International Journal of Engineering Research and, 2021
Flood affects lives and livelihoods in parts of Ethiopia. The flood from the Jemo river is causin... more Flood affects lives and livelihoods in parts of Ethiopia. The flood from the Jemo river is causing damages to river side houses, infrastructures and displacement of affected population that resulted overflow on the surface following heavy rains and inundated lowland areas in the Nifas Silk Lafto district of Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia. This research involves the integration of Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) and Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) to develop a twodimensional (2D) river model for flood inundation determination and mapping. The model Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (ENS) was found to be 0.751 during calibration and 0.79 during validation and the coefficient of determination (R) was found to be 0.786 during calibration and 0.801 during validation. The HEC -RAS model was calibrated by comparing the results of the water level in each selected cross section obtained by the model with the observed historic flood mark le...
Intermittent water distribution is the key problems of many water authorities in developing count... more Intermittent water distribution is the key problems of many water authorities in developing countries including Ethiopia. Water demand has been increasing significantly in most cities due to population growth and other factors. As a result, town water utilities are struggling to provide customers with adequate and reliable water supply service in spite of obstacles which hinder water utilities not to provide the required service. This study assess the performance of Alem Gena town water supply subsystem based on main performance indicators namely Demand and supply, water loss, water quality, customers satisfaction and operation and maintenance. These indicators have been cited the main factors which reflect the performance of many urban water supply systems. High water loss, customer complaints and operation and maintenance problems indicates that there are deficiencies on the quality of the service. To conduct this research, data of water production and consumption, water supply system data were obtained from the water utility records, other data not found in the water utility records is collected using instruments. Hydraulic performance of the system is also evaluated by modeling the system. Water quality tests were conducted and compared with the national and international standards. Household interviews were made to understand customers' satisfaction towards the water supply. The result shows that water loss is 37.38% higher than the generally accepted value of 25%. There is a frequent interruption of boreholes. The water quality test shows some parameters departed from the standard set on the Ethiopian and WHO water quality guidelines. In addition there is customer's complaint towards continuous access of water. The operation and maintenance in the town is identified to be poor. In conclusion, the town's water supply system is poor in managing water loss, water quality, operation and maintenance with the worst condition of continuous generation of water from sources continuously without interruption. It is recommended that the water utility develop a strategy and work hard on the indicated system deficiencies especially on operation and maintenance to improve the water supply system performance and provide customers with good quality service. KEY WORD: water loss, operation and maintenance, hydraulic water CAD modeling, Alem Gena town, Oromia region, Ethiopia.
Limited access associated with poor water supply, hygiene and sanitation is widening the poverty ... more Limited access associated with poor water supply, hygiene and sanitation is widening the poverty gap, gender inequality and prevalence of water born diseases. This research work is aimed to examine the quality of existing water supply, sanitation and hygiene status of Mudula Town. To achieve this objective, the household survey and Water samples were collected from three water sources (spring), storage and taps. With the exception of Kalahiwot spring for Turbidity (7.75NTU), all others were within the standards. For bacteriological analysis, Gofore spring is within the standard. But samples tested from Bada and Kalahiwot did not meet the WHO and EPA bacteriological standards for drinking water. The correlation result of physical parameters shows that for all sources turbidity, TDS and EC has strong positive correlation with each other. With the exception of Gofere spring source, fecal coliform (E.coli) is negatively correlated with Temperature and positivity correlated with Total co...
I hereby declare that this thesis entitled "1D Flood Analysis and Risk Assessment of Upper Awash ... more I hereby declare that this thesis entitled "1D Flood Analysis and Risk Assessment of Upper Awash River Basin: The case in Sebeta-Hawas, Ilu, and Ejere Woredas, Ethiopia" was prepared by me, with the guidance of my advisor. The work contained herein is my own excerpt where explicitly stated otherwise in the text, and that this work has not been submitted, in whole or in part, for any other degree or professional qualification.
Climate change is one of the current global threats and the topmost challenges. This study aims t... more Climate change is one of the current global threats and the topmost challenges. This study aims to investigate the climate change effect on streamflow in the Gelana watershed using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model for three consecutive periods of 2031–2050, 2051–2070, and 2071–2090. Climate variables were downscaled from two regional climate models (RCMs) (RACMO22T and RCA4) from CORDEX-Africa under representative concentration pathway (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) scenarios. RCMs were evaluated using four statistical indicators and performed very well. Power transformation and distribution mapping methods were used to correct biases of precipitation and temperatures, respectively. The 19 SWAT model-sensitive parameters were transferred from the gauged donor watersheds to the ungauged watershed outlet by using the principal component analysis coupled with the stepwise multiple linear regression. The ensemble mean of RCMs revealed that the maximum and minimum temperatures and po...
