Papers by American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery (AJADD)
Introduction: Mango bacterial canker disease (MBCD) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangifer... more Introduction: Mango bacterial canker disease (MBCD) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae (Xcmi) is one of the important diseases of mango affecting a number of commercial cultivars. The pathogen affects different plant parts like leaf, stem and fruit. Favorable environmental conditions cause severe loss to the crop.
Objective: Leaf extract of 37 plants were tested against Xcmi; out of them, leaf extract of Jasminum officinale L. gave promising results. Hence, fresh leaf extracts of J. officinale were screened for its antibacterial activity against 25 strains of Xcmi collected from different parts of Maharashtra.
Material & Method: The in vitro studies have been performed by using cup-plate method to examine the activity. Cup cavity filled with sterile distilled water was used as control in all the experiments. All experiments were repeated for four times (Experiment A, B, C & D).
Result: The maximum activity was recorded against Xcmi.21 (Mean activity zone – 21.94 mm) followed by Xcmi.10 (Mean activity zone – 21.67 mm) and comparatively minimum activity was recorded against Xcmi.14 (Mean activity zone – 20.27 mm).
Conclusion: The ultimate aim of the research work was to develop economically and technically viable field formulations for the farmers, which will be Bio-ecologically compatible for management of plant bacterial diseases.
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic intravenous ke... more Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic intravenous ketamine in the prevention of shivering during spinal anesthesia for elective lower limb surgery and comparing it with intravenous tamodol.
Method: After ethical committee approval and informed consent, 90 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) grades I and II of either sex, aged 18-60 years scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery of lower limbs under spinal anesthesia were randomized into three equal groups (envelope randomization). Just after intrathecal bupivacaine injection, all patients received prophylactically intravenous drug as either normal saline (Group S, n=30) or ketamine 0.5mg/kg (Group K, n =30) or tramodol 0.5mg/kg (Group T, no=30) for shivering. The incidence and the degree of shivering, the effectiveness and the side-effects of ketamine and tramodol in preventing shivering during intraoperative period were recorded.
Results: The groups were comparable regarding demographic characteristics. The hemodynamic parameters and the temperatures were also similar in the three groups and active warming was not required during intraoperative period. The intraoperative shivering was significantly less in Group K than in the Group S (p <0.05). In Group S, eighteen (18) patients reached grade 2 shivering and were subsequently treated with tramodol. In Group K, three (3) patients reached grade 2 shivering. In Group T, two (2) patients reached grade 2 shivering. At 30 min after anesthesia, there were no differences between the groups regarding the grade of shivering (p>0.05). None of the patients required a second dose of tramodol for grade 2 shivering within 30min period.
Conclusion: Prophylactic ketamine had a similar efficacy as compared to that of tramodol in preventing shivering during spinal anesthesia in elective lower limb surgery.
The intention of this research was to develop buccal drug delivery system of Losartan Potassium t... more The intention of this research was to develop buccal drug delivery system of Losartan Potassium to enhance the oral bioavailability and prolong the drug release. Carbopol 940P with HPMC (K4M, K15M, K100M), Guar gum, Sodium cmc, Sodium alginate were used as polymers. Tablets were fabricated by direct compression technique and were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, Hardness, Friability, Surface pH, in vitro retention time, mucoadhesive strength, in-vitro drug release & ex-vivo permeation studies. The results of post compressional parameters were within acceptable limits. Amidst all the formulations F9 was tracked down to be the most compatible. The tablets evaluated for various parameters and results are appeased. In-vitro drug release in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) was found to be 60.25% at the end of 8th hour. The release of Losartan Potassium from the tablet followed Zero order, Higuchi’s model and mechanism diffusion rate limited. Fourier transform infrared results proclaimed that there are no interactions amid Losartan potassium and the polymers used.
Kidney stone is similar to a small rock that forms in the kidney.
Stones are formed when certain ... more Kidney stone is similar to a small rock that forms in the kidney.
Stones are formed when certain chemicals in the body clump
together. A stone may stay in the kidney or travel through the urinary system. Small stones may pass through the urinary system without
causing greatly pain. Bigger stones can block the flow of urine if they get trapped in the ureters or urethra. Kidney stones usually didn’t cause any symptoms until they start to pass. The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti nephrolithiasis activity of aqueous extract of Capparis decidua.
Aqueous extract of Solanum xanthocarpum was administered via intraperitoneal route to albino wistar rat in two test doses 400mg/kg and 800 mg/kg. Experiment was performed for preventive and curative regimen. In preventive regimen aqueous extract of Capparis decidua (AECD) 800 mg/kg (57.35% relief) show greater creatinine
clearance then standard drug cystone (34.54% relief) and in curative regimen cystone (125.33% relief) has greater effect then aqueous extract of Capparis decidua (AECD) 800 mg/kg (42.48% relief). Test drug show dose dependent therapeutic efficacy. Therapeutic effect of test drug increase with increasing dose.
A new rapid, precise and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC... more A new rapid, precise and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the estimation of Atenolol and Lercanidipine simultaneously in combined dosage form. The two components Atenolol and Lercanidipine were well resolved on an isocratic method, C18 column, utilizing a mobile phase composition of acetonitrile: methanol: a buffer of 0.02M Potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (50:10:40), v/v, pH 5.0) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection at 226 nm. The retention time of Atenolol and Lercanidipine were 2.0 min and 3.5 min respectively. The developed method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and robustness as per ICH guidelines. Linearity for Atenolol and Lercanidipine were found in the range of 208-624 µg/ml and 40-120 µg/ml, respectively. The percentage recoveries for Atenolol and Lercanidipine ranged from 98-101 % and 97-101 %, respectively. The proposed method could be used for routine analysis of Atenolol and Lercanidipine in their combined dosage forms.
The synthesis of nanoparticles from the microbes isa boon for
advance research in nanotechnology... more The synthesis of nanoparticles from the microbes isa boon for
advance research in nanotechnology. In this study, silver
nanoparticles were synthesized using the fungus Aspergillus
fumigatuswith an aqueous solution of AgNO3. Synthesized silver
nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were characterized through UV-visible
spectrophotometer and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR). Maximum absorbance was observed at 420 nm in visible
region. The nature of coordination between bioactive compounds
secreted by fungi and silver ions were analyzed through FTIR
spectroscopy. The reduction of silver ions was due to amino groups
of proteins and other functional groups in the cellfree filtrate of
fungi. The reduction of silver ions leads to the formation of stable
protein capped silver nanoparticles. The Ag-NPs andAg-NPs +
Chloramphenicol (Ab) possess potential antimicrobial activity
against to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus cereus,
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sp.
Cleome gynandra has been used widely in Indian indigenous system.
In the present study the hepat... more Cleome gynandra has been used widely in Indian indigenous system.
In the present study the hepatoprotective effect of methonolic extract
of C. gynandra (MECG) was investigated against carbon
tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatocellular injury in wistar rats. The
various parameters like serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
(SGOT), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (TB) were studied in the
present study. The hepatoprotective activity was also supported by
histopathological studies of liver tissue. Administration with MECG
(200 and 400 mg/kg, P.O.) for 14 days significantly reduced the
impact of CCl4 toxicity on the serum markers of liver damage, serum
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic
transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. The
histopathological studies in the liver of rats also supported that
cleome gynandra extract markedly reduced the toxicity of CCl4 and
preserved the histoarchitecture of the liver tissue to near normal.
Thus, the results suggest that cleome gynandra extract acts as a
potent hepatoprotective agent against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in
rats.
The objective of the present study is to develop a pharmaceutically
stable, cost effective an... more The objective of the present study is to develop a pharmaceutically
stable, cost effective and quality improved robust formulation of
Valsartan Immediate Release tablets. The aim of work is related to
the formulation and evaluation of 10mg of dispersible tablet.
Valsartan belongs to a class of antihypertensive agents called
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Total nine formulations
were prepared by direct compression method in which the
concentration of the superdisintegrants is varied to evaluate the effect
on the disintegration time of valsartan mouth dissolving tablets. The
superdisintegrants, involved in preparation are Sodium starch
glycolate, Avicel PH 102, Low HPC. The prepared batches of tablets
were evaluated for micromeritic parameters, weight variation,
hardness, friability, wetting time, In vitro dispersion time, drug
content and In vitro dissolution studies. In Formulations F1, F2, F3,
releases 89.83%, 91.10%, 96.20%, respectively, Formulation F4, F5,
and F6, which release 85.11%, 88.71% and 90.44% respectively and.
