Papers by Dr. Mubarak Ahmed Khan
American Journal of Materials Science, 2019
The radiation shielding capacity of some locally available wood and composite materials were expl... more The radiation shielding capacity of some locally available wood and composite materials were explored. The attenuation capacity was investigated in terms of relative attenuation factor (RAF), linear attenuation coefficient (µ) and mass attenuation coefficient (µ m ) which determined for both low and high gamma photons, and neutron radiation. The determined attenuation coefficients of some wood samples of Mehagany (Swietenia macrophylla), Rain tree (Albizia saman) and Mango (Mangifera indica) wood were compared with the fiber reinforced polymer composite samples of Glass fiber and Jute composite. The µ m profile implied a better attenuation capacity of wood samples than that of the glass fiber composite and jute composite samples for low energy gamma photons. In the case of high energy photons, wood samples revealed the uppermost attenuation capacity in comparison to the glass fiber composite, jute composite samples and concrete slab in terms of µ m . For neutron beam, both the glass fiber composite and jute composite samples indicated higher attenuation capacity than that of the wood samples in terms of µ; although, µ m showed a similar attenuating performance with a steepened fashion. Hence, Glass fiber and Jute composites possessed a good shielding worth in the case of neutron beam, and Rain tree wood exhibited a satisfactory attenuation capacity for low and high energy gamma photon beams.
Journal of polymer and biopolymer physics chemistry, Jan 23, 2014
Non-woven jute caddies (JC, jute wastage) reinforced unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and polypr... more Non-woven jute caddies (JC, jute wastage) reinforced unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and polypropylene (PP)-based randomly oriented discontinuous fibre composites with fibre loading 40-65% were fabricated by compression molding. The influence of the addition of fibre loadings on the mechanical properties such as tensile strength (TS) and tensile modulus (TM), bending strength (BS) and bending modulus (BM) and impact strength (IS) of the composites was investigated. Based on the fiber loading, around 55% JC reinforced UPR composite yielded better mechanical properties compared to the JC/PP composite. To improve the compatibility between fibre and matrix, the composites were irradiated with gamma rays (Co-60) of dose varied from 2.5 kGy to 12.5 kGy. Tensile and flexural properties of the composites were found to be improved significantly after irradiation. TS and BS of JC/UPR composites increased 29.86 and 14.60% respectively at 7.5 kGy while for JC/PP composites the increments were 21.69 and 7.78% respectively at 5.0 kGy. Water uptake tests of untreated and irradiated composites were carried out in deionized water where, the water-resistance properties of both kinds of irradiated composites were found to improve almost equally. Degradation tests of the composites were performed in soil medium and it was observed that JC/UPR composites lost much of its original strength and modulus compared to that of the JC/PP composites.
Open Journal of Composite Materials, 2012
Gelatin films were prepared by casting. Tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (Eb) of the... more Gelatin films were prepared by casting. Tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (Eb) of the gelatin films were found to be 46 MPa and 3.5%, respectively. Effect of gamma radiation (Co-60) on the thermo-mechanical properties of the gelatin films was studied. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was added to the gelatin during casting varying (10% -30% by weight) and found to increase the TS significantly. Then the films were irradiated and found further increase of TS. Thermo-mechanical properties of HEMA blended gelatin films were compared with those of the pure gelatin films. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the gelatin/HEMA films were also measured using thermo mechanical analyzer and found opposite trend with comparison of glass point.
Fagonia indica is an important medicinal plant species used traditionally against a variety of di... more Fagonia indica is an important medicinal plant species used traditionally against a variety of diseases. In this study, we initiated callus cultures from healthy stem explants. We observed maximum callus induction frequency (88%) on MS media supplemented with Thidiazuron (1.0 mg/mL). We also examined the callus cultures to determine the impact of iron-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Fe-ZnO-NPs) in concentrations (15.62 to 250 µg/mL) on biomass accumulation, secondary metabolism, and antioxidative potential in callus cultures of F. indica. Our results showed that maximum callus biomass (FW = 13.6 g and DW = 0.58 ± 0.01) was produced on day 40 when the media was supplemented with 250 µg/mL Fe-ZnO-NPs. Similarly, maximum TPC (268.36 µg GAE/g of DW) was detected in 40 days old callus added with 125 µg/mL Fe-ZnO-NPs. Maximum TFC (78.56 µg QE/g of DW) was observed in 20 days old callus grown in 62.5 µg/mL Fe-ZnO-NPs containing media. Maximum total antioxidant capacity (390.74 µg AAE/g of ...