Climate change is becoming a global concern, dictating the water resource availability of a certa... more Climate change is becoming a global concern, dictating the water resource availability of a certain region. This study focuses on the impact of climate change on the streamflow of the Melka Wakena reservoir in the Upper Wabi Shebelle sub-basin using a Soil Water Analysis Tool (SWAT). The climate model variables (precipitation and temperature) are obtained from the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX-Africa) and applied under representative concentration pathway (RCP4.5) and (RCP8.5) scenarios. Bias correction was applied to the climate variables before transferring to the hydrological model (SWAT) to simulate discharge. The performance measures R2, NSE, and Percent Bias (PBIAS) for calibration and validation were 0.69, 0.65, and −5.10 and 0.65, 0.61, and −9.81, respectively. Streamflow was simulated for two consecutive periods from 2021 to 2050 and from 2051 to 2080 for both scenarios and compared with the base period from 1986 to 2015 to explore the impact of climat...
Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 2022
Water is necessary for human health, economic success, and happiness, as well as other developmen... more Water is necessary for human health, economic success, and happiness, as well as other developmental goals such as proper diet, gender equality, education, and poverty reduction. Drinking water is a common problem in Ejere Town. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the accessibility of the town's drinking water distribution system. To achieve this research goal, the hydraulic performance of the town's water distribution system and the level of customers’ satisfaction were assessed. A total of 374 sampled households were randomly chosen from a total of 13,380 to measure the degree of customer satisfaction with the town's water supply services, and the hydraulic performance of the town's water distribution system was analyzed using the WaterGEMS software. Of the 374 customers surveyed for the study, 85 (22.7%) were satisfied and 289 (77.3%) were dissatisfied, implying that the satisfaction levels were below average. The WaterGEMS hydraulic model was calibr...
International journal of engineering research and technology, Jan 30, 2021
Soil erosion is a process of detachment/dispatch/ of soil particles due to raindrop and runoff. T... more Soil erosion is a process of detachment/dispatch/ of soil particles due to raindrop and runoff. This results in the deposition of sediment causing reduced flood-carrying capacity affects water qualify instability of structure and natural streambeds and banks. This study is about the estimation of sediment yield and reduction of sediment yield with appropriate mitigation measures. The input data for the model were obtained from different organizations; After the input data are organized and assembled it was used for model simulation. Later simulation result was calibrated and validated using Calibration Uncertainty Procedure (SWAT-CUP). The efficiency evaluation criteria's Coefficient of determination (R 2), and the Nash-Sutcliffe simulation efficiency (ENS) were used for performance evaluation of the model. The result from the calibration and validation of both flow and sediment were greater than 0.7; this indicated that there was very good agreement between observed and simulated outputs. The model prediction result shown that the annual sediment yield produced from the watershed to be 8.80 tons/ha/year. Also, the most sediment yielding and erosionprone subbasins were identified as well as ranked from first to fifth as subbasin 6, 9, 8, 5, and 3 respectively. Finally, for proper management of the watershed seven scenarios were developed and the best management practice identified was scenario three (30% of agricultural land changed to forest mixed land) with 26.13% sediment reduction. Moreover, applying filter strips and terracing in low slope areas reduces 24.28% and 18.83% respectively could be implemented as an operational management strategy.
Floods are natural disasters which if occurred produce damage to property and human life. The stu... more Floods are natural disasters which if occurred produce damage to property and human life. The study of floods is important for protection of properties and human life risk. This study focuses on flooding characteristics in the flood plain of Tikurwha river catchment using two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic modeling. The flood inundation map of the flood prone areas is carried out using HEC-RAS 2D models with incorporation of Arc-GIS tools. Hence, using the magnitude of the flood at 2, 10, 50- and 100-year return period with a respective value of 72, 98.69, 123 and 135 (m3/s). The output of flood hazard inundation maps are carried out in 2D HEC-RAS Mapper in which the flood area at a respective return period’s flood magnitude are 75 ha, 102 ha, 108 ha, and 122 ha respectively. Based on the obtained flood inundation area, the economic impact of the flood at the specified return periods are estimated as 1791.99, 2436.89, 2589.45, and 2914.861 quintals of crop production were damaged due...
nteraction of the surface and groundwater is one of the main processes of water exchange in the p... more nteraction of the surface and groundwater is one of the main processes of water exchange in the planet and estimation of these groundwater-surface water interactions is critical to modeling surface and ground waters. This thesis presents these interactions using hydrogeological survey, hydrochemistry study, QSWAT models and the coupled SWAT-MODFLOW models. QSWAT is applied here to understand the water balance components of the study. The same is also done using the SWAT-MODFLOW models. Calibration and validation of the QSWAT model was conducted after carrying out the sensitivity analysis. The groundwater and management parameters are more sensitive as compared with others. The SWAT model was calibrated with daily stream flow data ranging from 1999 to 2008 and validated with the same stream flow data ranging from 2009 to 2013. Two years were used for the model warm up or initialization. The model goodness-of-fit was evaluated using the Coefficient of determination and the Nash-Sutcli...
