Papers by ENRIQUE GALLARDO
Prenatal Diagnosis, 2002
ObjectivesMaternal plasma and serum are being used to detect fetal DNA by PCR in order to determi... more ObjectivesMaternal plasma and serum are being used to detect fetal DNA by PCR in order to determine certain conditions such as fetal gender and RhD without invasive procedures. Because of the presence of maternal DNA in plasma, these approaches are limited to paternally inherited disorders or those de novo present in the fetus. We have assessed the possibility of performing the detection of a single-gene disorder such as a fetal paternally inherited Cystic Fibrosis mutation (Q890X) in maternal plasma.Maternal plasma and serum are being used to detect fetal DNA by PCR in order to determine certain conditions such as fetal gender and RhD without invasive procedures. Because of the presence of maternal DNA in plasma, these approaches are limited to paternally inherited disorders or those de novo present in the fetus. We have assessed the possibility of performing the detection of a single-gene disorder such as a fetal paternally inherited Cystic Fibrosis mutation (Q890X) in maternal plasma.MethodsThe analysis was performed at 13 weeks of gestation using DNA extracted from maternal plasma. We used a PCR amplification of the Q890X mutation and a posterior restriction analysis of the PCR product.The analysis was performed at 13 weeks of gestation using DNA extracted from maternal plasma. We used a PCR amplification of the Q890X mutation and a posterior restriction analysis of the PCR product.ResultsWe were able to detect the presence of the mutation and thus the fetal condition of being a carrier of the paternal mutation.We were able to detect the presence of the mutation and thus the fetal condition of being a carrier of the paternal mutation.ConclusionsWe have made evident the possibility of detecting an inherited paternal mutation in a non-invasive way at the 13thr weeks of pregnancy. This methodology could be very useful in cases of paternally inherited dominant disorders. The technical improvements in fetal DNA detection and analysis might lead to the development of new applications in the non-invasive prenatal diagnosis field. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.We have made evident the possibility of detecting an inherited paternal mutation in a non-invasive way at the 13thr weeks of pregnancy. This methodology could be very useful in cases of paternally inherited dominant disorders. The technical improvements in fetal DNA detection and analysis might lead to the development of new applications in the non-invasive prenatal diagnosis field. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, 2006
Purpose:To describe the gray-scale Doppler and sonographic features of a series of subcutaneous a... more Purpose:To describe the gray-scale Doppler and sonographic features of a series of subcutaneous angioleiomyomas.To describe the gray-scale Doppler and sonographic features of a series of subcutaneous angioleiomyomas.Methods:The sonographic appearances of 10 pathologically proven angioleiomyomas were retrospectively reviewed; 4 in women and 6 in men, with an age range from 33 to 77 years. We evaluated size, shape, echo pattern, margins, location, relationships with adjacent structures, and vascularity. Examinations were performed using a multifrequency linear array transducer (9–11 MHz) connected to a Logiq 500 scanner (GE, Milwaukee, Wl).The sonographic appearances of 10 pathologically proven angioleiomyomas were retrospectively reviewed; 4 in women and 6 in men, with an age range from 33 to 77 years. We evaluated size, shape, echo pattern, margins, location, relationships with adjacent structures, and vascularity. Examinations were performed using a multifrequency linear array transducer (9–11 MHz) connected to a Logiq 500 scanner (GE, Milwaukee, Wl).Results:All tumors were subcutaneous and located in the extremities (7 in the lower extremities, 3 in the upper extremities). The sizes ranged from 0.6 to 6.4 cm, with an average size of 2 cm. All of the lesions were hypoechoic with well-defined margins, and 9 were oval. Intratumoral calcifications were observed in two patients. Vascularity was easily detected in all of them, and 4 tumors had a clear vascular pedicle. The spectral Doppler analysis performed in 5 cases, revealing a low-resistance arterial waveform in 4 patients.All tumors were subcutaneous and located in the extremities (7 in the lower extremities, 3 in the upper extremities). The sizes ranged from 0.6 to 6.4 cm, with an average size of 2 cm. All of the lesions were hypoechoic with well-defined margins, and 9 were oval. Intratumoral calcifications were