmental Science Archives, 2024
The presence of small green spaces in the urban areas in the form of parks and gardens provides s... more The presence of small green spaces in the urban areas in the form of parks and gardens provides shelter to different species of resident and migratory birds. There is a need for long term documentation of avifaunal diversity which exists in such urban natural environment. This study has been conducted in urban parks of Delhi viz, (i) Hudco Park, (ii) Lodhi Garden, (iii) Siri Fort Park, and (iv) Sanjay Lake Park. All four sites are located in the heart of the South and East Delhi. Bird species were recorded using random surveys in the parks, open areas, across the habitations and along the avenue trees during the period 2017-2022. A total of 62 species and sub-species of birds have been recorded from all four sites, belonging to 13 orders, 35 families and 51 genera. Of these, 50 (81%) are residents and 12 (19%) are migrants. The number of sightings for 13 birds was very common, 18 birds were common, 19 birds were occasional and 12 birds were rare.
Environmental Science Archives, 2024
Present study was undertaken to investigate the vermicomposting of different organic waste (Decid... more Present study was undertaken to investigate the vermicomposting of different organic waste (Deciduous tree leaves, biogas slurry, paddy straw and cow dung) employing, Eisenia fetida. The experiment was comprised of six treatments replicated thrice in a randomized block design. The following treatments were kept T1: 50% Deciduous tree leaves + 50% Cow dung, T2: 50% Deciduous tree leaves + 25% Cow dung + 25% Biogas slurry, T3: 50% Paddy straw + 50% Cow dung, T4: 50% Paddy straw + 50% Biogas slurry, T5: 100% Cow dung and T6: Farm yard manure (control). It has been observed that vermicompost prepared from deciduous tree, took 8 months to reach the maturity and the results showed that NPK and micronutrient content was higher in the deciduous tree leaves vermicompost followed by paddy straw vermicompost and cow dung vermicompost. The lowest particle and bulk density was observed in deciduous tree leaves vermicompost and porosity was increased. The highest total organic carbon was observed in deciduous tree leaves vermicompost. The Results further demonstrate that the nutrient content increased from pre- composting stage to maturity stage. The heavy metal content was decreased from pre composting stage to maturity stage. The maximum bacterial count was observed in paddy straw vermicompost and the maximum fungal count was observed in deciduous tree leaves vermicompost. The maximum dehydrogenase activity was observed in the cow dung vermicompost.
Environmental Science Archives, 2024
Coal is a heterogeneous rock with complex characteristics. Composition varies even in centimeters... more Coal is a heterogeneous rock with complex characteristics. Composition varies even in centimeters. Origin influences the composition of coal deposits, both organic and inorganic materials. The concentration of vitrinite or inertinite is determined by the nature and origin of the coal during the formation. Fluctuation and rates of down-warping or up-warping influence the accumulation of inorganic materials. The rank of the coal is determined by the thermal treatment undergone by the coal deposits over the period. Internal Moisture content depends upon the rank of the coal. Surface moisture content is based on the size of mined and crushed coal. Beneficiation of coal is a process of reducing the inorganic materials.
Environmental Science Archives, 2024
Microplastics have become a pervasive environmental pollutant, posing significant risks to ecosys... more Microplastics have become a pervasive environmental pollutant, posing significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Conventional methods for mitigating microplastic pollution, such as mechanical filtration and chemical treatments, often have limitations in terms of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. Bioremediation, leveraging natural microbial and enzymatic processes, presents a promising alternative to address this complex environmental challenge. As a biological engineered process utilizing microorganisms and enzymes, bioremediation presents a promising approach to mitigate microplastic contamination. This review explores the current understanding of bioremediation techniques for microplastics, including microbial degradation, enzymatic breakdown, and biofilm-mediated processes. Besides potential applications, challenges, and future directions of bioremediation in addressing microplastic pollution, emphasize the need for sustainable and effective strategies.
Environmental Science Archives, 2024
The aim of this study was to investigate phytochemicals, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hemo... more The aim of this study was to investigate phytochemicals, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hemolysis assay of Ephedra alata Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were prepared by using standard protocols. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed that the aqueous extract show richness in flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, reducing compound, tannins, phenols and alkaloids. Total phenol and flavonoid content show highest concentration in aqueous extract of E. alata (68.009mg GA Eq/gm, 4mg QEq/gm). In vitro, the DPPH and FRAP antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, Hemolysis assay studies show that aqueous extract of Ephedra alata showed higher antioxidant activity property and important anti-inflammatory. The results conclude that Ephedra alata contains anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds which protects cells against degenerative effects of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). This study showed that the Ephedra alata is valuable source of natural agents beneficial for human health.
Environmental Science Archives, 2024
Since about 40 years ago vegan diet and veganism has had increasing interest and adoption by peop... more Since about 40 years ago vegan diet and veganism has had increasing interest and adoption by people from all parts of the world. This paper is one of the few efforts to show the negative aspects of veganism in a scientific way without being emotional about it. The author explains the long-term negative impact on environment and climate, also alluding to the possible deterioration of health. Too much emphasis has been paid on veganism and its positive environmental impact. However, there are some potential negative aspects to consider. The Jains of India and the Buddhists of China had come to terms with milk and milk products. In India the Jains and Hindus worship the cow. In China, they searched the forests to find "mushrooms" with a taste equal to the meat that people wanted. There is an increasing tendency all over the world to adopt the vegan diet. The emphasis is on 'no milk' consumption and no consumption of milk derived products and of course, no beef consumption. The human species is a meat-eating species, and this trend will divert attention to eating other kinds of meat. This paper is written by a firm believer of vegetarianism, but not veganism.
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Papers by Environmental Science Archives