Slope failures triggered by rainfall are causing considerable damage and loss of life every year ... more Slope failures triggered by rainfall are causing considerable damage and loss of life every year throughout the world. During rainy seasons landslide in Abay gorge has been causing: loss of human lives, failure of engineering structures, and damage on agricultural lands. This is due to the fact that, at dry seasons the ground can develop considerable amount of suction and this improves the shear strength of the soil in the area. In rainy season, when rainfall infiltrates into ground, suction decreases, while the shear strength also reduces, which may lead to slope instability. In this study, a landslide at 10Km from the town of Gohatsion has been selected as a case study considering risk for road and hazard score values and the availability of the required data for the stability analysis. The required data for stability analysis were collected from fieldwork measurements and observations and from secondary sources mainly GSE and ERA. A detail slope stability analysis was carried out...
Loss of soil fertility in agricultural lands and sedimentation in lakes of central rift valley of... more Loss of soil fertility in agricultural lands and sedimentation in lakes of central rift valley of Ethiopia are major watershed problem threatening the agro economy in the area. To develop effective erosion control plans through implementing appropriate soil conservation practices, runoff and sediment yield in Meki watershed was estimated and analyzed using the SWAT model. The model showed the simulated mean annual surface runoff was 114.03mm and the mean annual streamflow was 9.41m 3 /s. Similarly, mean annual sediment load of 13.12 t/ha enters to Lake Ziway. The model was calibrated and validated on daily and monthly time step for flow and on monthly time step for sediment yield. The results of Nash Sutcliff Efficiency of 0.71 on daily and 0.89 on monthly time steps for streamflow and its value of 0.80 on monthly time step for sediment yield during calibration showed that there is a good match between measured and simulated data for both variables on daily basis and very good match on monthly basis. The potential erosion source areas were identified. Likewise, 51.34% of the watershed area was found to be potential erosion sources and priorized for erosion control plans.
Soil erosion and associated sedimentation are a natural process caused by water, wind, and ice, s... more Soil erosion and associated sedimentation are a natural process caused by water, wind, and ice, several of human’s activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, change in land use, and non-sustainable farming practice tends to accelerate soil erosion. This paper presents the runoff and sediment yield modeling of Dire watershed which is a drainage area of 76.058km2. soil and water assessment tool (SWAT, Version 2012) integrating with ArcGIS (Version10.4) was used to simulate the streamflow and sediment yield of Dire watershed which located in the Awash river basin from 1990 to 2006. The model calibration and validation of streamflow and sediment yield were done using the SWAT_CUP software SUFI2 program. The streamflow data used for model calibration and validation was measured Beke gauge station from 1990 to 2006 but the sediment data use for both calibration and validation were generated using sediment rating curve. Time-series data from 1991 to 2000 were used for both streamflow a...
Problems in providing satisfactory water supply to the rapidly growing population especially that... more Problems in providing satisfactory water supply to the rapidly growing population especially that of the developing countries is increasing from time to time. The adequate and reliable water supply in developing towns of Ethiopia is becoming a challenge for most water utilities. The objective of this research was to assess the problem of Holeta town water supply and distribution system. This study assessed the performance of Holeta town water supply system based on main performance indicators namely high water loss, water quality, inadequate water supply coverage, satisfaction of customers and operation and maintenance. The distribution system is evaluated by running the system of water supply by GEMS V8i.The water samples were collected from all existing water sources, reservoirs, collection chambers and household taps and water quality test was conducted for water quality parameters namely Total dissolved solid, residual chlorine, coli form, hardness, turbidity and PH. Field observations were made to gather data and observe the water supply system has high water loss, water quality problem, inadequate water supply coverage, satisfaction of customers and operation and maintenance problems on site. The result showed that water loss was found to be 13.39%. The water supply coverage was very low which covers only 52.57%. Besides water demand and supply of Holeta town were not balanced, the water quality tests showed poor water quality result when compared to the standard set on the Ethiopian (National) and WHO Water Quality standards. Hence, it can be concluded that there is operation and maintenance problem and the water supply system performance is low. Holeta Water supply office should gather the X, Y, coordinates of its Water supply distribution system from source to customer water meters to know and evaluate hydraulic system using Water GEMS with GIS integrated software, for more precise and faster way of in demand allocation. it needs to be documented in a well-organized way .In general ,All relevant documents, feasibility studies, Bore Hole history, manufacturer manuals and detail designs, as built drawings of all existing water supply system components for the sources, reservoirs, pump houses etc need to be documented in a well-organized way and should be available in the water utility office for future reference is strongly recommended.
