It is the first article of the two ones related to the Sagnac effect, the one of the main relativ... more It is the first article of the two ones related to the Sagnac effect, the one of the main relativistic effects to be taken into account for synchronization of clocks in working global navigation satellite systems. Its sense consists of retarding/advancing signals propagating in opposite directions at the perimeter of a rotating disc. In the present article its theoretic foundation is given both within the framework of a kinematical effect in special relativity and in that of general relativity, where the effect is analyzed as a result of centrifugal forces potential’s action. Besides, in both the theories two various approaches are applied. This enables delving into physical sense of the phenomenon. This theoretical presentation is used in the second article of the series to outline the effect under real conditions at location on the surface of rotating Earth, when optical fiber link is used for synchronization of atomic clocks.
At the present time the Russian state geodetic reference frame of the new generation consists of ... more At the present time the Russian state geodetic reference frame of the new generation consists of the three hierarchical levels that include: 1. fundamental astronomical-geodetic reference frame ; 2. high-precision geodetic reference frame; 3. satellite-based geodetic reference frame of the first category. The spatial coordinates of the networks of these three levels are determined by satellite methods. However, only the points of the fundamental astronomical-geodetic reference frame are continuously operating reference stations. Many surveying engineers, geodesists, mapping specialists, as well as scientists from different backgrounds, are using RINEX files every day freely downloading them from the site //rgs.centre.ru At the same time, private networks of Continuously operating reference stations are developing rapidly in Russia. These networks are owned by various corporations, both private and public, as well as stations owned by private individuals. Now, a center is being created, the main task of which is to unite all Continuously operating reference stations located on the territory of Russia into a unified network. This paper addresses the current state of the Continuously operating reference stations network in Russia and plans for enhancing it within the next few years.
In this National Report are given major results of researches conducted by Russian geodesists in ... more In this National Report are given major results of researches conducted by Russian geodesists in 2011-2014 on the topics of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). This report is prepared by the Section of Geodesy of the National Geophysical Committee of Russia. In the report prepared for the XXVI General Assembly of IUGG (Czhech Republic, Prague, 22 June-2 July 2015), the results of principal researches in geodesy, geodynamics, gravimetry, in the studies of geodetic reference frame creation and development, Earth's shape and gravity field, Earth's rotation, geodetic theory, its application and some other directions are briefly described. For some objective reasons not all results obtained by Russian scientists on the problems of geodesy are included in the report. В данном Национальном отчете представлены основные результаты исследований, проводимых российскими геодезистами в 2011-2014 гг., по темам, соответветствующим направлениям деятельности Международной ассоциации геодезии (МАГ) Международного геодезического и геофизического союза (МГГС). Данный отчет подготовлен Секцией геодезии Национального геофизического комитета Российской академии наук. В данном отчете, подготовленном к XXVI Генеральной ассамблее МГГС (Чехия, Прага, 22 июня-2 июля 2015 г.), представлены основные результаты исследований в области геодезии, геодинамики, гравиметрии, создания геодезических систем отсчета, формы и гравитационного поля Земли, вращения Земли, теории геодезии и ее приложений. По понятным причинам, в отчет были включены не все результаты, полученные российскими учеными в области геодезии.
The present paper extends the Newtonian concept of the geoid in classic geodesy towards the realm... more The present paper extends the Newtonian concept of the geoid in classic geodesy towards the realm of general relativity by utilizing the covariant geometric methods of the perturbation theory of curved manifolds. It yields a covariant definition of the anomalous (disturbing) gravity potential and formulate differential equation for it in the form of a covariant Laplace equation. The paper also derives the Bruns equation for calculation of geoid's height with full account for relativistic effects beyond the Newtonian approximation. A brief discussion of the relativistic Bruns formula is provided.
