Abstract— The following paper describes the effective –method proposals for the reduction of th... more Abstract— The following paper describes the effective –method proposals for the reduction of the lift induced drag for supersonic conditions i.e. supersonic flights. The paper summarizes the effective techniques for increasing the lift-to-drag ratio and hence increases the reliability of flights and thereby reduces the lift induced drag. A group of experimental studies were conducted to investigate the effects of different wing tip devices and systems on the reduction of induced drag. This paper describes the potential of Elliptical Winglets for the reduction of induced drag without increasing the span of the aircraft. The other process shown over here is the modification of the expression of Lift-to-drag ratio in terms of Mach number.
Abstract— Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) makes it exposed to a variety of network attacks. MANET... more Abstract— Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) makes it exposed to a variety of network attacks. MANET due to its wireless transmission nature contains more security issues as compared to wired networks .These security issues are very important to deal with so as to make network secure. Wormhole attack also called as tunnelling attack is very difficult to detect. wormhole generally possess two properties In this paper we have studied the wormhole attack along with its properties and various method have been discussed for identification , removal, and prevention of wormhole attack and then they have been compared to one another so that effective methods should come forward .This study aims to combine some methods or to modify the one.
Abstract— A Petrochemical complex is responsible for producing various petrochemicals. It is ma... more Abstract— A Petrochemical complex is responsible for producing various petrochemicals. It is made up of various fragments that work in synchronisation with each other. This paper focuses on treatment of ethane-propane in a petrochemical complex after recovery from natural gas.Some of the important fragments are the Gas Sweetening Unit (GSU), the (C2\C3) Recovery Unit, and the Gas Cracker Unit (GCU). The GSU uses a solvent for removing acid gases like CO 2 in the natural gas by chemical absorption. First counter current absorption of the gas with a solvent like DEA takes place and then its further treatment in the regenerator column to strip off the CO 2. The 'sweetened' gas from the GSU forms the feedstock to the C2\C3 Recovery Unit where cryogenic conditions prevail and if the CO 2 component of the gas is not removed, it will freeze at such low temperatures. The ethane-propane is cracked in the GCU.
— This paper discusses the experimental study on the reduction of energy utilization and thereby ... more — This paper discusses the experimental study on the reduction of energy utilization and thereby abiding an indirect control on the emission strategies for a CI engine. Three different methods for the control of emission were carried out and the results were compared. The first method was to improve the combustion by incorporating a copper perforated medium beneath the atomized fuel spray and thereby improve the combustion through vaporisation. The second method was to use coconut oil directly as an additive to diesel. The last method was to preheat the coconut oil blended diesel. The analysis showed that of all the coconut blends, namely, 10% to 50%, 20% blended ratio found a good place in both fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. Similarly, the preheated blends showed still drastic reductions in emissions even for higher proportions of coconut oil.
Abstract— Software Reuse increases the productivity and reduces the cost and improves the Quali... more Abstract— Software Reuse increases the productivity and reduces the cost and improves the Quality of the software development. Reusability is one of the most important Quality Characteristic. Therefore it is necessary to measure the reusability of the module in order to realize the reuse of module effectively. By reuse the module of existing software has increased in past recent year which impact more on the software quality. Many measuring Reusability methods have been proposed for estimating the reusability of module.
— Wireless ad-hoc networking has become an irreplaceable technology in modern communication syste... more — Wireless ad-hoc networking has become an irreplaceable technology in modern communication system where communication infrastructure is insufficient or unavailable. Ad-hoc network is a collection of self-organizing nodes that are rapidly deployable and adaptable to frequent topology changes. The evolution of the Multimedia Technology & the Commercial Interest of Companies to reach civilian applications has made QoS in MANETs an unavoidable task. Resource limitations and variations add to the need for QoS provisioning. Use of MANETs in critical and delay sensitive applications demands service differentiation. Maintaining appropriate Quality of Service (QoS) for MANETs is a complex task due to the dynamic behavior of the network topology. The goal of QoS provisioning is to achieve network behaviors that are deterministic, so that information carried by the network can be better delivered and network resources can be better utilized. In this paper, we are going to analyze the multiparametric approach to perform QoS analysis of mobile ad-hoc network.