Formulation F7, F8, F9, releases 78.26%, 82.26%, 85.31%,
respectively, at end of 15 minutes. Amongst all the developed
formulations, valsartan mouth dissolving tablets formulated by using
sodium starch glycolate as superdisintegrants, having hardness (3.7
Kg/cm
2
), Friability (0.1356 %), Drug Content (9.9250.067 mg). and
it is fulfilling all the parameters. It has shown good In vitro
disintegration time (8.00 1.023 sec), In vitro dispersion time (14.33
1.24 sec), compared to other superdisintegrants. The optimized
formulation (F3) containing Sodium starch glycolate, as
superdisintegrant is producing best results compared to other
formulations.
Objective: The main objective of the present study was to assess the anticonvulsant activity of... more Objective: The main objective of the present study was to assess the anticonvulsant activity of ethonolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (ENA) in albino mice. Method: The anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (200 and 400 mg/kg,
P.O) was assessed in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES) induced convulsions in albino mice. Onset of convulsion, duration of convulsion, tonic extension phase, and mortality were noted in the present study. The antioxidant property
was evaluated by measuring the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and
reduced glutathione (GSH). Results: In the pentylenetetrazole induced convulsion, ethonolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (400 mg/kg, P.O) significantly delayed the onset of convulsion,
reduced the duration of convulsion (p<0.05) and reduced mortality.
The ethonolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis at (400 mg/kg, P.O)
reduced hind limb tonic extension phase in maximal electroshock induced convulsion in albino mice (p<0.05). The pre-treated ethonolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis showed significant antioxidant property by inhibition of lipid peroxidation and increases the reduced glutathione level in mice brain tissue (p<0.001).
Convulsions: In conclusion the results indicated that Nyctanthes arbor-tristis possesses a significant dose dependent anticonvulsant activity.
Objective: The investigation of the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of ess... more Objective: The investigation of the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from Teucrium polium and the chromosome number identification.
Material and Methods: This study was carried in the Department of
Biology and Ecology (University Ferhat Abbas) and ENSCCF
(France) between September 2013 and October 2014. Aerial parts were collected from three localities from Eastern Algeria (Beni Aziz, Boutaleb and Amouchas). The air-dried aerial parts were subjected to
hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The analysis and identification of the essential oil components of Teucrium polium, was performed using the GC-MS. The disk diffusion method is utilised for determination of the antibacterial activity.
Results: The average yield of essential oil of the samples is 0.37%. These analyses led to the identification of 57 components. The chemical composition of the essential oil of T. polium is dominated by the presence of a major product, α-pinene (14.1 - 18%), β-pinene
(15.3 - 18.1%), germacrene-D (3.8 - 19%), myrcene (8.2 - 10.4%), limonene (5.3 - 8.7%), sabinene (2.7 - 4.3%), caryophyllene-(E) (1.8- 2.3%) and spathulenol (1 - 2.9%). The essential oil of the Beni Aziz population has a high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The
population of Boutaleb has significant activity against Bacillus cereus and no action against S. aureus and the yeast S. cerevisiae. Conclusion: The observed differences and variability of the essential oil of T. polium of Algeria are likely due to different environmental and genetic factors. The number of components is different in these
Achyranthes aspera is a herb in amaranthaceae family, traditionally used in treatment of seve... more Achyranthes aspera is a herb in amaranthaceae family, traditionally used in treatment of several diseases (inflammation, diabetes, hypertension, wounds, pain, pneumonia, diarrhea, dysentery, asthma, cough, dropsy, ulcers, piles, rheumatism, scabies and other skin
diseases. and fever etc). The present study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial activities of the methanolic extract and to investigate phytochemical profile of aqueous extract of vegetative parts of Achyranthes aspera. The methanol extracts were screened for antifungal activity against four fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, Athelia rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani by food poisoning method. The extracts of fresh Achyranthes aspera showed
a significant and remarkable activity against all these four fungal species when compared to standard. The observed IC50 values for these funguses are 43.75µg/ml for Fusarium oxysporum, 27.5µg/ml for Alternaria spp., 19.37µg/ml for Sclerotium rolfsii. And 18.75µg/ml for Rhizoctonia solani. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract indicates that the fresh plant contain tannin,
phlobatannin, terpenoid, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, phenol and alkaloid. Phytochemical screening indicate the absence of saponin, steroid, free anthraquinone, and carbohydrate.
Objective: The aim of the current investigation is to evaluate or
discover the right com... more Objective: The aim of the current investigation is to evaluate or
discover the right combination with less or no side effect to treat the
inflammatory bowel disease.
Method: Male Sprague Dawley (S.D) rats (250gm) was randomly
allocated to 17 groups (n=6): Group I received water throughout the
18 day study period, groups II and III only were received 0.1 mL 3%
N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and 0.1mL of 1% methyl cellulose
intracolonically at 11 days of the study, respectively. Group-IV to
XVII were received selected drug and drug combination throughout
18 days as well as at 11
th
day also receive 0.1mL 3% Nethylmaleimide (prepared in 1% methylcellulose). The
histopathological features of NEM model control animal included
surface epithelial damage, mucosal crypt drop out, edema,
desquamated areas and diffuse inflammatory cell infiltration in the
mucosa.
Result: Pretreatments of selected drug/s significantly attenuated the
extent and severity of the histological signs of cell damage also
produce a good effect on serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase
(SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), ALP,
LDH, total bilirubin (TB) and direct bilirubin (DB) in the liver
function assay.
Conclusion: The drug combination therapy gives better effects than
the single drug, but the liver histopathology and serum enzyme level
studies shows multiple drug/s combination produce at some extent
liver damaging effects.
A primary object of using mucoadhesive formulations orally would
achieve a substantial increase ... more A primary object of using mucoadhesive formulations orally would
achieve a substantial increase in the length of stay of the drug in GI
tract stability problem in the intestinal fluid can be improved.
Mucoadhesive microsphere carrier systems were made from the
biodegradable polymers in sustained drug delivery. The objective of
the present study is related to the preparation and evaluation of
mucoadhesive microspheres of simvastatin by using different
polymers like Sodium alginate, HPMC K100M, Sodium CMC, Ethyl
cellulose, Methyl cellulose, Guar gum, Xanthan gum and Carbopol
940 in different ratios by the Ionic deletion method. The prepared
batches of mucoadhesive microspheres of simvastatin were evaluated
for the flow properties; drug content, entrapment efficiency, and
Percent mucoadhesive property, in vitro dissolution studies of all 12
formulations were performed. From the all batches F10 (Drug: Sod.
Alginate: Methyl cellulose 1:2:1) batch is considered to be the most
promising formulation batch because among all the batches it shows
better extent of drug release 97.11% (8hrs), good entrapment
efficiency (78%), and in vitro wash-off test shows the good
mucoadhesive property. Simvastatin release from alginate – Methyl
cellulose (F10) was slow and extended over a period of 8 hrs and
these microspheres were found suitable for the oral controlled release
formulation.
The objective of the study was to assess the determinant factors of
low birth weight among newbor... more The objective of the study was to assess the determinant factors of
low birth weight among newborns delivered at Mekelle Hospital,
northern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was employed and cards
of 180 mothers who gave birth to low birth weight babies were
assessed. Data was collected using pre prepared structured checklist
and analyzed using SPSS version 16.00. The association between
dependent and independent variables was assessed and presented
using descriptive statistics, student t-test, and ANOVA test. Out of
the180 mothers, 45% of them fall into the age category of 15-19
years. The study finding showed maternal age, fetal sex, parity,
number of antenatal care, gestational age, birth order, and history of
abortion had significant association with low birth weight (P-value <
0.05). This study depicted that low birth weight is a public health
problem in the study area. Hence, attention should be given to
increase community awareness of antenatal care service, access to
family planning and male involvement, prevention of abortion, and
community mobilization to prevent early pregnancy.