The present article is written in response to the recent call of the United Nations for the enhan... more The present article is written in response to the recent call of the United Nations for the enhanced international cooperation of different countries on global geodesy to build the Global Geodetic Reference Frame (GGRF). It reviews historical landmarks in the development of the State Geodetic Reference Frame on the territory of Russia over the last two centuries. It discusses major steps in creating the Russian terrestrial reference frame by both the ground-based and space geodesy methods relying upon the satellite observation techniques. Currently the State Geodetic Reference Frame undergoes a radical improvement in order to effectively implement the potential of modern satellite technologies through the use of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). We outline the current status of the National Geodetic Network in Russia, its hierarchical structure and accuracy. We pay a particular attention to the high-precision State Geodetic Coordinate System (GSK-2011), created simultaneously along with the global reference-ellipsoid, and designed for various types of users to conduct the land surveying and mapping in Russia. We also present the geocentric coordinate system (PZ-90.11) used for navigating space missions, solving various problems of global geodesy, and supporting the continuous operation of GLONASS.
We report on the experimental results of testing a new physical method of determination of the gr... more We report on the experimental results of testing a new physical method of determination of the gravitational potential differences and orthometric heights by measuring the relativistic effect of gravitational redshift of frequency by means of atomic clocks. The experiment was performed in the Altai Mountains between two geodetic stations, Shebalino and Sieminski Pass, separated by about 850 meters in altitude. The measured mean value of the frequency shift caused by the change in the gravitational potential between the two stations is (δf/f0)grav = 7.980 × 10−14, with the dispersion σf = 7.27 × 10−15 referred to the time interval of the experiment.
The UNESCO World Heritage List contains about 1,000 names of the world objects - recognized "... more The UNESCO World Heritage List contains about 1,000 names of the world objects - recognized "wonders of the world". Of them, the only geodetic wonder is the Struve Arc known at some time as "the Russian one" and then "the Russian-Scandinavian Meridian Arc". The Struve Arc is the first scientific and technical artifact included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is an unusual and very valuable element in the UNESCO World Her- itage List. It is written in the resolution of the UNESCO World Heritage Com- mittee that the Struve Geodetic Arc has been included in the list the world heritage as the object of culture of "outstanding universal value" (Resolution
The development results of the new three-level Russian national reference network and preci-sion ... more The development results of the new three-level Russian national reference network and preci-sion of its connection to the national network of the previous generation are analyzed. Mutual tem-poral stability of geodetic networks is estimated for short- and long-term periods.
It is the first article of the two ones related to the Sagnac effect, the one of the main relativ... more It is the first article of the two ones related to the Sagnac effect, the one of the main relativistic effects to be taken into account for synchronization of clocks in working global navigation satellite systems. Its sense consists of retarding/advancing signals propagating in opposite directions at the perimeter of a rotating disc. In the present article its theoretic foundation is given both within the framework of a kinematical effect in special relativity and in that of general relativity, where the effect is analyzed as a result of centrifugal forces potential’s action. Besides, in both the theories two various approaches are applied. This enables delving into physical sense of the phenomenon. This theoretical presentation is used in the second article of the series to outline the effect under real conditions at location on the surface of rotating Earth, when optical fiber link is used for synchronization of atomic clocks.
At the present time the Russian state geodetic reference frame of the new generation consists of ... more At the present time the Russian state geodetic reference frame of the new generation consists of the three hierarchical levels that include: 1. fundamental astronomical-geodetic reference frame ; 2. high-precision geodetic reference frame; 3. satellite-based geodetic reference frame of the first category. The spatial coordinates of the networks of these three levels are determined by satellite methods. However, only the points of the fundamental astronomical-geodetic reference frame are continuously operating reference stations. Many surveying engineers, geodesists, mapping specialists, as well as scientists from different backgrounds, are using RINEX files every day freely downloading them from the site //rgs.centre.ru At the same time, private networks of Continuously operating reference stations are developing rapidly in Russia. These networks are owned by various corporations, both private and public, as well as stations owned by private individuals. Now, a center is being created, the main task of which is to unite all Continuously operating reference stations located on the territory of Russia into a unified network. This paper addresses the current state of the Continuously operating reference stations network in Russia and plans for enhancing it within the next few years.