Clustering schemes offer a practical way of providing scalability when dealing with large and den... more Clustering schemes offer a practical way of providing scalability when dealing with large and dense Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). The feasibility of a clustering method can be primarily determined by the complexity of the cluster head selection. Optimizing the cluster head selection allows for the network to be more efficient by minimizing the signaling overhead while ensuring that the network connectivity is maintained despite topology changes. In this paper, we investigate the problems of cluster head selection for large and dense MANETs. Two variants of the cluster head selection are examined: (1) the distance-constrained selection where every node in the network must be located within a certain distance to the nearest cluster head; and (2) the size-constrained selection where each cluster is only allowed to have a limited number of members. We show that the problem of minimizing the set of cluster heads is NP-hard for both variants. We propose two distributed selection algorithms, each having logarithmic approximation ratio, for these variants. We also discuss, using simulations, the resulting cluster size distribution and cluster head density, which impact the efficient operation of the network.
2 1 2 2 2 1 Abstract— In this paper, we will proposed a new structure of the making of a chalco... more 2 1 2 2 2 1 Abstract— In this paper, we will proposed a new structure of the making of a chalcogenide glass photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with increase in core diameter. As comparision with the regular PCFs in which silica glass is used as core material, the proposed PCF has following feature; at first we have used the chalcogenide As2Se3 glass in core material in which the first ring area contains no air holes. Then this proposed PCF has a Huge core area chalcogenide As2Se3 glass photonic crystal fiber. There are small chromatic dispersion in the proposed PCF comparied to regular As2Se3 glass PCF. The chromatic dispersion is almost flat in the range of 2.4 micrometer to 4.1 micrometer range when the air hole diameter 'd' is .75 micrometer and air hole space '˄' is 2.0 micrometer.
The computer synthesis of natural speech is an objective for both engineers and linguists that wo... more The computer synthesis of natural speech is an objective for both engineers and linguists that would provide many useful applications to human-computer interaction. This paper explores text to speech system with Optical Character Recognition (OCR), where spoken utterances are automatically produced from text. Text to speech system with OCR is yet to develop for Indian languages, especially for Malayalam. Therefore we attempt to develop a text-to-speech for Malayalam using by tools available in matlab. Some facts of the current state technology are illustrated and the final section will explain the authors approach to the field of voice synthesis. The output generated by the proposed system to have very closeness to natural human voices.
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETS) are selfcreated and self organized by a collection of mobile node... more Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETS) are selfcreated and self organized by a collection of mobile nodes, interconnected by multi-hop wireless paths in a strictly peer to peer fashion. DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) is an on-demand routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks that floods route requests when the route is needed. Route caches in intermediate mobile node on DSR are used to reduce flooding of route requests. But with the increase in network size, node mobility and local cache of every mobile node cached route quickly become stale or inefficient. In this paper, for efficient searching, we have proposed a generic searching algorithm on associative cache memory organization to faster searching single/multiple paths for destination if exist in intermediate mobile node cache with a complexity (Where n is number of bits required to represent the searched field). The other major problem of DSR is that the route maintenance mechanism does not locally repair a broken link and Stale cache information could also result in consistencies during the route discovery /reconstruction phase. So to deal this, we have proposed an optimized cache coherence handling scheme for on -demand routing protocol (DSR).
Cryptography is just about presence of an adversary. It encompasses many problems like encryption... more Cryptography is just about presence of an adversary. It encompasses many problems like encryption, authentication, and key distribution to name a few. The field of modern cryptography provides a theoretical foundation based on which one can understand what exactly these problems are, how to evaluate algorithm that purport to solve them and how to build algorithm in whose security one can have confidence. Advanced digital technologies have made multimedia data widely available. Recently, multimedia applications become common in practice and thus security of multimedia data has become main concern. The basic issues pertaining to the problem of encryption has been discussed and also a survey on image encryption techniques based on chaotic schemes has been dealt in the present communication. The chaotic image encryption can be developed by using properties of chaos including deterministic dynamics, unpredictable behavior and non-linear transform.