Recently in this laboratory a new route for the synthesis of
azitidinones (6a-g) was ... more Recently in this laboratory a new route for the synthesis of
azitidinones (6a-g) was developed by eco-friendly reactions to
increase the yield of products by maintaining the purity of them. As
well as the use of chloroacetyl chloride is a pungent, suffocating odor
so, the Eco- friendly method for the synthesis of azetidinone was
established. By considering this a novel synthesis of 3-chloro-4-3-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-azetidin-2-one (6a-g) were successfully
carried out by interacting, N-[(E)-3-nitrophenyl) methylidene] aniline
Schiff bases [3a] with triethylamine [4] and chloroacetyl chloride [5]
in dioxane medium without any type of refluxion for the synthesis of
the azetidinone.
The justification and identification of the structure of these newly
synthesized compounds had been established on the basis of
chemical characteristics, elemental analysis and through spectral
data.
A new rapid, precise and sensitive reverse phase high performance
liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC... more A new rapid, precise and sensitive reverse phase high performance
liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and
validated for the estimation of Perindopril and Amlodipine
simultaneously in combined dosage form. The two components
Perindopril and Amlodipine were well resolved on an isocratic
method, C18 column, utilizing a mobile phase composition of
acetonitrile: methanol: a mixed buffer of 0.02M Potassium
dihydrogen phosphate buffer and 0.02M Sodium dihydrogen
Phosphate buffer with 1mL Tri ethyl amine (40:20:40), v/v, pH 5.0)
at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection at 226 nm. The
retention time of Perindopril and Amlodipine were 2.9 min and 4.9
min respectively. The developed method was validated for
specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD),
limit of quantification (LOQ) and robustness as per ICH guidelines.
Linearity for Perindopril and Amlodipine were found in the range of
48-112 µg/ml and 60.0-140.0 µg/ml, respectively. The percentage
recoveries for Perindopril and Amlodipine ranged from 98.9-100.4 %
and 98.9-100.7 %, respectively. The proposed method could be used
for routine analysis of Perindopril and Amlodipine in their combined
dosage forms.
A simple, robust, precise HPLC method was developed and the
method has been validated... more A simple, robust, precise HPLC method was developed and the
method has been validated for the estimation of valsartan and
nebivolol simultaneously in its combined dosage forms as well as
individual formulations. Both the compounds are well resolved in a
isocratic method by using the mobile phase composition of
acetonitrile: methanol: pH4.0 0.02M Potassium hydrogen phosphate
buffer in the ratio of 50:20:30 v/v at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min using a
C-18 column. The detection was carried out at 210nm.. The retention
time of Nebivolol and Valsartan were 2.5 min and 4.3 min
respectively. The developed method was validated for specificity,
linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of
quantification (LOQ) and robustness as per ICH guidelines. Linearity
for Nebivolol and Valsartan were found in the range of 48-112 µg/ml
and 3.0-7.0 µg/ml, respectively. The percentage recoveries for
Nebivolol and Valsartan ranged from 98.9-100.8 % and 98.9-101.1
%, respectively. The proposed method could be used for routine
analysis of Nebivolol and Valsartan in their combined dosage forms
Introduction: End stage renal failure eventually develops in 40% of
patients with diabetes, the ... more Introduction: End stage renal failure eventually develops in 40% of
patients with diabetes, the IDDM constitute the single most usual
disease leading to inadequacy in adults. Patients with type 2 diabetes
had higher HBA1c and FBS together that is distinctly reduced the
reactiveness of insulin in contrast to healthy control subjects. On
average, death takes place 7years after the start of persistent
proteinuria but the scale is wide (2-32) years. Even though
morphological bruises advance and nature in glomeruli of those that
with diabetes after a few years of metabolic deformities.Chronic
hyperglycemia as measured by mean blood glucose or HBA1c has
been associated with the development and advancement of micro
vascular diabetic complications.
Methodology: This is a case control study done in the in-patient
department of general medicine. From January to July 2014. The
patients selected has a history of diabetes for more than 3 years and
were on hypoglycemic agents/insulin. Diabetic nephropathy was
confirmed by elevated levels of blood urea and serum creatinine,
which has the level above 6.5 mg/dl. All patients had persistent
increase in serum creatinine examinations and controlled cases are
selected contingent on their normal creatinine and urea excretion
profile.
Results: the mean age of the patients with diabetic nephropathy is
54.43 ± 7.99 while the mean age of patients with control profile of
diabetes were 48.37 ± 6.99. There were 22.9%, almost 23% of the
patients with diabetic nephropathy are anemic. And the mean FBS
levels in diabetic nephropathy in the current study were about180. 85
± 42.05 and the mean exhibit by control groups 81.4 ± 7.0. While the
mean HBA1C range in diabetic nephropathy patients was about 9.96
± 5.07 and 4.45 ± 0.57 is the mean of the control group. The levels of
blood urea, serum creatinine and triglycerides are evidently high, though which when compared to control group.
Conclusion: HBA1c and FBS are the important predictors of
intercapillary glomerulonephritis or diabetic nephropathy. HBA1c
is highly co-related to preceding mean blood glucose. The chief
outcome measures which predicts the intercapillary
glomerulonephritis or diabetic glomerulosclerosis or diabetic
nephropathy are HBA1c, triglycerides, serum creatinine and blood
urea nitrogen. Patients with progressed nephropathy showed
increased levels of serum triglycerides, which is the important
independent clinical attribute.
The broad applicability of allergen-specific immunotherapy for the
treatment and eventual prev... more The broad applicability of allergen-specific immunotherapy for the
treatment and eventual prevention of Ig E - mediated allergy is
limited by the poor quality and allergenic activity of natural allergen
extracts that are used for the production of current allergy vaccines.
Recombinant allergens equalling their natural counterparts have been
produced for diagnosis and immunotherapy, and a large panel of
genetically modified allergens with reduced allergenic activity has
been characterized to improve safety of immunotherapy and explore
allergen-specific prevention strategies. Recombinant allergens can be
produced as defined molecules with consistent quality and unlimited
amounts according to the corresponding DNA template. The
recombinant allergen-based vaccination strategies will be generally
applicable to most allergen sources, including respiratory, food and
venom allergens and allow producing safe allergy vaccines for the
treatment of the most common forms of IgE-mediated allergies.
E.A.R. is Excellent Acoustic Reader and sound waves travel
through the outer ear, are modula... more E.A.R. is Excellent Acoustic Reader and sound waves travel
through the outer ear, are modulated by the middle ear and are
transmitted to the vestibulocochlear nerve in the inner ear. This nerve
transmits information to the temporal lobe of the brain, where it is
registered as sound. A sound that travels through the outer ear
impacts on the tympanic membrane (ear drum) and causes it to
vibrate. The three ossicles transmit this sound to a second window
(the oval window) which protects the fluid-filled inner ear. In detail,
the pinna of the outer ear helps to focus a sound, which impacts on
the tympanic membrane. The malleus rests on the membrane and
receives the vibration. This vibration is transmitted along the incus
and stapes to the oval window. Two small muscles, the tensor
tympani and stapedius, also help modulate noise. The tensor tympani
dampens noise and the stapedius decrease the receptivity to highfrequency noise. Vibration of the oval window causes vibration of
the endolymph within the ventricles and cochlea. The hollow
channels of the inner ear are filled with liquid and contain a sensory
epithelium that is studded with hair cells. The microscopic "hairs" of
these cells are structural protein filaments that project out into the
fluid. The hair cells are mechanoreceptors that release a chemical
neurotransmitter when stimulated. Sound waves moving through
fluid flows against the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti. The fluid
pushes the filaments of individual cells; movement of the filaments
causes receptor cells to become open to the potassium-rich
endolymph. This causes the cell to depolarize and creates an action
potential that is transmitted along the spiral ganglion, which sends
information through the auditory portion of the vestibulocochlear
nerve to the temporal lobe of the brain. The human ear can generally
hear sounds with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. Although hearing requires an intact and functioning auditory portion of the
central nervous system as well as a working ear, human deafness
(extreme insensitivity to sound) most commonly occur because of
abnormalities of the inner ear, rather than in the nerves or tracts of
the central auditory system. Sound below 20 Hz is considered
infrasound, which the ear cannot process.