In this National Report are given major results of researches conducted by Russian geodesists in ... more In this National Report are given major results of researches conducted by Russian geodesists in 2011-2014 on the topics of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). This report is prepared by the Section of Geodesy of the National Geophysical Committee of Russia. In the report prepared for the XXVI General Assembly of IUGG (Czhech Republic, Prague, 22 June-2 July 2015), the results of principal researches in geodesy, geodynamics, gravimetry, in the studies of geodetic reference frame creation and development, Earth's shape and gravity field, Earth's rotation, geodetic theory, its application and some other directions are briefly described. For some objective reasons not all results obtained by Russian scientists on the problems of geodesy are included in the report. В данном Национальном отчете представлены основные результаты исследований, проводимых российскими геодезистами в 2011-2014 гг., по темам, соответветствующим направлениям деятельности Международной ассоциации геодезии (МАГ) Международного геодезического и геофизического союза (МГГС). Данный отчет подготовлен Секцией геодезии Национального геофизического комитета Российской академии наук. В данном отчете, подготовленном к XXVI Генеральной ассамблее МГГС (Чехия, Прага, 22 июня-2 июля 2015 г.), представлены основные результаты исследований в области геодезии, геодинамики, гравиметрии, создания геодезических систем отсчета, формы и гравитационного поля Земли, вращения Земли, теории геодезии и ее приложений. По понятным причинам, в отчет были включены не все результаты, полученные российскими учеными в области геодезии.
The present paper extends the Newtonian concept of the geoid in classic geodesy towards the realm... more The present paper extends the Newtonian concept of the geoid in classic geodesy towards the realm of general relativity by utilizing the covariant geometric methods of the perturbation theory of curved manifolds. It yields a covariant definition of the anomalous (disturbing) gravity potential and formulate differential equation for it in the form of a covariant Laplace equation. The paper also derives the Bruns equation for calculation of geoid's height with full account for relativistic effects beyond the Newtonian approximation. A brief discussion of the relativistic Bruns formula is provided.
The present article is written in response to the recent call of the United Nations for the enhan... more The present article is written in response to the recent call of the United Nations for the enhanced international cooperation of different countries on global geodesy to build the Global Geodetic Reference Frame (GGRF). It reviews historical landmarks in the development of the State Geodetic Reference Frame on the territory of Russia over the last two centuries. It discusses major steps in creating the Russian terrestrial reference frame by both the ground-based and space geodesy methods relying upon the satellite observation techniques. Currently the State Geodetic Reference Frame undergoes a radical improvement in order to effectively implement the potential of modern satellite technologies through the use of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). We outline the current status of the National Geodetic Network in Russia, its hierarchical structure and accuracy. We pay a particular attention to the high-precision State Geodetic Coordinate System (GSK-2011), created simultaneously along with the global reference-ellipsoid, and designed for various types of users to conduct the land surveying and mapping in Russia. We also present the geocentric coordinate system (PZ-90.11) used for navigating space missions, solving various problems of global geodesy, and supporting the continuous operation of GLONASS.
We report on the experimental results of testing a new physical method of determination of the gr... more We report on the experimental results of testing a new physical method of determination of the gravitational potential differences and orthometric heights by measuring the relativistic effect of gravitational redshift of frequency by means of atomic clocks. The experiment was performed in the Altai Mountains between two geodetic stations, Shebalino and Sieminski Pass, separated by about 850 meters in altitude. The measured mean value of the frequency shift caused by the change in the gravitational potential between the two stations is (δf/f0)grav = 7.980 × 10−14, with the dispersion σf = 7.27 × 10−15 referred to the time interval of the experiment.
The UNESCO World Heritage List contains about 1,000 names of the world objects - recognized "... more The UNESCO World Heritage List contains about 1,000 names of the world objects - recognized "wonders of the world". Of them, the only geodetic wonder is the Struve Arc known at some time as "the Russian one" and then "the Russian-Scandinavian Meridian Arc". The Struve Arc is the first scientific and technical artifact included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is an unusual and very valuable element in the UNESCO World Her- itage List. It is written in the resolution of the UNESCO World Heritage Com- mittee that the Struve Geodetic Arc has been included in the list the world heritage as the object of culture of "outstanding universal value" (Resolution
The development results of the new three-level Russian national reference network and preci-sion ... more The development results of the new three-level Russian national reference network and preci-sion of its connection to the national network of the previous generation are analyzed. Mutual tem-poral stability of geodetic networks is estimated for short- and long-term periods.
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Papers by Elena Mazurova