Abstract— In this paper we have selected the machining method, a cost saving manufacturing proc... more Abstract— In this paper we have selected the machining method, a cost saving manufacturing process to produce straight bevel gears without any compromise with quality parameters, then validate the samples taken from vendor as per our design requirement and to increase Durability & Productivity of Straight Bevel Gears. To validated we have used tractor as a testing equipment and validate the gears to our design specification.
The paper presents an overview on architectures for design implementations of VLSI architecture s... more The paper presents an overview on architectures for design implementations of VLSI architecture schemes as specified By standardization committees of the ITU and ISO. Implementation strategies are discussed and split into function specific and programmable architectures. As examples for the function oriented approach, alternative architectures will be evaluated. It is also dedicated decoder chips are included. Architectures are presented for reported design examples from the literature. Heterogeneous processors outperform homogeneous processors because of adaptation to the requirements of special subtasks by dedicated modules. Majority of heterogeneous process incorporate dedicated modules for high performance subtasks of high regularity By normalization to a fictive 1.0 pm CMOS process typical linear relationships between silicon area and through-put rate have been determined for the different architectural style. This relationship indicating a figure of merit for silicon efficiency.
Photonic Crystal Fibers is a periodic microstructure running along the length. PCFs core and clad... more Photonic Crystal Fibers is a periodic microstructure running along the length. PCFs core and cladding might be based on different materials and various geometries. This article aims to comparative study of dispersion between two different types of Photonic crystal fibers. In the first step we compare material dispersion of both PCFs. And finally the total dispersion generated by both PCFs is compared. For this purpose we have used scalar effective index method (SEIM) and transparent boundary condition (TBC). Index Terms-. Photonic crystal fiber (PCF), Scalar effective index method (SEIM), transparent boundary condition (TBC).
www.erpublication.org Abstract-Paper describes an embedded System based on the µC / OS II opera... more www.erpublication.org Abstract-Paper describes an embedded System based on the µC / OS II operating system using ARM7. It deals with the porting of Micro C/OS-II kernel in ARM powered microcontroller for the implementation of multitasking and time scheduling. Here the real time kernel is the software that manage the time of a micro controller to ensure that all time critical events are processed as efficiently as possible. Different type of interface modules of ARM7 microcontroller like UART, ADC, DAC, KAYPAD, LCD, USB are used and data acquired from these interfaces is tested using µC/OS-II based real time operating system. It mainly emphasizes on the porting o f µC/OS-II. Index Terms-Embedded System Design, ARM7, Real Time OS, µC/OS II..
An array of powerful forces, including demographics, globalization, and rapidly evolving technolo... more An array of powerful forces, including demographics, globalization, and rapidly evolving technologies, is driving profound changes in the role of engineering in society. The changing technology needs of a global knowledge economy are challenging the nature of engineering practice, demanding far broader skills than simply the mastery of scientific and technological disciplines. The growing awareness of the importance of technological innovation to economic competitiveness and national security is demanding a new priority for basic engineering research. The nonlinear nature of the flow of knowledge between fundamental research and engineering application, the highly interdisciplinary nature of new technologies, and the impact of cyber infrastructure demand new paradigms in engineering research and development.
Abstract -A special case of multicarrier transmission is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexi... more Abstract -A special case of multicarrier transmission is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).In which single data stream is transmitted over a number of lower rate subcarriers. In July 1998 a new 5-GHz standard, targeting a range of data stream from 6 up to 54 Mbps was standardized by IEEE keeping the basis as OFDM although its use was limited to continuous transmission. High throughput and high transmission rate can be obtained in wireless communication through concept of parallel transmission of signals. OFDM is one of the techniques of parallel symbol transmission to achieve better transmission quality. The idea of OFDM is to split the total transmission bandwidth into a number of orthogonal subcarriers in order to transmit the symbols using these subcarriers in parallel.