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021
The current pandemic has caused chaos throughout the world. While there are few vaccines availabl... more The current pandemic has caused chaos throughout the world. While there are few vaccines available now, there is the need for better treatment alternatives in line with preventive measures against COVID-19. Along with synthetic chemical compounds, phytochemicals cannot be overlooked as candidates for drugs against severe respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The important role of secondary metabolites or phytochemical compounds against coronaviruses has been confirmed by studies that reported the anti-coronavirus role of glycyrrhizin from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra. The study demonstrated that glycyrrhizin is a very promising phytochemical against SARS-CoV, which caused an outbreak in 2002–2003. Similarly, many phytochemical compounds (apigenin, betulonic acid, reserpine, emodin, etc.) were isolated from different plants such as Isatis indigotica, Lindera aggregate, and Artemisia annua and were employed against SARS-CoV. However, owing to the geographical and seasonal variati...
MedEdPublish, 2020
This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Introduction:The future med... more This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Introduction:The future medical education demands newer strategies to enforce positive teaching change. The Pakistan Medical & Dental Council (PM&DC) has added outcomes such as leadership and management, professionalism, communication skills, and personal professional development. However, the level of difficulty and the importance of the contents need to be identified for the undergraduate medical and dental students. Methodology:This study was conducted at four institutions of Peshawar, Khyber College of Dentistry, Khyber Medical College, Khyber Girls Medical College and Khyber Teaching Hospital, the study was completed from April to December 2018, mix method study design of modified Delphi survey was used through a self-administered questionnaire. The study comprised of two iterative rounds of opinion seeking. The questionnaire included baseline data about the participants including instructions, consent form a...
Current Biotechnology, 2020
Stevia rebaudiana is a vital medicinal plant of the genus Stevia and family Asteraceae. It is com... more Stevia rebaudiana is a vital medicinal plant of the genus Stevia and family Asteraceae. It is commonly used as a natural sweetener plant and its products are 300 times sweeter than the commonly used sugarcane. The sweetening potential is due to the presence of calorie-free steviol glycosides (SGs). The plant species has been extensively profiled to identify steviol glycosides (SGs) with intensity sweetening properties. However, the limited production of plant material is not fulfilling the higher market demand worldwide. Researchers are working worldwide to enhance the production of important SGs through the intervention of different biotechnological approaches in S. rebaudiana. In this review, the research work conducted in the last twenty years, on the different aspects of biotechnology to enhance the production of SGs has been precisely reviewed. Biotechnological methods such as micropropagation, callus and cell cultures, elicitation and the metabolomics and transcriptomic elucid...
3 Biotech, 2019
In the present study, four different natural compounds including quercetin, gallic acid, rutin, a... more In the present study, four different natural compounds including quercetin, gallic acid, rutin, and lupeol were studied for their anti-leishmanial potentials with anticipated mechanism of action through in vitro and in silico approaches. Results showed that rutin was exceedingly active (IC 50 ; 91.2 µg/ml) against the promastigote form of Leishmania tropica compared to quercetin (IC 50 ; 182.3 µg/ml), gallic acid (IC 50 ; 198.00 µg/ml) and lupeol (IC 50 ; 200.77 µg/ml). Similarly, rutin was highly active against the amastigote form as well, followed by quercetin, gallic acid and lupeol with IC 50 values of 101.3 µg/ ml, 137.4 µg/ml, 277.2 µg/ml, and 298.9 µg/ml, respectively. These compounds were found to be nontoxic to human blood erythrocytes even at the highest concentration (1000 µg/ml) tested. Rutin and lupeol showed promising DNA degradation/ fragmentation activity against the DNA of treated promastigotes which increased with the increase in concentration of the compounds. The in silico investigation revealed that these ligands have high affinity with the important catalytic residues of trypanothione reductase (Try-R) where, rutin showed the lowest docking score (i.e., -6.191) followed by lupeol (-5.799), gallic acid and quercetin. In case of ligands' interaction with trypanothione synthetase (Try-S), rutin again showed highest interaction with docking score of -6.601 followed by quercetin (-4.996), lupeol and gallic acid. The ADMET prediction of these compounds showed that all the parameters were within the acceptable range as defined for human use while molecular dynamics simulation supported the good interaction of quercetin and rutin against both enzymes. These findings suggest that the studied compounds may control leishmanial growth via DNA damage and inhibiting Try-R and Try-S, the two unique but critical enzymes for leishmania growth.