It has been proven that the use of mobile phones increases the risk
of acquiring cancer. This is due to the emission of electromagnetic
radiation, the electromagnetic radiation makes their way through
the ear and cause thermal heating to the most parts of the brain by
degradation of DNA strands at that particular region. These
radiation waves cause various cancers such as glioma, meningioma
and acoustic neuroma.
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Papers by American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery (AJADD)
Objective: Leaf extract of 37 plants were tested against Xcmi; out of them, leaf extract of Jasminum officinale L. gave promising results. Hence, fresh leaf extracts of J. officinale were screened for its antibacterial activity against 25 strains of Xcmi collected from different parts of Maharashtra.
Material & Method: The in vitro studies have been performed by using cup-plate method to examine the activity. Cup cavity filled with sterile distilled water was used as control in all the experiments. All experiments were repeated for four times (Experiment A, B, C & D).
Result: The maximum activity was recorded against Xcmi.21 (Mean activity zone – 21.94 mm) followed by Xcmi.10 (Mean activity zone – 21.67 mm) and comparatively minimum activity was recorded against Xcmi.14 (Mean activity zone – 20.27 mm).
Conclusion: The ultimate aim of the research work was to develop economically and technically viable field formulations for the farmers, which will be Bio-ecologically compatible for management of plant bacterial diseases.
Method: After ethical committee approval and informed consent, 90 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) grades I and II of either sex, aged 18-60 years scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery of lower limbs under spinal anesthesia were randomized into three equal groups (envelope randomization). Just after intrathecal bupivacaine injection, all patients received prophylactically intravenous drug as either normal saline (Group S, n=30) or ketamine 0.5mg/kg (Group K, n =30) or tramodol 0.5mg/kg (Group T, no=30) for shivering. The incidence and the degree of shivering, the effectiveness and the side-effects of ketamine and tramodol in preventing shivering during intraoperative period were recorded.
Results: The groups were comparable regarding demographic characteristics. The hemodynamic parameters and the temperatures were also similar in the three groups and active warming was not required during intraoperative period. The intraoperative shivering was significantly less in Group K than in the Group S (p <0.05). In Group S, eighteen (18) patients reached grade 2 shivering and were subsequently treated with tramodol. In Group K, three (3) patients reached grade 2 shivering. In Group T, two (2) patients reached grade 2 shivering. At 30 min after anesthesia, there were no differences between the groups regarding the grade of shivering (p>0.05). None of the patients required a second dose of tramodol for grade 2 shivering within 30min period.
Conclusion: Prophylactic ketamine had a similar efficacy as compared to that of tramodol in preventing shivering during spinal anesthesia in elective lower limb surgery.
Stones are formed when certain chemicals in the body clump
together. A stone may stay in the kidney or travel through the urinary system. Small stones may pass through the urinary system without
causing greatly pain. Bigger stones can block the flow of urine if they get trapped in the ureters or urethra. Kidney stones usually didn’t cause any symptoms until they start to pass. The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti nephrolithiasis activity of aqueous extract of Capparis decidua.
Aqueous extract of Solanum xanthocarpum was administered via intraperitoneal route to albino wistar rat in two test doses 400mg/kg and 800 mg/kg. Experiment was performed for preventive and curative regimen. In preventive regimen aqueous extract of Capparis decidua (AECD) 800 mg/kg (57.35% relief) show greater creatinine
clearance then standard drug cystone (34.54% relief) and in curative regimen cystone (125.33% relief) has greater effect then aqueous extract of Capparis decidua (AECD) 800 mg/kg (42.48% relief). Test drug show dose dependent therapeutic efficacy. Therapeutic effect of test drug increase with increasing dose.
advance research in nanotechnology. In this study, silver
nanoparticles were synthesized using the fungus Aspergillus
fumigatuswith an aqueous solution of AgNO3. Synthesized silver
nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were characterized through UV-visible
spectrophotometer and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR). Maximum absorbance was observed at 420 nm in visible
region. The nature of coordination between bioactive compounds
secreted by fungi and silver ions were analyzed through FTIR
spectroscopy. The reduction of silver ions was due to amino groups
of proteins and other functional groups in the cellfree filtrate of
fungi. The reduction of silver ions leads to the formation of stable
protein capped silver nanoparticles. The Ag-NPs andAg-NPs +
Chloramphenicol (Ab) possess potential antimicrobial activity
against to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus cereus,
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sp.
In the present study the hepatoprotective effect of methonolic extract
of C. gynandra (MECG) was investigated against carbon
tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatocellular injury in wistar rats. The
various parameters like serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
(SGOT), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (TB) were studied in the
present study. The hepatoprotective activity was also supported by
histopathological studies of liver tissue. Administration with MECG
(200 and 400 mg/kg, P.O.) for 14 days significantly reduced the
impact of CCl4 toxicity on the serum markers of liver damage, serum
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic
transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. The
histopathological studies in the liver of rats also supported that
cleome gynandra extract markedly reduced the toxicity of CCl4 and
preserved the histoarchitecture of the liver tissue to near normal.
Thus, the results suggest that cleome gynandra extract acts as a
potent hepatoprotective agent against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in
rats.
stable, cost effective and quality improved robust formulation of
Valsartan Immediate Release tablets. The aim of work is related to
the formulation and evaluation of 10mg of dispersible tablet.
Valsartan belongs to a class of antihypertensive agents called
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Total nine formulations
were prepared by direct compression method in which the
concentration of the superdisintegrants is varied to evaluate the effect
on the disintegration time of valsartan mouth dissolving tablets. The
superdisintegrants, involved in preparation are Sodium starch
glycolate, Avicel PH 102, Low HPC. The prepared batches of tablets
were evaluated for micromeritic parameters, weight variation,
hardness, friability, wetting time, In vitro dispersion time, drug
content and In vitro dissolution studies. In Formulations F1, F2, F3,
releases 89.83%, 91.10%, 96.20%, respectively, Formulation F4, F5,
and F6, which release 85.11%, 88.71% and 90.44% respectively and.
Formulation F7, F8, F9, releases 78.26%, 82.26%, 85.31%,
respectively, at end of 15 minutes. Amongst all the developed
formulations, valsartan mouth dissolving tablets formulated by using
sodium starch glycolate as superdisintegrants, having hardness (3.7
Kg/cm
2
), Friability (0.1356 %), Drug Content (9.9250.067 mg). and
it is fulfilling all the parameters. It has shown good In vitro
disintegration time (8.00 1.023 sec), In vitro dispersion time (14.33
1.24 sec), compared to other superdisintegrants. The optimized
formulation (F3) containing Sodium starch glycolate, as
superdisintegrant is producing best results compared to other
formulations.
P.O) was assessed in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES) induced convulsions in albino mice. Onset of convulsion, duration of convulsion, tonic extension phase, and mortality were noted in the present study. The antioxidant property
was evaluated by measuring the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and
reduced glutathione (GSH). Results: In the pentylenetetrazole induced convulsion, ethonolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (400 mg/kg, P.O) significantly delayed the onset of convulsion,
reduced the duration of convulsion (p<0.05) and reduced mortality.
The ethonolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis at (400 mg/kg, P.O)
reduced hind limb tonic extension phase in maximal electroshock induced convulsion in albino mice (p<0.05). The pre-treated ethonolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis showed significant antioxidant property by inhibition of lipid peroxidation and increases the reduced glutathione level in mice brain tissue (p<0.001).
Convulsions: In conclusion the results indicated that Nyctanthes arbor-tristis possesses a significant dose dependent anticonvulsant activity.
Material and Methods: This study was carried in the Department of
Biology and Ecology (University Ferhat Abbas) and ENSCCF
(France) between September 2013 and October 2014. Aerial parts were collected from three localities from Eastern Algeria (Beni Aziz, Boutaleb and Amouchas). The air-dried aerial parts were subjected to
hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The analysis and identification of the essential oil components of Teucrium polium, was performed using the GC-MS. The disk diffusion method is utilised for determination of the antibacterial activity.