Abstract— The following paper describes the effective –method proposals for the reduction of th... more Abstract— The following paper describes the effective –method proposals for the reduction of the lift induced drag for supersonic conditions i.e. supersonic flights. The paper summarizes the effective techniques for increasing the lift-to-drag ratio and hence increases the reliability of flights and thereby reduces the lift induced drag. A group of experimental studies were conducted to investigate the effects of different wing tip devices and systems on the reduction of induced drag. This paper describes the potential of Elliptical Winglets for the reduction of induced drag without increasing the span of the aircraft. The other process shown over here is the modification of the expression of Lift-to-drag ratio in terms of Mach number.
Abstract— Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) makes it exposed to a variety of network attacks. MANET... more Abstract— Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) makes it exposed to a variety of network attacks. MANET due to its wireless transmission nature contains more security issues as compared to wired networks .These security issues are very important to deal with so as to make network secure. Wormhole attack also called as tunnelling attack is very difficult to detect. wormhole generally possess two properties In this paper we have studied the wormhole attack along with its properties and various method have been discussed for identification , removal, and prevention of wormhole attack and then they have been compared to one another so that effective methods should come forward .This study aims to combine some methods or to modify the one.
Abstract— A Petrochemical complex is responsible for producing various petrochemicals. It is ma... more Abstract— A Petrochemical complex is responsible for producing various petrochemicals. It is made up of various fragments that work in synchronisation with each other. This paper focuses on treatment of ethane-propane in a petrochemical complex after recovery from natural gas.Some of the important fragments are the Gas Sweetening Unit (GSU), the (C2\C3) Recovery Unit, and the Gas Cracker Unit (GCU). The GSU uses a solvent for removing acid gases like CO 2 in the natural gas by chemical absorption. First counter current absorption of the gas with a solvent like DEA takes place and then its further treatment in the regenerator column to strip off the CO 2. The 'sweetened' gas from the GSU forms the feedstock to the C2\C3 Recovery Unit where cryogenic conditions prevail and if the CO 2 component of the gas is not removed, it will freeze at such low temperatures. The ethane-propane is cracked in the GCU.
— This paper discusses the experimental study on the reduction of energy utilization and thereby ... more — This paper discusses the experimental study on the reduction of energy utilization and thereby abiding an indirect control on the emission strategies for a CI engine. Three different methods for the control of emission were carried out and the results were compared. The first method was to improve the combustion by incorporating a copper perforated medium beneath the atomized fuel spray and thereby improve the combustion through vaporisation. The second method was to use coconut oil directly as an additive to diesel. The last method was to preheat the coconut oil blended diesel. The analysis showed that of all the coconut blends, namely, 10% to 50%, 20% blended ratio found a good place in both fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. Similarly, the preheated blends showed still drastic reductions in emissions even for higher proportions of coconut oil.
Abstract— Software Reuse increases the productivity and reduces the cost and improves the Quali... more Abstract— Software Reuse increases the productivity and reduces the cost and improves the Quality of the software development. Reusability is one of the most important Quality Characteristic. Therefore it is necessary to measure the reusability of the module in order to realize the reuse of module effectively. By reuse the module of existing software has increased in past recent year which impact more on the software quality. Many measuring Reusability methods have been proposed for estimating the reusability of module.
— Wireless ad-hoc networking has become an irreplaceable technology in modern communication syste... more — Wireless ad-hoc networking has become an irreplaceable technology in modern communication system where communication infrastructure is insufficient or unavailable. Ad-hoc network is a collection of self-organizing nodes that are rapidly deployable and adaptable to frequent topology changes. The evolution of the Multimedia Technology & the Commercial Interest of Companies to reach civilian applications has made QoS in MANETs an unavoidable task. Resource limitations and variations add to the need for QoS provisioning. Use of MANETs in critical and delay sensitive applications demands service differentiation. Maintaining appropriate Quality of Service (QoS) for MANETs is a complex task due to the dynamic behavior of the network topology. The goal of QoS provisioning is to achieve network behaviors that are deterministic, so that information carried by the network can be better delivered and network resources can be better utilized. In this paper, we are going to analyze the multiparametric approach to perform QoS analysis of mobile ad-hoc network.