3 Biotech, 2019
Natural antimicrobial peptides have been shown as one of the important tools to combat certain pa... more Natural antimicrobial peptides have been shown as one of the important tools to combat certain pathogens and play important role as a part of innate immune system in plants and, also adaptive immunity in animals. Defensin is one of the antimicrobial peptides with a diverse nature of mechanism against different pathogens like viruses, bacteria and fungi. They have a broad function in humans, vertebrates, invertebrates, insects, and plants. Plant defensins primarily interact with membrane lipids for their biological activity. Several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been overexpressed in plants for enhanced disease protection. The plants defensin peptides have been efficiently employed as an effective strategy for control of diseases in plants. They can be successfully integrated in plants genome along with some other peptide genes in order to produce transgenic crops for enhanced disease resistance. This review summarizes plant defensins, their expression in plants and enhanced disease resistance potential against phytopathogens.
Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Clinically, available synthetic chemotherapeutics in the treatment for leishmaniasis are associat... more Clinically, available synthetic chemotherapeutics in the treatment for leishmaniasis are associated with serious complications, such as toxicity and emergence of resistance. Natural products from plants can provide better remedies against the Leishmania parasite and can possibly minimize the associated side effects. In this study, various extracts of the callus cultures of Artimisia scoparia established in response to different plant growth regulators (PGRs) were evaluated for their anti-leishmanial effects against Leishmania tropica promastigotes, followed by an investigation of the possible mechanism of action through reactive apoptosis assay using fluorescent microscopy. Amongst the different callus extracts, higher anti-leishmanial activity (IC 50 :19.13 mg/mL) was observed in the callus raised in-vitro in the presence of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA) plus 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) at the concentration of 1.5 mg/L, each. Further, the results of apoptosis assay showed a large number of early-stage apoptotic (EA) and late-stage apoptotic (LA) cells in the Leishmania under the effect of callus extract grown in-vitro at BA plus 2,4-D. For the determination of the potent natural products in the callus extracts responsible for the anti-leishmanial activity, extracts were subjected to Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the metabolite analysis. Nonetheless, higher levels of the metabolites, such as nerolidol (22%), pelletierine (18%), aspidin (15%) and ascaridole (11%) were detected in the callus grown in vitro at BA plus 2,4-D (1.5 mg/L, each). This protocol determines a novel method of production of anti-leishmanial natural products through callus cultures of A. scoparia, a medicinal plant.
Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Elicited plant in vitro cultures are gaining more interest worldwide for their potential in the u... more Elicited plant in vitro cultures are gaining more interest worldwide for their potential in the uniform production of industrially important secondary metabolites. In the present study, different ratios of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and plant growth regulators (PGRs) were supplemented to in vitro cultures for the sustainable production of biomass and antioxidant secondary metabolites through callus cultures of Caralluma tuberculata. Results indicated that various concentrations of AgNPs significantly affected the callus proliferation and substantially increased the callus biomass, when combined with PGRs in the MS (Murashige and Skoog) media. The highest fresh (0.78 g/l) and dry (0.051 g/l) biomass accumulation of callus was observed in the cultures raised in vitro at 60 mg/l AgNPs in combination with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D plus 3.0 mg/l BA. Phytochemical analysis of the callus cultures showed higher production of phenolics (TPC:3.0 mg), flavonoids (TFC:1.8 mg), phenylalanine ammonialyase activity (PAL: 5.8 U/mg) and antioxidant activity (90%), respectively, in the callus cultures established on MS media in the presence of 90 ug/l AgNPs. Moreover, enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD: 4.8 U/mg), peroxidase (POD: 3.3 U/mg), catalase (CAT: 2.5 U/mg) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX: 1.9 U/mg) were detected at higher level (90 ug/l) of AgNPs tested alone for callus proliferation in the MS media. It may be concluded that the AgNPs can be effectively utilized for the enhancement of bioactive antioxidants in the callus cultures of C. tuberculata, a highly medicinal and threatened plant. This protocol can be scaled up for the industrial production of plant biomass and pharmacologically potent metabolites in C. tuberculata.
Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 2017
Ajuga bracteosa is a medicinally important plant globally used in the folk medicine against many ... more Ajuga bracteosa is a medicinally important plant globally used in the folk medicine against many serious ailments. In the present study, effects of two significant elicitors, methyl jasmonate (Me-J) and phenyl acetic acid (PAA) were studied on growth parameters, secondary metabolites production, and antioxidant potential in adventitious root suspension cultures of A. bracteosa. The results showed a substantial increase in biomass accumulation, exhibiting longer log phases of cultures growth in response to elicitor treatments, in comparison to control. Maximum dry biomass formation (8.88 DW g/L) was recorded on 32nd day in log phase of culture when 0.6 mg/L Me-J was applied; however, PAA at 1.2 mg/L produced maximum biomass (8.24 DW g/L) on day 40 of culture. Furthermore, we observed the elicitors-induced enhancement in phenolic content (total phenolic content), flavonoid content (total flavonoid content) and antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging activity) in root suspension cultures of A. bracteosa. Application of 0.6 mg/L and 1.2 mg/L of Me-J, root cultures accumulated higher TPC levels (3.6 mg GAE/g DW) and (3.7 mg GAE/g DW) in the log phase and stationary phase, respectively, while 2.5 mg/L Me-J produced lower levels (1.4 mg GAE/g DW) in stationary phase of growth stages. Moreover, TFC and FRSA values were found in correspondence to TPC values in the respective growth phases at the similar elicitor treatment. Thus, a feasible protocol for establishment of adventitious roots in A. bracteosa was developed and enhancement in biomass and metabolite content in adventitious root was promoted through elicitation.
3 Biotech, 2016
In present report effects of explants type, basal media and plant growth regulators (PGRs) were t... more In present report effects of explants type, basal media and plant growth regulators (PGRs) were tested for induction of indirect somatic embryogenesis in medicinally important plant Silybum marianum L. Leaf, petiole and root explants were exploited in vitro on B5 (Gamborg), SH (Schenk and Hildebrandt) and MS (Murashige and Skoog) media for induction of embryogenic callus followed by somatic embryogenesis. Highest callus induction frequency (76 ± 4.8 %) was recorded when petiole explants of in vitro derived plantlets were cultured on B5 medium supplemented with 1.5 mg l -1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4_D) in combination with 1.5 mg l -1 Thidiazuron (TDZ). Induction and multiplication of somatic embryos were observed, when the embryogenic calluses were subcultured on to B5 medium containing 0.5 mg l -1 2,4-D plus 1.5 mg l -1 TDZ. At this PGRs treatment, 77 % of the cultures responded with 39.1 somatic embryos per callus. Furthermore, MS0 medium was indicated more reponsive for growth and maturation of somatic embryos. Analysis of biochemical markers during various growth phases in somatic embryogenesis revealed that somatic embryos exhibited highest level of total carbohydrate, starch, ascorbic acid and total free amino acids. However, higher protein levels were detected in non-embryogenic callus. Nevertheless, considerable amount of silymarin (4.1 mg g -1 DW) was detected in somatic embryos than other growth phases. Thus, the present study concluded that biochemical and physiological changes during embryogenesis are influenced by interplay of explants type, basal media and PGRs.