Results: The average yield of essential oil of the samples is 0.37%. These analyses led to the identification of 57 components. The chemical composition of the essential oil of T. polium is dominated by the presence of a major product, α-pinene (14.1 - 18%), β-pinene
(15.3 - 18.1%), germacrene-D (3.8 - 19%), myrcene (8.2 - 10.4%), limonene (5.3 - 8.7%), sabinene (2.7 - 4.3%), caryophyllene-(E) (1.8- 2.3%) and spathulenol (1 - 2.9%). The essential oil of the Beni Aziz population has a high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The
population of Boutaleb has significant activity against Bacillus cereus and no action against S. aureus and the yeast S. cerevisiae. Conclusion: The observed differences and variability of the essential oil of T. polium of Algeria are likely due to different environmental and genetic factors. The number of components is different in these
diseases. and fever etc). The present study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial activities of the methanolic extract and to investigate phytochemical profile of aqueous extract of vegetative parts of Achyranthes aspera. The methanol extracts were screened for antifungal activity against four fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, Athelia rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani by food poisoning method. The extracts of fresh Achyranthes aspera showed
a significant and remarkable activity against all these four fungal species when compared to standard. The observed IC50 values for these funguses are 43.75µg/ml for Fusarium oxysporum, 27.5µg/ml for Alternaria spp., 19.37µg/ml for Sclerotium rolfsii. And 18.75µg/ml for Rhizoctonia solani. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract indicates that the fresh plant contain tannin,
phlobatannin, terpenoid, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, phenol and alkaloid. Phytochemical screening indicate the absence of saponin, steroid, free anthraquinone, and carbohydrate.
discover the right combination with less or no side effect to treat the
inflammatory bowel disease.
Method: Male Sprague Dawley (S.D) rats (250gm) was randomly
allocated to 17 groups (n=6): Group I received water throughout the
18 day study period, groups II and III only were received 0.1 mL 3%
N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and 0.1mL of 1% methyl cellulose
intracolonically at 11 days of the study, respectively. Group-IV to
XVII were received selected drug and drug combination throughout
18 days as well as at 11
th
day also receive 0.1mL 3% Nethylmaleimide (prepared in 1% methylcellulose). The
histopathological features of NEM model control animal included
surface epithelial damage, mucosal crypt drop out, edema,
desquamated areas and diffuse inflammatory cell infiltration in the
mucosa.
Result: Pretreatments of selected drug/s significantly attenuated the
extent and severity of the histological signs of cell damage also
produce a good effect on serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase
(SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), ALP,
LDH, total bilirubin (TB) and direct bilirubin (DB) in the liver
function assay.
Conclusion: The drug combination therapy gives better effects than
the single drug, but the liver histopathology and serum enzyme level
studies shows multiple drug/s combination produce at some extent
liver damaging effects.
achieve a substantial increase in the length of stay of the drug in GI
tract stability problem in the intestinal fluid can be improved.
Mucoadhesive microsphere carrier systems were made from the
biodegradable polymers in sustained drug delivery. The objective of
the present study is related to the preparation and evaluation of
mucoadhesive microspheres of simvastatin by using different
polymers like Sodium alginate, HPMC K100M, Sodium CMC, Ethyl
cellulose, Methyl cellulose, Guar gum, Xanthan gum and Carbopol
940 in different ratios by the Ionic deletion method. The prepared
batches of mucoadhesive microspheres of simvastatin were evaluated
for the flow properties; drug content, entrapment efficiency, and
Percent mucoadhesive property, in vitro dissolution studies of all 12
formulations were performed. From the all batches F10 (Drug: Sod.
Alginate: Methyl cellulose 1:2:1) batch is considered to be the most
promising formulation batch because among all the batches it shows
better extent of drug release 97.11% (8hrs), good entrapment
efficiency (78%), and in vitro wash-off test shows the good
mucoadhesive property. Simvastatin release from alginate – Methyl
cellulose (F10) was slow and extended over a period of 8 hrs and
these microspheres were found suitable for the oral controlled release
formulation.
low birth weight among newborns delivered at Mekelle Hospital,
northern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was employed and cards
of 180 mothers who gave birth to low birth weight babies were
assessed. Data was collected using pre prepared structured checklist
and analyzed using SPSS version 16.00. The association between
dependent and independent variables was assessed and presented
using descriptive statistics, student t-test, and ANOVA test. Out of
the180 mothers, 45% of them fall into the age category of 15-19
years. The study finding showed maternal age, fetal sex, parity,
number of antenatal care, gestational age, birth order, and history of
abortion had significant association with low birth weight (P-value <
0.05). This study depicted that low birth weight is a public health
problem in the study area. Hence, attention should be given to
increase community awareness of antenatal care service, access to
family planning and male involvement, prevention of abortion, and
community mobilization to prevent early pregnancy.
azitidinones (6a-g) was developed by eco-friendly reactions to
increase the yield of products by maintaining the purity of them. As
well as the use of chloroacetyl chloride is a pungent, suffocating odor
so, the Eco- friendly method for the synthesis of azetidinone was
established. By considering this a novel synthesis of 3-chloro-4-3-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-azetidin-2-one (6a-g) were successfully
carried out by interacting, N-[(E)-3-nitrophenyl) methylidene] aniline
Schiff bases [3a] with triethylamine [4] and chloroacetyl chloride [5]
in dioxane medium without any type of refluxion for the synthesis of
the azetidinone.
The justification and identification of the structure of these newly
synthesized compounds had been established on the basis of
chemical characteristics, elemental analysis and through spectral
data.
liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and
validated for the estimation of Perindopril and Amlodipine
simultaneously in combined dosage form. The two components
Perindopril and Amlodipine were well resolved on an isocratic
method, C18 column, utilizing a mobile phase composition of
acetonitrile: methanol: a mixed buffer of 0.02M Potassium
dihydrogen phosphate buffer and 0.02M Sodium dihydrogen
Phosphate buffer with 1mL Tri ethyl amine (40:20:40), v/v, pH 5.0)
at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection at 226 nm. The
retention time of Perindopril and Amlodipine were 2.9 min and 4.9
min respectively. The developed method was validated for
specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD),
limit of quantification (LOQ) and robustness as per ICH guidelines.
Linearity for Perindopril and Amlodipine were found in the range of
48-112 µg/ml and 60.0-140.0 µg/ml, respectively. The percentage
recoveries for Perindopril and Amlodipine ranged from 98.9-100.4 %
and 98.9-100.7 %, respectively. The proposed method could be used
for routine analysis of Perindopril and Amlodipine in their combined
dosage forms.
method has been validated for the estimation of valsartan and
nebivolol simultaneously in its combined dosage forms as well as
individual formulations. Both the compounds are well resolved in a
isocratic method by using the mobile phase composition of
acetonitrile: methanol: pH4.0 0.02M Potassium hydrogen phosphate
buffer in the ratio of 50:20:30 v/v at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min using a
C-18 column. The detection was carried out at 210nm.. The retention
time of Nebivolol and Valsartan were 2.5 min and 4.3 min
respectively. The developed method was validated for specificity,
linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of
quantification (LOQ) and robustness as per ICH guidelines. Linearity
for Nebivolol and Valsartan were found in the range of 48-112 µg/ml
and 3.0-7.0 µg/ml, respectively. The percentage recoveries for
Nebivolol and Valsartan ranged from 98.9-100.8 % and 98.9-101.1
%, respectively. The proposed method could be used for routine
analysis of Nebivolol and Valsartan in their combined dosage forms
patients with diabetes, the IDDM constitute the single most usual
disease leading to inadequacy in adults. Patients with type 2 diabetes
had higher HBA1c and FBS together that is distinctly reduced the
reactiveness of insulin in contrast to healthy control subjects. On
average, death takes place 7years after the start of persistent
proteinuria but the scale is wide (2-32) years. Even though
morphological bruises advance and nature in glomeruli of those that
with diabetes after a few years of metabolic deformities.Chronic
hyperglycemia as measured by mean blood glucose or HBA1c has
been associated with the development and advancement of micro
vascular diabetic complications.