Clustering schemes offer a practical way of providing scalability when dealing with large and den... more Clustering schemes offer a practical way of providing scalability when dealing with large and dense Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). The feasibility of a clustering method can be primarily determined by the complexity of the cluster head selection. Optimizing the cluster head selection allows for the network to be more efficient by minimizing the signaling overhead while ensuring that the network connectivity is maintained despite topology changes. In this paper, we investigate the problems of cluster head selection for large and dense MANETs. Two variants of the cluster head selection are examined: (1) the distance-constrained selection where every node in the network must be located within a certain distance to the nearest cluster head; and (2) the size-constrained selection where each cluster is only allowed to have a limited number of members. We show that the problem of minimizing the set of cluster heads is NP-hard for both variants. We propose two distributed selection algorithms, each having logarithmic approximation ratio, for these variants. We also discuss, using simulations, the resulting cluster size distribution and cluster head density, which impact the efficient operation of the network.
2 1 2 2 2 1 Abstract— In this paper, we will proposed a new structure of the making of a chalco... more 2 1 2 2 2 1 Abstract— In this paper, we will proposed a new structure of the making of a chalcogenide glass photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with increase in core diameter. As comparision with the regular PCFs in which silica glass is used as core material, the proposed PCF has following feature; at first we have used the chalcogenide As2Se3 glass in core material in which the first ring area contains no air holes. Then this proposed PCF has a Huge core area chalcogenide As2Se3 glass photonic crystal fiber. There are small chromatic dispersion in the proposed PCF comparied to regular As2Se3 glass PCF. The chromatic dispersion is almost flat in the range of 2.4 micrometer to 4.1 micrometer range when the air hole diameter 'd' is .75 micrometer and air hole space '˄' is 2.0 micrometer.
The computer synthesis of natural speech is an objective for both engineers and linguists that wo... more The computer synthesis of natural speech is an objective for both engineers and linguists that would provide many useful applications to human-computer interaction. This paper explores text to speech system with Optical Character Recognition (OCR), where spoken utterances are automatically produced from text. Text to speech system with OCR is yet to develop for Indian languages, especially for Malayalam. Therefore we attempt to develop a text-to-speech for Malayalam using by tools available in matlab. Some facts of the current state technology are illustrated and the final section will explain the authors approach to the field of voice synthesis. The output generated by the proposed system to have very closeness to natural human voices.
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETS) are selfcreated and self organized by a collection of mobile node... more Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETS) are selfcreated and self organized by a collection of mobile nodes, interconnected by multi-hop wireless paths in a strictly peer to peer fashion. DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) is an on-demand routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks that floods route requests when the route is needed. Route caches in intermediate mobile node on DSR are used to reduce flooding of route requests. But with the increase in network size, node mobility and local cache of every mobile node cached route quickly become stale or inefficient. In this paper, for efficient searching, we have proposed a generic searching algorithm on associative cache memory organization to faster searching single/multiple paths for destination if exist in intermediate mobile node cache with a complexity (Where n is number of bits required to represent the searched field). The other major problem of DSR is that the route maintenance mechanism does not locally repair a broken link and Stale cache information could also result in consistencies during the route discovery /reconstruction phase. So to deal this, we have proposed an optimized cache coherence handling scheme for on -demand routing protocol (DSR).
Cryptography is just about presence of an adversary. It encompasses many problems like encryption... more Cryptography is just about presence of an adversary. It encompasses many problems like encryption, authentication, and key distribution to name a few. The field of modern cryptography provides a theoretical foundation based on which one can understand what exactly these problems are, how to evaluate algorithm that purport to solve them and how to build algorithm in whose security one can have confidence. Advanced digital technologies have made multimedia data widely available. Recently, multimedia applications become common in practice and thus security of multimedia data has become main concern. The basic issues pertaining to the problem of encryption has been discussed and also a survey on image encryption techniques based on chaotic schemes has been dealt in the present communication. The chaotic image encryption can be developed by using properties of chaos including deterministic dynamics, unpredictable behavior and non-linear transform.