International Journal of Engineering Research and, 2017
This research evaluated the performance of sewage water treatment system and also assessed its su... more This research evaluated the performance of sewage water treatment system and also assessed its suitability for irrigation. Salient water quality parameters were determined at different stages of the treatment process and compared with the standard. The treatment unit comprised of anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds in two series. Sampling were done in different time periods from 2014-2016. The university main campus produced an average of 320m 3 of wastewater per day. The effluents of the treatment system are discharged to nearby land whenever there is overflow from the system. After treatment BOD, COD and SS were reduced by 76, 45 and 53 percent respectively. Treatment performance has been on increasing trend since 2014. Water quality analysis revealed that the treated wastewater is slightly alkaline in nature. Percentage treatment efficiency of the pond for BOD, sulfide, Total Suspended solids, COD, Nitrate, Nitrite and Total Nitrogen were satisfactory. However, the effluent TSS concentration was higher than standard set by the EPA standards for treated effluents. In present conditions, the treated water can be used for irrigation purpose with some moderate restrictions. Even though EC and TDS permit to irrigate fruit trees and fodder crops, there is a risk of soil degradation due to high value of SAR. In such cases high efficiency irrigation systems are recommended rather than flood irrigation. Also, irrigation with treated waste water increased nutritive elements in soil that can be source of nutrition for plants. Continuous use of treated sewage water for irrigation will make the soil acidic. Analysis of other soil parameters indicates that there is an increase in nitrogen, phosphate and potassium nutrient levels considerably to benefit crop production but increase in soil EC is a serious concern.
Understanding water distribution system hydraulic performance is crucial for a water supply syste... more Understanding water distribution system hydraulic performance is crucial for a water supply system management. A case study was conducted evaluating the hydraulic performance of water distribution system of Tulu Bolo town. The hydraulic model of water distribution network was developed using GIS integrated with WaterGEMS hydraulic model. The implementation of the integrated system verified that water to regulate the pressure and velocity in order to sustain. According to the analysis, about 92.6% of nodes have optimized pressure ranged between 15m to 70m and about 1.27% is under permissible pressure. Model calibration was performed by comparing simulated data with field data, the result of pressure calibration has a linear correlation coefficient of 0.93 and the hydraulic model in WaterGEMS was calibrated and optimized with a field data.
Urban water supply and demand challenges are the widespread problems in most of the developing co... more Urban water supply and demand challenges are the widespread problems in most of the developing countries such as Ethiopia. Water demand has been increasing significantly in most cities due to population growth and other factors. As a result, the town water utilities are struggling to provide customers with adequate and reliable water supply service. Water distribution systems are designed to fulfill all requirements of potable water needed for decades. Initial system designs frequently consider any anticipated changes likely to happen. However, as time elapsed they slowly begin to fail to satisfy customers' requirements; both in quantity quality. The wonder is to identify factors which bring those changes and propose viable solutions to improve the situation. To this effect modeling water distribution network system is very helpful. In this study, Sebeta water supply and demand was assessed. Water CAD software was used as tool to model water distribution system. The modeling effort included hydraulic modeling. Simulation results for maximum and minimum pressures were used as base to evaluate the hydraulic performance. Modeling results showed violation of maximum and minimum pressure requirements. Household interviews and questionnaires were made to understand customers' satisfaction towards the water supply service in terms of water availability, adequacy of the water, tariff affordability and water consumption. Water quality tests were conducted to compare the water quality with the WHO standards. From this study, water quality test results showed that, some parameters departed from WHO water quality guidelines. It is recommended that the water utility develop a strategy and work hard on the indicated system deficiencies to improve the water supply and demand and provide customers with good quality service.
Narayana, K. and Brook Abate, Studies on Hydraulic Performance of Furrow Irrigation to Optimise D... more Narayana, K. and Brook Abate, Studies on Hydraulic Performance of Furrow Irrigation to Optimise Design Parameters Suitable to Onion Field in Hawassa, Ethiopia. Journal of Science & Development 2(2)2014, 23-39. Ground water is a scarce and expensive resource which needs to be utilized in a highly productive manner for agriculture. Inefficient use of ground water by surface irrigation will result in soil salinization in the long run. This demands precise application of required irrigation water with high efficiency. Furrow irrigation is most widely used among the surface irrigation methods. Furrow design parameters are inflow rate, the length of the run in the direction of the flow, the time of irrigation cutoff and soil infiltration characteristics. These parameters have been studied in order to design an optimum furrow length to achieve maximum application efficiency. Time ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the time required for infiltration of net amount of water needed for th...