Methodology: This is a case control study done in the in-patient
department of general medicine. From January to July 2014. The
patients selected has a history of diabetes for more than 3 years and
were on hypoglycemic agents/insulin. Diabetic nephropathy was
confirmed by elevated levels of blood urea and serum creatinine,
which has the level above 6.5 mg/dl. All patients had persistent
increase in serum creatinine examinations and controlled cases are
selected contingent on their normal creatinine and urea excretion
profile.
Results: the mean age of the patients with diabetic nephropathy is
54.43 ± 7.99 while the mean age of patients with control profile of
diabetes were 48.37 ± 6.99. There were 22.9%, almost 23% of the
patients with diabetic nephropathy are anemic. And the mean FBS
levels in diabetic nephropathy in the current study were about180. 85
± 42.05 and the mean exhibit by control groups 81.4 ± 7.0. While the
mean HBA1C range in diabetic nephropathy patients was about 9.96
± 5.07 and 4.45 ± 0.57 is the mean of the control group. The levels of
blood urea, serum creatinine and triglycerides are evidently high, though which when compared to control group.
Conclusion: HBA1c and FBS are the important predictors of
intercapillary glomerulonephritis or diabetic nephropathy. HBA1c
is highly co-related to preceding mean blood glucose. The chief
outcome measures which predicts the intercapillary
glomerulonephritis or diabetic glomerulosclerosis or diabetic
nephropathy are HBA1c, triglycerides, serum creatinine and blood
urea nitrogen. Patients with progressed nephropathy showed
increased levels of serum triglycerides, which is the important
independent clinical attribute.
treatment and eventual prevention of Ig E - mediated allergy is
limited by the poor quality and allergenic activity of natural allergen
extracts that are used for the production of current allergy vaccines.
Recombinant allergens equalling their natural counterparts have been
produced for diagnosis and immunotherapy, and a large panel of
genetically modified allergens with reduced allergenic activity has
been characterized to improve safety of immunotherapy and explore
allergen-specific prevention strategies. Recombinant allergens can be
produced as defined molecules with consistent quality and unlimited
amounts according to the corresponding DNA template. The
recombinant allergen-based vaccination strategies will be generally
applicable to most allergen sources, including respiratory, food and
venom allergens and allow producing safe allergy vaccines for the
treatment of the most common forms of IgE-mediated allergies.
through the outer ear, are modulated by the middle ear and are
transmitted to the vestibulocochlear nerve in the inner ear. This nerve
transmits information to the temporal lobe of the brain, where it is
registered as sound. A sound that travels through the outer ear
impacts on the tympanic membrane (ear drum) and causes it to
vibrate. The three ossicles transmit this sound to a second window
(the oval window) which protects the fluid-filled inner ear. In detail,
the pinna of the outer ear helps to focus a sound, which impacts on
the tympanic membrane. The malleus rests on the membrane and
receives the vibration. This vibration is transmitted along the incus
and stapes to the oval window. Two small muscles, the tensor
tympani and stapedius, also help modulate noise. The tensor tympani
dampens noise and the stapedius decrease the receptivity to highfrequency noise. Vibration of the oval window causes vibration of
the endolymph within the ventricles and cochlea. The hollow
channels of the inner ear are filled with liquid and contain a sensory
epithelium that is studded with hair cells. The microscopic "hairs" of
these cells are structural protein filaments that project out into the
fluid. The hair cells are mechanoreceptors that release a chemical
neurotransmitter when stimulated. Sound waves moving through
fluid flows against the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti. The fluid
pushes the filaments of individual cells; movement of the filaments
causes receptor cells to become open to the potassium-rich
endolymph. This causes the cell to depolarize and creates an action
potential that is transmitted along the spiral ganglion, which sends
information through the auditory portion of the vestibulocochlear
nerve to the temporal lobe of the brain. The human ear can generally
hear sounds with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. Although hearing requires an intact and functioning auditory portion of the
central nervous system as well as a working ear, human deafness
(extreme insensitivity to sound) most commonly occur because of
abnormalities of the inner ear, rather than in the nerves or tracts of
the central auditory system. Sound below 20 Hz is considered
infrasound, which the ear cannot process.
It has been proven that the use of mobile phones increases the risk
of acquiring cancer. This is due to the emission of electromagnetic
radiation, the electromagnetic radiation makes their way through
the ear and cause thermal heating to the most parts of the brain by
degradation of DNA strands at that particular region. These
radiation waves cause various cancers such as glioma, meningioma
and acoustic neuroma.
Objective: Leaf extract of 37 plants were tested against Xcmi; out of them, leaf extract of Jasminum officinale L. gave promising results. Hence, fresh leaf extracts of J. officinale were screened for its antibacterial activity against 25 strains of Xcmi collected from different parts of Maharashtra.
Material & Method: The in vitro studies have been performed by using cup-plate method to examine the activity. Cup cavity filled with sterile distilled water was used as control in all the experiments. All experiments were repeated for four times (Experiment A, B, C & D).
Result: The maximum activity was recorded against Xcmi.21 (Mean activity zone – 21.94 mm) followed by Xcmi.10 (Mean activity zone – 21.67 mm) and comparatively minimum activity was recorded against Xcmi.14 (Mean activity zone – 20.27 mm).
Conclusion: The ultimate aim of the research work was to develop economically and technically viable field formulations for the farmers, which will be Bio-ecologically compatible for management of plant bacterial diseases.
Method: After ethical committee approval and informed consent, 90 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) grades I and II of either sex, aged 18-60 years scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery of lower limbs under spinal anesthesia were randomized into three equal groups (envelope randomization). Just after intrathecal bupivacaine injection, all patients received prophylactically intravenous drug as either normal saline (Group S, n=30) or ketamine 0.5mg/kg (Group K, n =30) or tramodol 0.5mg/kg (Group T, no=30) for shivering. The incidence and the degree of shivering, the effectiveness and the side-effects of ketamine and tramodol in preventing shivering during intraoperative period were recorded.
Results: The groups were comparable regarding demographic characteristics. The hemodynamic parameters and the temperatures were also similar in the three groups and active warming was not required during intraoperative period. The intraoperative shivering was significantly less in Group K than in the Group S (p <0.05). In Group S, eighteen (18) patients reached grade 2 shivering and were subsequently treated with tramodol. In Group K, three (3) patients reached grade 2 shivering. In Group T, two (2) patients reached grade 2 shivering. At 30 min after anesthesia, there were no differences between the groups regarding the grade of shivering (p>0.05). None of the patients required a second dose of tramodol for grade 2 shivering within 30min period.
Conclusion: Prophylactic ketamine had a similar efficacy as compared to that of tramodol in preventing shivering during spinal anesthesia in elective lower limb surgery.
Stones are formed when certain chemicals in the body clump
together. A stone may stay in the kidney or travel through the urinary system. Small stones may pass through the urinary system without
causing greatly pain. Bigger stones can block the flow of urine if they get trapped in the ureters or urethra. Kidney stones usually didn’t cause any symptoms until they start to pass. The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti nephrolithiasis activity of aqueous extract of Capparis decidua.
Aqueous extract of Solanum xanthocarpum was administered via intraperitoneal route to albino wistar rat in two test doses 400mg/kg and 800 mg/kg. Experiment was performed for preventive and curative regimen. In preventive regimen aqueous extract of Capparis decidua (AECD) 800 mg/kg (57.35% relief) show greater creatinine
clearance then standard drug cystone (34.54% relief) and in curative regimen cystone (125.33% relief) has greater effect then aqueous extract of Capparis decidua (AECD) 800 mg/kg (42.48% relief). Test drug show dose dependent therapeutic efficacy. Therapeutic effect of test drug increase with increasing dose.
advance research in nanotechnology. In this study, silver
nanoparticles were synthesized using the fungus Aspergillus
fumigatuswith an aqueous solution of AgNO3. Synthesized silver
nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were characterized through UV-visible
spectrophotometer and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR). Maximum absorbance was observed at 420 nm in visible
region. The nature of coordination between bioactive compounds
secreted by fungi and silver ions were analyzed through FTIR
spectroscopy. The reduction of silver ions was due to amino groups
of proteins and other functional groups in the cellfree filtrate of
fungi. The reduction of silver ions leads to the formation of stable
protein capped silver nanoparticles. The Ag-NPs andAg-NPs +
Chloramphenicol (Ab) possess potential antimicrobial activity
against to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus cereus,
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sp.