Abstract— In this paper we have selected the machining method, a cost saving manufacturing proc... more Abstract— In this paper we have selected the machining method, a cost saving manufacturing process to produce straight bevel gears without any compromise with quality parameters, then validate the samples taken from vendor as per our design requirement and to increase Durability & Productivity of Straight Bevel Gears. To validated we have used tractor as a testing equipment and validate the gears to our design specification.
The paper presents an overview on architectures for design implementations of VLSI architecture s... more The paper presents an overview on architectures for design implementations of VLSI architecture schemes as specified By standardization committees of the ITU and ISO. Implementation strategies are discussed and split into function specific and programmable architectures. As examples for the function oriented approach, alternative architectures will be evaluated. It is also dedicated decoder chips are included. Architectures are presented for reported design examples from the literature. Heterogeneous processors outperform homogeneous processors because of adaptation to the requirements of special subtasks by dedicated modules. Majority of heterogeneous process incorporate dedicated modules for high performance subtasks of high regularity By normalization to a fictive 1.0 pm CMOS process typical linear relationships between silicon area and through-put rate have been determined for the different architectural style. This relationship indicating a figure of merit for silicon efficiency.
Photonic Crystal Fibers is a periodic microstructure running along the length. PCFs core and clad... more Photonic Crystal Fibers is a periodic microstructure running along the length. PCFs core and cladding might be based on different materials and various geometries. This article aims to comparative study of dispersion between two different types of Photonic crystal fibers. In the first step we compare material dispersion of both PCFs. And finally the total dispersion generated by both PCFs is compared. For this purpose we have used scalar effective index method (SEIM) and transparent boundary condition (TBC). Index Terms-. Photonic crystal fiber (PCF), Scalar effective index method (SEIM), transparent boundary condition (TBC).
www.erpublication.org Abstract-Paper describes an embedded System based on the µC / OS II opera... more www.erpublication.org Abstract-Paper describes an embedded System based on the µC / OS II operating system using ARM7. It deals with the porting of Micro C/OS-II kernel in ARM powered microcontroller for the implementation of multitasking and time scheduling. Here the real time kernel is the software that manage the time of a micro controller to ensure that all time critical events are processed as efficiently as possible. Different type of interface modules of ARM7 microcontroller like UART, ADC, DAC, KAYPAD, LCD, USB are used and data acquired from these interfaces is tested using µC/OS-II based real time operating system. It mainly emphasizes on the porting o f µC/OS-II. Index Terms-Embedded System Design, ARM7, Real Time OS, µC/OS II..
An array of powerful forces, including demographics, globalization, and rapidly evolving technolo... more An array of powerful forces, including demographics, globalization, and rapidly evolving technologies, is driving profound changes in the role of engineering in society. The changing technology needs of a global knowledge economy are challenging the nature of engineering practice, demanding far broader skills than simply the mastery of scientific and technological disciplines. The growing awareness of the importance of technological innovation to economic competitiveness and national security is demanding a new priority for basic engineering research. The nonlinear nature of the flow of knowledge between fundamental research and engineering application, the highly interdisciplinary nature of new technologies, and the impact of cyber infrastructure demand new paradigms in engineering research and development.
Abstract -A special case of multicarrier transmission is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexi... more Abstract -A special case of multicarrier transmission is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).In which single data stream is transmitted over a number of lower rate subcarriers. In July 1998 a new 5-GHz standard, targeting a range of data stream from 6 up to 54 Mbps was standardized by IEEE keeping the basis as OFDM although its use was limited to continuous transmission. High throughput and high transmission rate can be obtained in wireless communication through concept of parallel transmission of signals. OFDM is one of the techniques of parallel symbol transmission to achieve better transmission quality. The idea of OFDM is to split the total transmission bandwidth into a number of orthogonal subcarriers in order to transmit the symbols using these subcarriers in parallel.
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