International Journal of Engineering Research and, 2021
Flood affects lives and livelihoods in parts of Ethiopia. The flood from the Jemo river is causin... more Flood affects lives and livelihoods in parts of Ethiopia. The flood from the Jemo river is causing damages to river side houses, infrastructures and displacement of affected population that resulted overflow on the surface following heavy rains and inundated lowland areas in the Nifas Silk Lafto district of Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia. This research involves the integration of Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) and Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) to develop a twodimensional (2D) river model for flood inundation determination and mapping. The model Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (ENS) was found to be 0.751 during calibration and 0.79 during validation and the coefficient of determination (R) was found to be 0.786 during calibration and 0.801 during validation. The HEC -RAS model was calibrated by comparing the results of the water level in each selected cross section obtained by the model with the observed historic flood mark le...
Intermittent water distribution is the key problems of many water authorities in developing count... more Intermittent water distribution is the key problems of many water authorities in developing countries including Ethiopia. Water demand has been increasing significantly in most cities due to population growth and other factors. As a result, town water utilities are struggling to provide customers with adequate and reliable water supply service in spite of obstacles which hinder water utilities not to provide the required service. This study assess the performance of Alem Gena town water supply subsystem based on main performance indicators namely Demand and supply, water loss, water quality, customers satisfaction and operation and maintenance. These indicators have been cited the main factors which reflect the performance of many urban water supply systems. High water loss, customer complaints and operation and maintenance problems indicates that there are deficiencies on the quality of the service. To conduct this research, data of water production and consumption, water supply system data were obtained from the water utility records, other data not found in the water utility records is collected using instruments. Hydraulic performance of the system is also evaluated by modeling the system. Water quality tests were conducted and compared with the national and international standards. Household interviews were made to understand customers' satisfaction towards the water supply. The result shows that water loss is 37.38% higher than the generally accepted value of 25%. There is a frequent interruption of boreholes. The water quality test shows some parameters departed from the standard set on the Ethiopian and WHO water quality guidelines. In addition there is customer's complaint towards continuous access of water. The operation and maintenance in the town is identified to be poor. In conclusion, the town's water supply system is poor in managing water loss, water quality, operation and maintenance with the worst condition of continuous generation of water from sources continuously without interruption. It is recommended that the water utility develop a strategy and work hard on the indicated system deficiencies especially on operation and maintenance to improve the water supply system performance and provide customers with good quality service. KEY WORD: water loss, operation and maintenance, hydraulic water CAD modeling, Alem Gena town, Oromia region, Ethiopia.
Limited access associated with poor water supply, hygiene and sanitation is widening the poverty ... more Limited access associated with poor water supply, hygiene and sanitation is widening the poverty gap, gender inequality and prevalence of water born diseases. This research work is aimed to examine the quality of existing water supply, sanitation and hygiene status of Mudula Town. To achieve this objective, the household survey and Water samples were collected from three water sources (spring), storage and taps. With the exception of Kalahiwot spring for Turbidity (7.75NTU), all others were within the standards. For bacteriological analysis, Gofore spring is within the standard. But samples tested from Bada and Kalahiwot did not meet the WHO and EPA bacteriological standards for drinking water. The correlation result of physical parameters shows that for all sources turbidity, TDS and EC has strong positive correlation with each other. With the exception of Gofere spring source, fecal coliform (E.coli) is negatively correlated with Temperature and positivity correlated with Total co...
I hereby declare that this thesis entitled "1D Flood Analysis and Risk Assessment of Upper Awash ... more I hereby declare that this thesis entitled "1D Flood Analysis and Risk Assessment of Upper Awash River Basin: The case in Sebeta-Hawas, Ilu, and Ejere Woredas, Ethiopia" was prepared by me, with the guidance of my advisor. The work contained herein is my own excerpt where explicitly stated otherwise in the text, and that this work has not been submitted, in whole or in part, for any other degree or professional qualification.
Climate change is one of the current global threats and the topmost challenges. This study aims t... more Climate change is one of the current global threats and the topmost challenges. This study aims to investigate the climate change effect on streamflow in the Gelana watershed using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model for three consecutive periods of 2031–2050, 2051–2070, and 2071–2090. Climate variables were downscaled from two regional climate models (RCMs) (RACMO22T and RCA4) from CORDEX-Africa under representative concentration pathway (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) scenarios. RCMs were evaluated using four statistical indicators and performed very well. Power transformation and distribution mapping methods were used to correct biases of precipitation and temperatures, respectively. The 19 SWAT model-sensitive parameters were transferred from the gauged donor watersheds to the ungauged watershed outlet by using the principal component analysis coupled with the stepwise multiple linear regression. The ensemble mean of RCMs revealed that the maximum and minimum temperatures and po...