In the present study the hepatoprotective effect of methonolic extract
of C. gynandra (MECG) was investigated against carbon
tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatocellular injury in wistar rats. The
various parameters like serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
(SGOT), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (TB) were studied in the
present study. The hepatoprotective activity was also supported by
histopathological studies of liver tissue. Administration with MECG
(200 and 400 mg/kg, P.O.) for 14 days significantly reduced the
impact of CCl4 toxicity on the serum markers of liver damage, serum
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic
transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. The
histopathological studies in the liver of rats also supported that
cleome gynandra extract markedly reduced the toxicity of CCl4 and
preserved the histoarchitecture of the liver tissue to near normal.
Thus, the results suggest that cleome gynandra extract acts as a
potent hepatoprotective agent against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in
rats.
stable, cost effective and quality improved robust formulation of
Valsartan Immediate Release tablets. The aim of work is related to
the formulation and evaluation of 10mg of dispersible tablet.
Valsartan belongs to a class of antihypertensive agents called
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Total nine formulations
were prepared by direct compression method in which the
concentration of the superdisintegrants is varied to evaluate the effect
on the disintegration time of valsartan mouth dissolving tablets. The
superdisintegrants, involved in preparation are Sodium starch
glycolate, Avicel PH 102, Low HPC. The prepared batches of tablets
were evaluated for micromeritic parameters, weight variation,
hardness, friability, wetting time, In vitro dispersion time, drug
content and In vitro dissolution studies. In Formulations F1, F2, F3,
releases 89.83%, 91.10%, 96.20%, respectively, Formulation F4, F5,
and F6, which release 85.11%, 88.71% and 90.44% respectively and.
Formulation F7, F8, F9, releases 78.26%, 82.26%, 85.31%,
respectively, at end of 15 minutes. Amongst all the developed
formulations, valsartan mouth dissolving tablets formulated by using
sodium starch glycolate as superdisintegrants, having hardness (3.7
Kg/cm
2
), Friability (0.1356 %), Drug Content (9.9250.067 mg). and
it is fulfilling all the parameters. It has shown good In vitro
disintegration time (8.00 1.023 sec), In vitro dispersion time (14.33
1.24 sec), compared to other superdisintegrants. The optimized
formulation (F3) containing Sodium starch glycolate, as
superdisintegrant is producing best results compared to other
formulations.
P.O) was assessed in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES) induced convulsions in albino mice. Onset of convulsion, duration of convulsion, tonic extension phase, and mortality were noted in the present study. The antioxidant property
was evaluated by measuring the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and
reduced glutathione (GSH). Results: In the pentylenetetrazole induced convulsion, ethonolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (400 mg/kg, P.O) significantly delayed the onset of convulsion,
reduced the duration of convulsion (p<0.05) and reduced mortality.
The ethonolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis at (400 mg/kg, P.O)
reduced hind limb tonic extension phase in maximal electroshock induced convulsion in albino mice (p<0.05). The pre-treated ethonolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis showed significant antioxidant property by inhibition of lipid peroxidation and increases the reduced glutathione level in mice brain tissue (p<0.001).
Convulsions: In conclusion the results indicated that Nyctanthes arbor-tristis possesses a significant dose dependent anticonvulsant activity.
Material and Methods: This study was carried in the Department of
Biology and Ecology (University Ferhat Abbas) and ENSCCF
(France) between September 2013 and October 2014. Aerial parts were collected from three localities from Eastern Algeria (Beni Aziz, Boutaleb and Amouchas). The air-dried aerial parts were subjected to
hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The analysis and identification of the essential oil components of Teucrium polium, was performed using the GC-MS. The disk diffusion method is utilised for determination of the antibacterial activity.
Results: The average yield of essential oil of the samples is 0.37%. These analyses led to the identification of 57 components. The chemical composition of the essential oil of T. polium is dominated by the presence of a major product, α-pinene (14.1 - 18%), β-pinene
(15.3 - 18.1%), germacrene-D (3.8 - 19%), myrcene (8.2 - 10.4%), limonene (5.3 - 8.7%), sabinene (2.7 - 4.3%), caryophyllene-(E) (1.8- 2.3%) and spathulenol (1 - 2.9%). The essential oil of the Beni Aziz population has a high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The
population of Boutaleb has significant activity against Bacillus cereus and no action against S. aureus and the yeast S. cerevisiae. Conclusion: The observed differences and variability of the essential oil of T. polium of Algeria are likely due to different environmental and genetic factors. The number of components is different in these
diseases. and fever etc). The present study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial activities of the methanolic extract and to investigate phytochemical profile of aqueous extract of vegetative parts of Achyranthes aspera. The methanol extracts were screened for antifungal activity against four fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, Athelia rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani by food poisoning method. The extracts of fresh Achyranthes aspera showed
a significant and remarkable activity against all these four fungal species when compared to standard. The observed IC50 values for these funguses are 43.75µg/ml for Fusarium oxysporum, 27.5µg/ml for Alternaria spp., 19.37µg/ml for Sclerotium rolfsii. And 18.75µg/ml for Rhizoctonia solani. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract indicates that the fresh plant contain tannin,
phlobatannin, terpenoid, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, phenol and alkaloid. Phytochemical screening indicate the absence of saponin, steroid, free anthraquinone, and carbohydrate.
discover the right combination with less or no side effect to treat the
inflammatory bowel disease.
Method: Male Sprague Dawley (S.D) rats (250gm) was randomly
allocated to 17 groups (n=6): Group I received water throughout the
18 day study period, groups II and III only were received 0.1 mL 3%
N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and 0.1mL of 1% methyl cellulose
intracolonically at 11 days of the study, respectively. Group-IV to
XVII were received selected drug and drug combination throughout
18 days as well as at 11
th
day also receive 0.1mL 3% Nethylmaleimide (prepared in 1% methylcellulose). The
histopathological features of NEM model control animal included
surface epithelial damage, mucosal crypt drop out, edema,
desquamated areas and diffuse inflammatory cell infiltration in the
mucosa.
Result: Pretreatments of selected drug/s significantly attenuated the
extent and severity of the histological signs of cell damage also
produce a good effect on serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase
(SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), ALP,
LDH, total bilirubin (TB) and direct bilirubin (DB) in the liver
function assay.
Conclusion: The drug combination therapy gives better effects than
the single drug, but the liver histopathology and serum enzyme level
studies shows multiple drug/s combination produce at some extent
liver damaging effects.
achieve a substantial increase in the length of stay of the drug in GI
tract stability problem in the intestinal fluid can be improved.
Mucoadhesive microsphere carrier systems were made from the
biodegradable polymers in sustained drug delivery. The objective of
the present study is related to the preparation and evaluation of
mucoadhesive microspheres of simvastatin by using different
polymers like Sodium alginate, HPMC K100M, Sodium CMC, Ethyl
cellulose, Methyl cellulose, Guar gum, Xanthan gum and Carbopol
940 in different ratios by the Ionic deletion method. The prepared
batches of mucoadhesive microspheres of simvastatin were evaluated
for the flow properties; drug content, entrapment efficiency, and
Percent mucoadhesive property, in vitro dissolution studies of all 12
formulations were performed. From the all batches F10 (Drug: Sod.