Journal of polymer and biopolymer physics chemistry, Jan 23, 2014
In spite of banning thin polyethylene bag, it has been used in Bangladesh by both retailer and co... more In spite of banning thin polyethylene bag, it has been used in Bangladesh by both retailer and consumer for its convenience and affordability and most utility comes from packaging retailed goods. There is a serious concern among consumers and environmentalists about the environmental impacts on plastic bags. Due to lack of proper plastic waste management our environment is becoming more and more polluted day by day. In the present study, an eco-friendly technique was adopted for reducing such type of pollution by reusing polyethylene shopping bag as polymer matrix in composite. Jute mill wastage which is commonly known as jute caddies (JC) reinforced waste polyethylene (WPE) based low cost randomly oriented discontinuous fibrous composite was fabricated using traditional hand layup method. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to investigate the chemical composition of both raw jute and jute caddies. Jute caddies content in the composite was varied from 20 to 45% where, 32% JC enriched composite showed the best performance in mechanical tests. Mechanical properties such as tensile and bending of composites were evaluated following several standard tests and methods. Jute caddies reinforced low density polyethylene (LDPE) based another type composite (JC/LDPE) was also fabricated to compare with JC/WPE. In order to increase the bonding strength between fiber and matrix, both types of composites were irradiated with gamma rays of dose varied from 2.5 to 12.5 kGy where, composites irradiated with 5 kGy dose delivered the best results. Water absorption tests of the composites according to the fiber content were done successfully for knowing the water resistance properties.
Silybum marianum, of family Asteraceae is renowned for production of biologically important silym... more Silybum marianum, of family Asteraceae is renowned for production of biologically important silymarin, which has shown multi-dimensional medicinal properties. It has a high protective role against jaundice and hepatitis C worldwide. We hereby established a feasible and efficient method for indirect regeneration of S. marianum for production of consistent plantlets. Calli were induced from leaf explants of seed-derived plantlets on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with several concentrations of different plant growth regulators (PGRs). Highest callogenic response (89%) was recorded for 4.4µM Thidiazuron (TDZ) in combination with 6.6µM Kinetin (Kn). Subsequent sub-culturing of callus after 4 weeks of culture, on medium with similar compositions of PGRs induced shoot organogenesis. Highest shoot induction frequency (86%) with maximum mean multiple shoots (26 shoots per explant) were recorded for 11µM TDZ after 4 weeks of transfer. Longest shoots (4.1 cm) were recorded for MS medium augmented with 6.6µM TDZ and 4.4µM αnaphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Furthermore, rooted plantlets were developed on MS medium containing different concentrations of indole acetic acid (IAA). Silymarin was determined by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and 8.47 mg/g DW silymarin was detected in the regenerated plantlets. This study contributes to a better understanding of the different mechanisms involved in morphogenesis and production of biologically active principle in Silybum marianum.
BioMed Research International, 2014
Jurinea dolomiaeaBoiss., family Compositae, is a medicinally important plant of alpine region. It... more Jurinea dolomiaeaBoiss., family Compositae, is a medicinally important plant of alpine region. Its tuberous roots are used in various ailments in folk medicine. This study was undertaken to estimate total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) and to determine anti-free radical potential by diversein vitroantioxidant assays. Crude methanol extract (JDME) was fractionated inton-hexane (JDHE), chloroform (JDCE), ethyl acetate (JDEE),n-butanol (JDBE), and aqueous (JDAE) fractions. The results indicated that JDEE and JDCE constituted the highest amount of TFC (807±7.2 mg rutin equivalent/g sample) and TPC (757±9.4 mg gallic acid equivalent/g sample), respectively. Significant correlation of TFC with IC50values was recorded for•OH (R2=0.91), H2O2(R2=0.82), and ABTS (R2=0.82) assay. It could be made clear that JDEE was the most potent in antioxidant activity as compared to others, with generally lower IC50values for DPPH (41.1±1.0 μg/mL), ABTS (46.7±0.6 μg/mL), H2O2(42.2±0.9 μg...
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, 2014
Endoscopic surgeries have gained popularity not only in ENT but also in other surgical faculties.... more Endoscopic surgeries have gained popularity not only in ENT but also in other surgical faculties. Endoscopic approach for sinus surgeries and otologic surgeries is well known. However, the major disadvantage of endoscopic aided surgeries as against microscope aided surgeries is thought to be the effective reduction in the working hands as the non-dominant hand of the surgeon is utilized for holding the endoscope. This urged the need for development of the endoscopic holder so as to allow both the hands of the surgeon for surgical manipulation.