Climate change is becoming a global concern, dictating the water resource availability of a certa... more Climate change is becoming a global concern, dictating the water resource availability of a certain region. This study focuses on the impact of climate change on the streamflow of the Melka Wakena reservoir in the Upper Wabi Shebelle sub-basin using a Soil Water Analysis Tool (SWAT). The climate model variables (precipitation and temperature) are obtained from the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX-Africa) and applied under representative concentration pathway (RCP4.5) and (RCP8.5) scenarios. Bias correction was applied to the climate variables before transferring to the hydrological model (SWAT) to simulate discharge. The performance measures R2, NSE, and Percent Bias (PBIAS) for calibration and validation were 0.69, 0.65, and −5.10 and 0.65, 0.61, and −9.81, respectively. Streamflow was simulated for two consecutive periods from 2021 to 2050 and from 2051 to 2080 for both scenarios and compared with the base period from 1986 to 2015 to explore the impact of climat...
Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 2022
Water is necessary for human health, economic success, and happiness, as well as other developmen... more Water is necessary for human health, economic success, and happiness, as well as other developmental goals such as proper diet, gender equality, education, and poverty reduction. Drinking water is a common problem in Ejere Town. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the accessibility of the town's drinking water distribution system. To achieve this research goal, the hydraulic performance of the town's water distribution system and the level of customers’ satisfaction were assessed. A total of 374 sampled households were randomly chosen from a total of 13,380 to measure the degree of customer satisfaction with the town's water supply services, and the hydraulic performance of the town's water distribution system was analyzed using the WaterGEMS software. Of the 374 customers surveyed for the study, 85 (22.7%) were satisfied and 289 (77.3%) were dissatisfied, implying that the satisfaction levels were below average. The WaterGEMS hydraulic model was calibr...
International journal of engineering research and technology, Jan 30, 2021
Soil erosion is a process of detachment/dispatch/ of soil particles due to raindrop and runoff. T... more Soil erosion is a process of detachment/dispatch/ of soil particles due to raindrop and runoff. This results in the deposition of sediment causing reduced flood-carrying capacity affects water qualify instability of structure and natural streambeds and banks. This study is about the estimation of sediment yield and reduction of sediment yield with appropriate mitigation measures. The input data for the model were obtained from different organizations; After the input data are organized and assembled it was used for model simulation. Later simulation result was calibrated and validated using Calibration Uncertainty Procedure (SWAT-CUP). The efficiency evaluation criteria's Coefficient of determination (R 2), and the Nash-Sutcliffe simulation efficiency (ENS) were used for performance evaluation of the model. The result from the calibration and validation of both flow and sediment were greater than 0.7; this indicated that there was very good agreement between observed and simulated outputs. The model prediction result shown that the annual sediment yield produced from the watershed to be 8.80 tons/ha/year. Also, the most sediment yielding and erosionprone subbasins were identified as well as ranked from first to fifth as subbasin 6, 9, 8, 5, and 3 respectively. Finally, for proper management of the watershed seven scenarios were developed and the best management practice identified was scenario three (30% of agricultural land changed to forest mixed land) with 26.13% sediment reduction. Moreover, applying filter strips and terracing in low slope areas reduces 24.28% and 18.83% respectively could be implemented as an operational management strategy.
Floods are natural disasters which if occurred produce damage to property and human life. The stu... more Floods are natural disasters which if occurred produce damage to property and human life. The study of floods is important for protection of properties and human life risk. This study focuses on flooding characteristics in the flood plain of Tikurwha river catchment using two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic modeling. The flood inundation map of the flood prone areas is carried out using HEC-RAS 2D models with incorporation of Arc-GIS tools. Hence, using the magnitude of the flood at 2, 10, 50- and 100-year return period with a respective value of 72, 98.69, 123 and 135 (m3/s). The output of flood hazard inundation maps are carried out in 2D HEC-RAS Mapper in which the flood area at a respective return period’s flood magnitude are 75 ha, 102 ha, 108 ha, and 122 ha respectively. Based on the obtained flood inundation area, the economic impact of the flood at the specified return periods are estimated as 1791.99, 2436.89, 2589.45, and 2914.861 quintals of crop production were damaged due...
nteraction of the surface and groundwater is one of the main processes of water exchange in the p... more nteraction of the surface and groundwater is one of the main processes of water exchange in the planet and estimation of these groundwater-surface water interactions is critical to modeling surface and ground waters. This thesis presents these interactions using hydrogeological survey, hydrochemistry study, QSWAT models and the coupled SWAT-MODFLOW models. QSWAT is applied here to understand the water balance components of the study. The same is also done using the SWAT-MODFLOW models. Calibration and validation of the QSWAT model was conducted after carrying out the sensitivity analysis. The groundwater and management parameters are more sensitive as compared with others. The SWAT model was calibrated with daily stream flow data ranging from 1999 to 2008 and validated with the same stream flow data ranging from 2009 to 2013. Two years were used for the model warm up or initialization. The model goodness-of-fit was evaluated using the Coefficient of determination and the Nash-Sutcli...