Alginate: Methyl cellulose 1:2:1) batch is considered to be the most
promising formulation batch because among all the batches it shows
better extent of drug release 97.11% (8hrs), good entrapment
efficiency (78%), and in vitro wash-off test shows the good
mucoadhesive property. Simvastatin release from alginate – Methyl
cellulose (F10) was slow and extended over a period of 8 hrs and
these microspheres were found suitable for the oral controlled release
formulation.
low birth weight among newborns delivered at Mekelle Hospital,
northern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was employed and cards
of 180 mothers who gave birth to low birth weight babies were
assessed. Data was collected using pre prepared structured checklist
and analyzed using SPSS version 16.00. The association between
dependent and independent variables was assessed and presented
using descriptive statistics, student t-test, and ANOVA test. Out of
the180 mothers, 45% of them fall into the age category of 15-19
years. The study finding showed maternal age, fetal sex, parity,
number of antenatal care, gestational age, birth order, and history of
abortion had significant association with low birth weight (P-value <
0.05). This study depicted that low birth weight is a public health
problem in the study area. Hence, attention should be given to
increase community awareness of antenatal care service, access to
family planning and male involvement, prevention of abortion, and
community mobilization to prevent early pregnancy.
azitidinones (6a-g) was developed by eco-friendly reactions to
increase the yield of products by maintaining the purity of them. As
well as the use of chloroacetyl chloride is a pungent, suffocating odor
so, the Eco- friendly method for the synthesis of azetidinone was
established. By considering this a novel synthesis of 3-chloro-4-3-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-azetidin-2-one (6a-g) were successfully
carried out by interacting, N-[(E)-3-nitrophenyl) methylidene] aniline
Schiff bases [3a] with triethylamine [4] and chloroacetyl chloride [5]
in dioxane medium without any type of refluxion for the synthesis of
the azetidinone.
The justification and identification of the structure of these newly
synthesized compounds had been established on the basis of
chemical characteristics, elemental analysis and through spectral
data.
liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and
validated for the estimation of Perindopril and Amlodipine
simultaneously in combined dosage form. The two components
Perindopril and Amlodipine were well resolved on an isocratic
method, C18 column, utilizing a mobile phase composition of
acetonitrile: methanol: a mixed buffer of 0.02M Potassium
dihydrogen phosphate buffer and 0.02M Sodium dihydrogen
Phosphate buffer with 1mL Tri ethyl amine (40:20:40), v/v, pH 5.0)
at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection at 226 nm. The
retention time of Perindopril and Amlodipine were 2.9 min and 4.9
min respectively. The developed method was validated for
specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD),
limit of quantification (LOQ) and robustness as per ICH guidelines.
Linearity for Perindopril and Amlodipine were found in the range of
48-112 µg/ml and 60.0-140.0 µg/ml, respectively. The percentage
recoveries for Perindopril and Amlodipine ranged from 98.9-100.4 %
and 98.9-100.7 %, respectively. The proposed method could be used
for routine analysis of Perindopril and Amlodipine in their combined
dosage forms.
method has been validated for the estimation of valsartan and
nebivolol simultaneously in its combined dosage forms as well as
individual formulations. Both the compounds are well resolved in a
isocratic method by using the mobile phase composition of
acetonitrile: methanol: pH4.0 0.02M Potassium hydrogen phosphate
buffer in the ratio of 50:20:30 v/v at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min using a
C-18 column. The detection was carried out at 210nm.. The retention
time of Nebivolol and Valsartan were 2.5 min and 4.3 min
respectively. The developed method was validated for specificity,
linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of
quantification (LOQ) and robustness as per ICH guidelines. Linearity
for Nebivolol and Valsartan were found in the range of 48-112 µg/ml
and 3.0-7.0 µg/ml, respectively. The percentage recoveries for
Nebivolol and Valsartan ranged from 98.9-100.8 % and 98.9-101.1
%, respectively. The proposed method could be used for routine
analysis of Nebivolol and Valsartan in their combined dosage forms
patients with diabetes, the IDDM constitute the single most usual
disease leading to inadequacy in adults. Patients with type 2 diabetes
had higher HBA1c and FBS together that is distinctly reduced the
reactiveness of insulin in contrast to healthy control subjects. On
average, death takes place 7years after the start of persistent
proteinuria but the scale is wide (2-32) years. Even though
morphological bruises advance and nature in glomeruli of those that
with diabetes after a few years of metabolic deformities.Chronic
hyperglycemia as measured by mean blood glucose or HBA1c has
been associated with the development and advancement of micro
vascular diabetic complications.
Methodology: This is a case control study done in the in-patient
department of general medicine. From January to July 2014. The
patients selected has a history of diabetes for more than 3 years and
were on hypoglycemic agents/insulin. Diabetic nephropathy was
confirmed by elevated levels of blood urea and serum creatinine,
which has the level above 6.5 mg/dl. All patients had persistent
increase in serum creatinine examinations and controlled cases are
selected contingent on their normal creatinine and urea excretion
profile.
Results: the mean age of the patients with diabetic nephropathy is
54.43 ± 7.99 while the mean age of patients with control profile of
diabetes were 48.37 ± 6.99. There were 22.9%, almost 23% of the
patients with diabetic nephropathy are anemic. And the mean FBS
levels in diabetic nephropathy in the current study were about180. 85
± 42.05 and the mean exhibit by control groups 81.4 ± 7.0. While the
mean HBA1C range in diabetic nephropathy patients was about 9.96
± 5.07 and 4.45 ± 0.57 is the mean of the control group. The levels of
blood urea, serum creatinine and triglycerides are evidently high, though which when compared to control group.
Conclusion: HBA1c and FBS are the important predictors of
intercapillary glomerulonephritis or diabetic nephropathy. HBA1c
is highly co-related to preceding mean blood glucose. The chief
outcome measures which predicts the intercapillary
glomerulonephritis or diabetic glomerulosclerosis or diabetic
nephropathy are HBA1c, triglycerides, serum creatinine and blood
urea nitrogen. Patients with progressed nephropathy showed
increased levels of serum triglycerides, which is the important
independent clinical attribute.
treatment and eventual prevention of Ig E - mediated allergy is
limited by the poor quality and allergenic activity of natural allergen
extracts that are used for the production of current allergy vaccines.
Recombinant allergens equalling their natural counterparts have been
produced for diagnosis and immunotherapy, and a large panel of
genetically modified allergens with reduced allergenic activity has
been characterized to improve safety of immunotherapy and explore
allergen-specific prevention strategies. Recombinant allergens can be
produced as defined molecules with consistent quality and unlimited
amounts according to the corresponding DNA template. The
recombinant allergen-based vaccination strategies will be generally
applicable to most allergen sources, including respiratory, food and
venom allergens and allow producing safe allergy vaccines for the
treatment of the most common forms of IgE-mediated allergies.
through the outer ear, are modulated by the middle ear and are
transmitted to the vestibulocochlear nerve in the inner ear. This nerve
transmits information to the temporal lobe of the brain, where it is
registered as sound. A sound that travels through the outer ear
impacts on the tympanic membrane (ear drum) and causes it to
vibrate. The three ossicles transmit this sound to a second window
(the oval window) which protects the fluid-filled inner ear. In detail,
the pinna of the outer ear helps to focus a sound, which impacts on
the tympanic membrane. The malleus rests on the membrane and
receives the vibration. This vibration is transmitted along the incus
and stapes to the oval window. Two small muscles, the tensor
tympani and stapedius, also help modulate noise. The tensor tympani
dampens noise and the stapedius decrease the receptivity to highfrequency noise. Vibration of the oval window causes vibration of
the endolymph within the ventricles and cochlea. The hollow
channels of the inner ear are filled with liquid and contain a sensory
epithelium that is studded with hair cells. The microscopic "hairs" of
these cells are structural protein filaments that project out into the
fluid. The hair cells are mechanoreceptors that release a chemical
neurotransmitter when stimulated. Sound waves moving through
fluid flows against the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti. The fluid
pushes the filaments of individual cells; movement of the filaments
causes receptor cells to become open to the potassium-rich
endolymph. This causes the cell to depolarize and creates an action
potential that is transmitted along the spiral ganglion, which sends
information through the auditory portion of the vestibulocochlear
nerve to the temporal lobe of the brain. The human ear can generally
hear sounds with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. Although hearing requires an intact and functioning auditory portion of the
central nervous system as well as a working ear, human deafness
(extreme insensitivity to sound) most commonly occur because of
abnormalities of the inner ear, rather than in the nerves or tracts of
the central auditory system. Sound below 20 Hz is considered
infrasound, which the ear cannot process.
It has been proven that the use of mobile phones increases the risk
of acquiring cancer. This is due to the emission of electromagnetic
radiation, the electromagnetic radiation makes their way through
the ear and cause thermal heating to the most parts of the brain by
degradation of DNA strands at that particular region. These
radiation waves cause various cancers such as glioma, meningioma
and acoustic neuroma.