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2012
Piper nigrum L. is considered the king of spices throughout the world due to its pungent principl... more Piper nigrum L. is considered the king of spices throughout the world due to its pungent principle piperine. Peppercorn of Piper nigrum as a whole or its active components are used in most of the food items. Different parts of Piper nigrum including secondary metabolites are also used as drug, preservative, insecticidal and larvicidal control agents. Biologically Piper nigrum is very important specie. The biological role of this specie is explained in different experiments that peppercorn and secondary metabolites of Piper nigrum can be used as Antiapoptotic, Antibacterial, Anti-Colon toxin, Antidepressant, Antifungal, Antidiarrhoeal, Anti-inflammatory, Antimutagenic, Anti-metastatic activity, Antioxidative, Antiriyretic, Antispasmodic, Antispermatogenic, Antitumor, Antithyroid, Ciprofloxacin potentiator, Cold extremities, Gastric ailments, Hepatoprotective, Insecticidal activity, Intermittent fever and Larvisidal activity. Other roles of this specie includes protection against diabetes induced oxidative stress; Piperine protect oxidation of various chemicals, decreased mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, inhibition of aryl hydroxylation, increased bioavailability of vaccine and sparteine, increase the bioavailability of active compounds, delayed elimination of antiepileptic drug, increased orocecal transit time, piperine influenced and activate the biomembrane to absorb variety of active agents, increased serum concentration, reducing mutational events, tumour inhibitory activity, Piperine inhibite mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, growth stimulatory activity and chemopreventive effect. This review based on the biological role of Piper nigrum can provide that the peppercorn or other parts can be used as crude drug for various diseases while the secondary metabolites such as piperine can be used for specific diseases.
Fibers, Jun 25, 2018
Jute fabrics were treated, with different formulations, using various proportions of bitumen emul... more Jute fabrics were treated, with different formulations, using various proportions of bitumen emulsion and polyester (PE) resin in combined solutions. Styrene monomer was used as solvent, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide as cross-linking agent and cobalt naphtha as curing agent. The fabric specimens were immersed in the solution for 10-15 min, then pressed by a roller and dried at room temperature for 24 h. According to the percentage of bitumen emulsion and PE resin, the jute samples were obtained as J0 (untreated or raw jute), J1 (20% bitumen emulsion +10% PE), and J2 (10% bitumen emulsion +20% PE). It was revealed that tensile strength (TS) increased with bitumen emulsion and PE resin mixture treatment on both directions of jute fabrics where J2 showed the highest improvement of TS which were 61.4% and 44.7% for warp and weft direction respectively. Tensile strength (TS) decreased for all the samples in both directions after soil degradation. After 90 days, the untreated sample was totally degraded. Treated samples exhibited better stability than untreated ones in soil medium. Weight loss by soil degradation, moisture regain, moisture content and water uptake tests of the treated and untreated jute samples were also performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was conducted to analyze the fiber surfaces of raw and treated jute fibers, finding significant differences as a result of treatment. Finally, the strategy of combining bitumen emulsion and PE resin for treatment, rather than using only PE resin, was found to produce a jute fabric which was not only better in all the above respects but also would be cheaper to produce.
Transparent conducting coatings for solar cell application have been the subject of research over... more Transparent conducting coatings for solar cell application have been the subject of research over a number of years. The transparent conducting coatings were prepared by oven drying process on glass plates at various temperatures and various concentrations of the starting material stannous chloride (SnCl2.2H2O). Structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of the resulting plates were studied by XRD, Inverted Microscope, UV Visible and Hall Effect Measurement method. XRD showed a homogenous morphology of the coating. The minimum grain size of SnO2 was found to be 22 nm as calculated by XRD using Debye Scherrer Formula. The change in electrical conductivity and optical transmittance were found to be a function of the change in heating temperature, heating time and molar concentration of the starting materials. The coating prepared at 350°C for about 300 seconds with molar concentration 0.1M of the starting material showed low level of electrical resistivity (3.81E-02 Ω-cm) and high level of transmittance (transmittance maximum 79.2% at 600 nm ). The use of this transparent conducting electrode in a Dye Sensitized Solar Cell depicted the voltage of 315 mV and the resistance of 300 KΩ. All of the results indicate that the developed coating could be used in solar cell application.
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Papers by Dr. Mubarak Ahmed Khan