observed in two patients. Vascularity was easily detected in all of them, and 4 tumors had a clear vascular pedicle. The spectral Doppler analysis performed in 5 cases, revealing a low-resistance arterial waveform in 4 patients.Conclusions:Although angioleiomyomas are uncommon soft tissue tumors, the presence of a well-defined, hypoechoic, vascular subcutaneous tumor in the extremities should raise the possibility of such a diagnosis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 34:50–54, 2006Although angioleiomyomas are uncommon soft tissue tumors, the presence of a well-defined, hypoechoic, vascular subcutaneous tumor in the extremities should raise the possibility of such a diagnosis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 34:50–54, 2006
British Journal of Cancer, 2009
BACKGROUND: The low probability of curing high-risk prostate cancer (PC) with local therapy sugge... more BACKGROUND: The low probability of curing high-risk prostate cancer (PC) with local therapy suggests the need to study modality of therapeutic approaches. To this end, a prospective phase II trial of neoadjuvant docetaxel (D) and complete androgen blockade (CAB) was carried out in high-risk PC patients. The primary end point was to detect at least 10% of pCRs after chemohormonal treatment. METHODS: Patients with T1c -T2 clinical stage with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 420 ng ml À1 and/or Gleason score X7 (4 þ 3) and T3 were included. Treatment consisted of three cycles of D 36 mg m À2 on days 1, 8 and 15 every 28 days concomitant with CAB, followed by radical prostatectomy (RP). RESULTS: A total of 57 patients were included. Clinical stage was T1c, 11 patients (19.3%); T2, 30 (52.6%) and T3, 16 (28%) patients. Gleason score was X7 (4 þ 3) in 44 (77%) patients and PSA 420 ng ml À1 in 15 (26%) patients. Treatment was well tolerated with 51 (89.9%) patients completing neoadjuvant therapy together with RP. The rate of pCR was 6% (three patients). Three (6%) additional patients had microscopic residual tumour (near pCR) in prostate specimen. With a median follow-up of 35 months, 18 (31.6%) patients presented PSA relapse. CONCLUSION: Short-term neoadjuvant D and CAB induced a 6% pCR rate, which is close to what would be expected with ADT alone. The combination was generally well tolerated.
International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 2010
To evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of vinorelbine and estramustine in combination with t... more To evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of vinorelbine and estramustine in combination with three-dimensional conformational radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in patients with localized high-risk prostate cancer. Fifty patients received estramustine, 600 mg/m(2) daily, and vinorelbine, 25 mg/m(2), on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle for three cycles in combination with 8 weeks of 3D-CRT (total dose of 70.2 gray [Gy] at 1.8-Gy fractions or 70 Gy at 2.0-Gy fractions). Additionally, patients received luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs for 3 years. All patients were evaluated for response and toxicity. Progression-free survival at 5 years was 72% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 52-86). All patients who relapsed had only biochemical relapse. The most frequent severe toxicities were cystitis (16% of patients), leucopenia (10% of patients), diarrhea (10% of patients), neutropenia (8% of patients), and proctitis (8% of patients). Six patients (12%) did not complete study treatment due to the patient's decision (n = 1) and to adverse events such as hepatotoxicity, proctitis, paralytic ileus, and acute myocardial infarction. Vinorelbine and estramustine in combination with 3D-CRT is a safe and effective regimen for patients with localized high-risk prostate cancer. A randomized trial is needed to determine whether the results of this regimen are an improvement over the results obtained with radiotherapy and androgen ablation.
European Urology Supplements, 2007
The incidental detection of enhancing renal lesions has growth substantially due to increased use... more The incidental detection of enhancing renal lesions has growth substantially due to increased use of cross sectional abdominal imaging to evaluate abdominal symptomatology. Patients undergoing abdominal imaging may develop a renal lesion suspicious for malignancy during their follow-up of an unrelated disease process. In a recent review of the literature was analyzed the natural history of untreated solid localized renal lesions (Chawla et al. 2006), the mean growth rate of these patients was 0.28 cm yearly.