Slope failures triggered by rainfall are causing considerable damage and loss of life every year ... more Slope failures triggered by rainfall are causing considerable damage and loss of life every year throughout the world. During rainy seasons landslide in Abay gorge has been causing: loss of human lives, failure of engineering structures, and damage on agricultural lands. This is due to the fact that, at dry seasons the ground can develop considerable amount of suction and this improves the shear strength of the soil in the area. In rainy season, when rainfall infiltrates into ground, suction decreases, while the shear strength also reduces, which may lead to slope instability. In this study, a landslide at 10Km from the town of Gohatsion has been selected as a case study considering risk for road and hazard score values and the availability of the required data for the stability analysis. The required data for stability analysis were collected from fieldwork measurements and observations and from secondary sources mainly GSE and ERA. A detail slope stability analysis was carried out...
Loss of soil fertility in agricultural lands and sedimentation in lakes of central rift valley of... more Loss of soil fertility in agricultural lands and sedimentation in lakes of central rift valley of Ethiopia are major watershed problem threatening the agro economy in the area. To develop effective erosion control plans through implementing appropriate soil conservation practices, runoff and sediment yield in Meki watershed was estimated and analyzed using the SWAT model. The model showed the simulated mean annual surface runoff was 114.03mm and the mean annual streamflow was 9.41m 3 /s. Similarly, mean annual sediment load of 13.12 t/ha enters to Lake Ziway. The model was calibrated and validated on daily and monthly time step for flow and on monthly time step for sediment yield. The results of Nash Sutcliff Efficiency of 0.71 on daily and 0.89 on monthly time steps for streamflow and its value of 0.80 on monthly time step for sediment yield during calibration showed that there is a good match between measured and simulated data for both variables on daily basis and very good match on monthly basis. The potential erosion source areas were identified. Likewise, 51.34% of the watershed area was found to be potential erosion sources and priorized for erosion control plans.
Soil erosion and associated sedimentation are a natural process caused by water, wind, and ice, s... more Soil erosion and associated sedimentation are a natural process caused by water, wind, and ice, several of human’s activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, change in land use, and non-sustainable farming practice tends to accelerate soil erosion. This paper presents the runoff and sediment yield modeling of Dire watershed which is a drainage area of 76.058km2. soil and water assessment tool (SWAT, Version 2012) integrating with ArcGIS (Version10.4) was used to simulate the streamflow and sediment yield of Dire watershed which located in the Awash river basin from 1990 to 2006. The model calibration and validation of streamflow and sediment yield were done using the SWAT_CUP software SUFI2 program. The streamflow data used for model calibration and validation was measured Beke gauge station from 1990 to 2006 but the sediment data use for both calibration and validation were generated using sediment rating curve. Time-series data from 1991 to 2000 were used for both streamflow a...
Problems in providing satisfactory water supply to the rapidly growing population especially that... more Problems in providing satisfactory water supply to the rapidly growing population especially that of the developing countries is increasing from time to time. The adequate and reliable water supply in developing towns of Ethiopia is becoming a challenge for most water utilities. The objective of this research was to assess the problem of Holeta town water supply and distribution system. This study assessed the performance of Holeta town water supply system based on main performance indicators namely high water loss, water quality, inadequate water supply coverage, satisfaction of customers and operation and maintenance. The distribution system is evaluated by running the system of water supply by GEMS V8i.The water samples were collected from all existing water sources, reservoirs, collection chambers and household taps and water quality test was conducted for water quality parameters namely Total dissolved solid, residual chlorine, coli form, hardness, turbidity and PH. Field observations were made to gather data and observe the water supply system has high water loss, water quality problem, inadequate water supply coverage, satisfaction of customers and operation and maintenance problems on site. The result showed that water loss was found to be 13.39%. The water supply coverage was very low which covers only 52.57%. Besides water demand and supply of Holeta town were not balanced, the water quality tests showed poor water quality result when compared to the standard set on the Ethiopian (National) and WHO Water Quality standards. Hence, it can be concluded that there is operation and maintenance problem and the water supply system performance is low. Holeta Water supply office should gather the X, Y, coordinates of its Water supply distribution system from source to customer water meters to know and evaluate hydraulic system using Water GEMS with GIS integrated software, for more precise and faster way of in demand allocation. it needs to be documented in a well-organized way .In general ,All relevant documents, feasibility studies, Bore Hole history, manufacturer manuals and detail designs, as built drawings of all existing water supply system components for the sources, reservoirs, pump houses etc need to be documented in a well-organized way and should be available in the water utility office for future reference is strongly recommended.