Clinical Endocrinology, 1992
OBJECTIVE We assessed the frequency of endocrine or neurological disturbances and the results of ... more OBJECTIVE We assessed the frequency of endocrine or neurological disturbances and the results of surgery in patients with empty sella, diagnosed with cisternography and/or computerized tomography scanning.DESIGN AND PATIENTS Analysis of hospital records of 76 successive patients (73 primary, three secondary empty sella) from a single institution.MEASUREMENTS Clinical and neuro-ophthalmological evaluation. Serum PRL, GH, TSH, LH, FSH, T4, T3 by radioimmunoassay. Diagnosis of empty sella with cisternography and/or computerized tomography scanning (n = 69), or discovered at surgery (n = 7).RESULTS Patients with empty sella had: headache (69 7%), visual disturbances (34 2%), cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea (11 8%), endocrine disturbances (51 4%, including hyperprolactinaemia, acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome). A pituitary tumour was discovered in two patients, in seven other ones it was suspected but not found at surgery. Transsphenoidal packing of empty sellas was done in 56 cases, with 71% post-operative complications. With surgery there was improvement of headache in 71%, of visual disturbances in 46%. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea (discovered at surgery in four other patients) was not resolved by the first operation in six out of 13 patients. In 20 patients without surgery, headache improved in 64 6%.CONCLUSIONS The empty sella is frequently associated with a variety of neurological and endocrine disturbances, which is contrary to conventional belief. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea is not a rare complication and it may be difficult to treat. Some cases of empty sella may be due to partial pituitary apoplexy. Autoimmunity may have existed in other cases. Surgery may be useful in many patients, but a judicious selection is needed because it entails complications and non-operated patients may improve spontaneously.
Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 1993
... Enrique Gallardo', Dina Schachter', Edith Caceres*, Pedro B... more ... Enrique Gallardo', Dina Schachter', Edith Caceres*, Pedro Becker', Enrique Colint, Carlos Martinezt and Camilo Henriquezt *Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital delSalvador and Instituto de Estudios Medicos Avanzados (IEMA), Santiago and tlnstituto de ...
Clinical Endocrinology, 1992
OBJECTIVE We assessed the frequency of endocrine or neurological disturbances and the results of ... more OBJECTIVE We assessed the frequency of endocrine or neurological disturbances and the results of surgery in patients with empty sella, diagnosed with cisternography and/or computerized tomography scanning.DESIGN AND PATIENTS Analysis of hospital records of 76 successive patients (73 primary, three secondary empty sella) from a single institution.MEASUREMENTS Clinical and neuro-ophthalmological evaluation. Serum PRL, GH, TSH, LH, FSH, T4, T3 by radioimmunoassay. Diagnosis of empty sella with cisternography and/or computerized tomography scanning (n = 69), or discovered at surgery (n = 7).RESULTS Patients with empty sella had: headache (69 7%), visual disturbances (34 2%), cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea (11 8%), endocrine disturbances (51 4%, including hyperprolactinaemia, acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome). A pituitary tumour was discovered in two patients, in seven other ones it was suspected but not found at surgery. Transsphenoidal packing of empty sellas was done in 56 cases, with 71% post-operative complications. With surgery there was improvement of headache in 71%, of visual disturbances in 46%. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea (discovered at surgery in four other patients) was not resolved by the first operation in six out of 13 patients. In 20 patients without surgery, headache improved in 64 6%.CONCLUSIONS The empty sella is frequently associated with a variety of neurological and endocrine disturbances, which is contrary to conventional belief. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea is not a rare complication and it may be difficult to treat. Some cases of empty sella may be due to partial pituitary apoplexy. Autoimmunity may have existed in other cases. Surgery may be useful in many patients, but a judicious selection is needed because it entails complications and non-operated patients may improve spontaneously.
Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 1993
... Enrique Gallardo', Dina Schachter', Edith Caceres*, Pedro B... more ... Enrique Gallardo', Dina Schachter', Edith Caceres*, Pedro Becker', Enrique Colint, Carlos Martinezt and Camilo Henriquezt *Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital delSalvador and Instituto de Estudios Medicos Avanzados (IEMA), Santiago and tlnstituto de ...
En la primera mitad del siglo XX, como resultado de los horrores derivados de la Primera Guerra M... more En la primera mitad del siglo XX, como resultado de los horrores derivados de la Primera Guerra Mundial, del peligroso avance de una tecnología no regulada y de la evolución natural del pensamiento filosófico, se desarrolla una nueva e iluminada concepción del ser humano. Los filósofos vuelcan su inquisitorial mirada sobre sí mismos, apoyados en claros vislumbres y aportes producidos en el pasado, como los de Sören Kierkegaard, de Kant, de Fichte, entre otros.
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Papers by ENRIQUE GALLARDO