International Journal of Engineering Research and, 2017
This research evaluated the performance of sewage water treatment system and also assessed its su... more This research evaluated the performance of sewage water treatment system and also assessed its suitability for irrigation. Salient water quality parameters were determined at different stages of the treatment process and compared with the standard. The treatment unit comprised of anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds in two series. Sampling were done in different time periods from 2014-2016. The university main campus produced an average of 320m 3 of wastewater per day. The effluents of the treatment system are discharged to nearby land whenever there is overflow from the system. After treatment BOD, COD and SS were reduced by 76, 45 and 53 percent respectively. Treatment performance has been on increasing trend since 2014. Water quality analysis revealed that the treated wastewater is slightly alkaline in nature. Percentage treatment efficiency of the pond for BOD, sulfide, Total Suspended solids, COD, Nitrate, Nitrite and Total Nitrogen were satisfactory. However, the effluent TSS concentration was higher than standard set by the EPA standards for treated effluents. In present conditions, the treated water can be used for irrigation purpose with some moderate restrictions. Even though EC and TDS permit to irrigate fruit trees and fodder crops, there is a risk of soil degradation due to high value of SAR. In such cases high efficiency irrigation systems are recommended rather than flood irrigation. Also, irrigation with treated waste water increased nutritive elements in soil that can be source of nutrition for plants. Continuous use of treated sewage water for irrigation will make the soil acidic. Analysis of other soil parameters indicates that there is an increase in nitrogen, phosphate and potassium nutrient levels considerably to benefit crop production but increase in soil EC is a serious concern.
Understanding water distribution system hydraulic performance is crucial for a water supply syste... more Understanding water distribution system hydraulic performance is crucial for a water supply system management. A case study was conducted evaluating the hydraulic performance of water distribution system of Tulu Bolo town. The hydraulic model of water distribution network was developed using GIS integrated with WaterGEMS hydraulic model. The implementation of the integrated system verified that water to regulate the pressure and velocity in order to sustain. According to the analysis, about 92.6% of nodes have optimized pressure ranged between 15m to 70m and about 1.27% is under permissible pressure. Model calibration was performed by comparing simulated data with field data, the result of pressure calibration has a linear correlation coefficient of 0.93 and the hydraulic model in WaterGEMS was calibrated and optimized with a field data.
Urban water supply and demand challenges are the widespread problems in most of the developing co... more Urban water supply and demand challenges are the widespread problems in most of the developing countries such as Ethiopia. Water demand has been increasing significantly in most cities due to population growth and other factors. As a result, the town water utilities are struggling to provide customers with adequate and reliable water supply service. Water distribution systems are designed to fulfill all requirements of potable water needed for decades. Initial system designs frequently consider any anticipated changes likely to happen. However, as time elapsed they slowly begin to fail to satisfy customers' requirements; both in quantity quality. The wonder is to identify factors which bring those changes and propose viable solutions to improve the situation. To this effect modeling water distribution network system is very helpful. In this study, Sebeta water supply and demand was assessed. Water CAD software was used as tool to model water distribution system. The modeling effort included hydraulic modeling. Simulation results for maximum and minimum pressures were used as base to evaluate the hydraulic performance. Modeling results showed violation of maximum and minimum pressure requirements. Household interviews and questionnaires were made to understand customers' satisfaction towards the water supply service in terms of water availability, adequacy of the water, tariff affordability and water consumption. Water quality tests were conducted to compare the water quality with the WHO standards. From this study, water quality test results showed that, some parameters departed from WHO water quality guidelines. It is recommended that the water utility develop a strategy and work hard on the indicated system deficiencies to improve the water supply and demand and provide customers with good quality service.
Narayana, K. and Brook Abate, Studies on Hydraulic Performance of Furrow Irrigation to Optimise D... more Narayana, K. and Brook Abate, Studies on Hydraulic Performance of Furrow Irrigation to Optimise Design Parameters Suitable to Onion Field in Hawassa, Ethiopia. Journal of Science & Development 2(2)2014, 23-39. Ground water is a scarce and expensive resource which needs to be utilized in a highly productive manner for agriculture. Inefficient use of ground water by surface irrigation will result in soil salinization in the long run. This demands precise application of required irrigation water with high efficiency. Furrow irrigation is most widely used among the surface irrigation methods. Furrow design parameters are inflow rate, the length of the run in the direction of the flow, the time of irrigation cutoff and soil infiltration characteristics. These parameters have been studied in order to design an optimum furrow length to achieve maximum application efficiency. Time ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the time required for infiltration of net amount of water needed for th...
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Papers by Dr.Brook Abate