To investigate the applicability of high-amylose corn grits (HACG) to the process for extruded pr... more To investigate the applicability of high-amylose corn grits (HACG) to the process for extruded products, a single screw extruder was used to produce extrudates under feed rate of 220 g/min, barrel temperature of 120°C, and screw rotational speed of 150 rpm. The nutritional, physical and sensory properties were investigated in the HACG extrudate and normal corn grits (NCG) extrudate acting as control. The results indicated that the HACG extrudate had higher (P≤ 0.05) protein (7.07%), fiber (5.41%), lipid (1.48%), ash (0.76%), resistant starch (2.89%), zein (4.65%), calcium (22.34 mg/kg), magnesium (718.63 mg/kg), iron (19.47 mg/kg), zinc (22.73 mg/kg) contents and 16 of 17 types of amino acids compared to the NCG extrudate. In regards to physical properties, the bulk density (BD), radial expansion index (REI) and water solubility index (WSI) values of the HACG extrudate, which were 57.94 mg/ml, 45.47 and 43.25, respectively, were significantly lower (P≤ 0.05) than those of the NCG ex...
The relationship between the expression pattern of starch biosynthesis enzymes and molecular stru... more The relationship between the expression pattern of starch biosynthesis enzymes and molecular structure of high amylose maize starch Yuyue Zhong (Conceptualization) (Investigation) (Methodology) (Software) (Writing-original draft) (Writing-review and editing), Linsan Liu (Investigation) (Data curation), Jianzhou Qu (Software), Silu Li (Software), Andreas Blennow (Writing-original draft) (Writing-review and editing), Shayakhmetova Altyn Seytahmetovna (Formal analysis), Xingxun Liu (Resources) (Conceptualization) (Funding acquisition) (Supervision), Dongwei Guo (Resources) (Conceptualization) (Funding acquisition) (Supervision)
Starch can provide food (such as cake) with a good texture. However, starch also causes the postp... more Starch can provide food (such as cake) with a good texture. However, starch also causes the postprandial glycaemic response, which leads to Type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we developed high-amylose starch as a new ingredient. The molecular structure of high-amylose maize starch (HAMS) was also studied to explore the effects of HAMS on the physicochemical, digestion and texture properties of high-amylose maize flour cakes (HAMFCs). The results showed the small molecular size, low amounts of short amylopectin chains, and high amounts of long amylopectin chains and amylose chains of HAMS are helpful to understand the texture (the increase in hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness and resilience and the decrease in springiness) and digestion (the increase in SDS and RS and the decrease in RDS) properties, and the formation of V-type crystalline structure in HAMFCs. Special molecule structure of HAMS and V-type crystalline are the main reason for the improvement of RS in HAMFCs. Sensory evaluation showed that HAMFCs would be accepted by customers and 20 % HAMF addition is the best scheme. In sum, the molecular structure of HAMS helps understand the quality of HAMFCs; and HAMFCs could be developed as novel food with a higher RS and acceptable sensory attributes.
Increasing grain yield is a primary objective of maize breeding. Dissecting the genetic architect... more Increasing grain yield is a primary objective of maize breeding. Dissecting the genetic architecture of grain yield furthers genetic improvements to increase yield. Presented here is an association panel composed of 126 maize inbreds (AM126), which were genotyped by the genotyping-by-sequencing (tGBS) method. We performed genetic characterization and association analysis related to grain yield in the association panel. In total, 46,046 SNPs with a minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥0.01 were used to assess genetic diversity and kinship in AM126. The results showed that the average MAF and polymorphism information content (PIC) were 0.164 and 0.198, respectively. The Shaan B group, with 11,284 unique SNPs, exhibited greater genetic diversity than did the Shaan A group, with 2644 SNPs. The 61.82% kinship coefficient in AM126 was equal to 0, and only 0.15% of that percentage was greater than 0.7. A total of 31,983 SNPs with MAF ≥0.05 were used to characterize population structure, LD decay ...
Starch is the main storage carbohydrate in plants and an important natural resource for food, fee... more Starch is the main storage carbohydrate in plants and an important natural resource for food, feed and industrial raw materials. However, the details regarding the pathway for starch biosynthesis and the diversity of biosynthetic enzymes involved in this process are poorly understood. This study uses a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of 74 sequenced plant genomes to revisit the evolutionary history of the genes encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), starch synthase (SS), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and starch de-branching enzyme (DBE). Additionally, the protein structures and expression patterns of these four core genes in starch biosynthesis were studied to determine their functional differences. The results showed that AGPase, SS, SBE and DBE have undergone complicated evolutionary processes in plants and that gene/genome duplications are responsible for the observed differences in isoform numbers. A structure analysis of these proteins suggested that the deletion/...
Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, Feb 4, 2017
Particle-size distribution, granular structure, and composition significantly affect the physicoc... more Particle-size distribution, granular structure, and composition significantly affect the physicochemical properties, rheological properties, and nutritional function of starch. Flow cytometry and flow sorting are widely considered convenient and efficient ways of classifying and separating natural biological particles or other substances into subpopulations, respectively, based on the differential response of each component to stimulation by a light beam; the results allow for the correlation analysis of parameters. In this study, different types of starches isolated from waxy maize, sweet maize, high-amylose maize, pop maize, and normal maize were initially classified into various subgroups by flow cytometer and then collected through flow sorting to observe their morphology and particle-size distribution. The results showed that a 0.25% Gelzan solution served as an optimal reagent for keeping individual starch particles homogeneously dispersed in suspension for a relatively long t...
The effect of salt concentration on swelling power, rheological properties and saltiness percepti... more The effect of salt concentration on swelling power, rheological properties and saltiness perception of waxy, normal and high amylose maize starch was investigated.
High-amylose maize starch has health benefits and special industrial uses. In this study, starche... more High-amylose maize starch has health benefits and special industrial uses. In this study, starches were isolated from normal maize and high-amylose inbred and hybrid maizes. Their molecular structure and enzymatic hydrolysis properties were investigated and analyzed. The high-amylose hybrid maize starch contained lower amylose, intermediate component, amylopectin long branch-chains, and amylopectin average chain length, and higher amylopectin short branch-chains than did high-amylose inbred maize starch. High-amylose maize starch was more resistant to a-amylase and amyloglucocidase hydrolysis and had a significantly lower hydrolysis rate coefficient than normal maize starch did. The native, gelatinized and retrograded starches of the high-amylose hybrid maize had significantly higher rapidly digestible starch and lower resistant starch than those of the high-amylose inbred maize. The retrogradation of gelatinized starch markedly increased the resistance of high-amylose starch to in vitro digestion. The high contents of amylose and intermediate component and the long branch-chains of amylopectin increased the resistance of maize starch to enzymatic hydrolysis and in vitro digestion.
BackgroundLong-acting nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) is designed to improve subj... more BackgroundLong-acting nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) is designed to improve subject regimen adherence, reduce systemic drug toxicities, and facilitate clearance of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection. While nanoART establishes drug depots within recycling and late monocyte-macrophage endosomes, whether or not this provides a strategic advantage towards viral elimination has not been elucidated.ResultsWe applied quantitative SWATH-MS proteomics and cell profiling to nanoparticle atazanavir (nanoATV)-treated and HIV-1 infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Native ATV and uninfected cells served as controls. Both HIV-1 and nanoATV engaged endolysosomal trafficking for assembly and depot formation, respectively. Notably, the pathways were deregulated in opposing manners by the virus and the nanoATV likely by viral clearance. Paired-sample z-scores, of the proteomic data sets, showed up- and down- regulation of Rab-linked endolysosomal pro...
This paper reports the effective treatment of Schistosoma japonicum in a mouse model with long-ac... more This paper reports the effective treatment of Schistosoma japonicum in a mouse model with long-acting praziquantel (PZQ)-loaded poly(e-caprolactone) implants. The implants yielded stable, high plasma PZQ concentrations ranging 100-1600 ng/mL during the 40-day investigation period. For assessment of efficacy, the implants were implanted into mice immediately after infection and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after infection to treat the schistosomes at different developmental stages. All the mice were sacrificed at 6 weeks after infection for worm and egg recovery, worm morphology examination, and histopathological analysis of implantation site tissues. The worm burdens, egg burdens, and numbers of miracidia hatched from the retrieved eggs for all the implant-treated groups (except groups T2-A, T4 and T5) were reduced by 100% when compared with the control group. From groups T2-A, T4 and T5, some schistosome debris was recovered. Eggs were found in only group T5 for which the time between infection and implantation was 4 weeks, which enabled the maturation of juvenile female schistosomes into adult ones that lay eggs. Histopathological observations of implantation tissue showed no evidence of granulomatous foreign-body or lymphoid cell aggregation, demonstrating good biocompatibility of the PZQ implants. These results demonstrate that the long-acting PZQ implants can kill schistosomes at any developmental stages and attenuate/avoid the associated liver damage.
Long-acting injectable nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) was developed with the exp... more Long-acting injectable nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) was developed with the explicit goal of improving medicine compliance and for drug targeting of viral tissue reservoirs. Prior nanoART studies completed in humanized virus-infected mice demonstrated sustained antiretroviral responses. However, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution of nanoART were not characterized. To this end, the PK and tissue distribution of nanoformulated atazanavir (ATV) and ritonavir (RTV) injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly in mice and monkeys were evaluated. Fourteen days after injection, ATV and RTV levels were up to 13-, 41-, and 4,500-fold higher than those resulting from native-drug administration in plasma, tissues, and at the site of injection, respectively. At nanoART doses of 10, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg of body weight, relationships of more- and less-than-proportional increases in plasma and tissue levels with dose increases were demonstrated with ATV and RTV. Mu...
FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 2014
Eradication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection requires daily administration of combin... more Eradication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection requires daily administration of combinations of rifampin (RIF), isoniazid [isonicotinylhydrazine (INH)], pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, among other drug therapies. To facilitate and optimize MTB therapeutic selections, a mononuclear phagocyte (MP; monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell)-targeted drug delivery strategy was developed. Long-acting nanoformulations of RIF and an INH derivative, pentenyl-INH (INHP), were prepared, and their physicochemical properties were evaluated. This included the evaluation of MP particle uptake and retention, cell viability, and antimicrobial efficacy. Drug levels reached 6 μg/10(6) cells in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) for nanoparticle treatments compared with 0.1 μg/10(6) cells for native drugs. High RIF and INHP levels were retained in MDM for >15 d following nanoparticle loading. Rapid loss of native drugs was observed in cells and culture fluids within 24 h. Antimicrobi...
To investigate the applicability of high-amylose corn grits (HACG) to the process for extruded pr... more To investigate the applicability of high-amylose corn grits (HACG) to the process for extruded products, a single screw extruder was used to produce extrudates under feed rate of 220 g/min, barrel temperature of 120°C, and screw rotational speed of 150 rpm. The nutritional, physical and sensory properties were investigated in the HACG extrudate and normal corn grits (NCG) extrudate acting as control. The results indicated that the HACG extrudate had higher (P≤ 0.05) protein (7.07%), fiber (5.41%), lipid (1.48%), ash (0.76%), resistant starch (2.89%), zein (4.65%), calcium (22.34 mg/kg), magnesium (718.63 mg/kg), iron (19.47 mg/kg), zinc (22.73 mg/kg) contents and 16 of 17 types of amino acids compared to the NCG extrudate. In regards to physical properties, the bulk density (BD), radial expansion index (REI) and water solubility index (WSI) values of the HACG extrudate, which were 57.94 mg/ml, 45.47 and 43.25, respectively, were significantly lower (P≤ 0.05) than those of the NCG ex...
The relationship between the expression pattern of starch biosynthesis enzymes and molecular stru... more The relationship between the expression pattern of starch biosynthesis enzymes and molecular structure of high amylose maize starch Yuyue Zhong (Conceptualization) (Investigation) (Methodology) (Software) (Writing-original draft) (Writing-review and editing), Linsan Liu (Investigation) (Data curation), Jianzhou Qu (Software), Silu Li (Software), Andreas Blennow (Writing-original draft) (Writing-review and editing), Shayakhmetova Altyn Seytahmetovna (Formal analysis), Xingxun Liu (Resources) (Conceptualization) (Funding acquisition) (Supervision), Dongwei Guo (Resources) (Conceptualization) (Funding acquisition) (Supervision)
Starch can provide food (such as cake) with a good texture. However, starch also causes the postp... more Starch can provide food (such as cake) with a good texture. However, starch also causes the postprandial glycaemic response, which leads to Type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we developed high-amylose starch as a new ingredient. The molecular structure of high-amylose maize starch (HAMS) was also studied to explore the effects of HAMS on the physicochemical, digestion and texture properties of high-amylose maize flour cakes (HAMFCs). The results showed the small molecular size, low amounts of short amylopectin chains, and high amounts of long amylopectin chains and amylose chains of HAMS are helpful to understand the texture (the increase in hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness and resilience and the decrease in springiness) and digestion (the increase in SDS and RS and the decrease in RDS) properties, and the formation of V-type crystalline structure in HAMFCs. Special molecule structure of HAMS and V-type crystalline are the main reason for the improvement of RS in HAMFCs. Sensory evaluation showed that HAMFCs would be accepted by customers and 20 % HAMF addition is the best scheme. In sum, the molecular structure of HAMS helps understand the quality of HAMFCs; and HAMFCs could be developed as novel food with a higher RS and acceptable sensory attributes.
Increasing grain yield is a primary objective of maize breeding. Dissecting the genetic architect... more Increasing grain yield is a primary objective of maize breeding. Dissecting the genetic architecture of grain yield furthers genetic improvements to increase yield. Presented here is an association panel composed of 126 maize inbreds (AM126), which were genotyped by the genotyping-by-sequencing (tGBS) method. We performed genetic characterization and association analysis related to grain yield in the association panel. In total, 46,046 SNPs with a minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥0.01 were used to assess genetic diversity and kinship in AM126. The results showed that the average MAF and polymorphism information content (PIC) were 0.164 and 0.198, respectively. The Shaan B group, with 11,284 unique SNPs, exhibited greater genetic diversity than did the Shaan A group, with 2644 SNPs. The 61.82% kinship coefficient in AM126 was equal to 0, and only 0.15% of that percentage was greater than 0.7. A total of 31,983 SNPs with MAF ≥0.05 were used to characterize population structure, LD decay ...
Starch is the main storage carbohydrate in plants and an important natural resource for food, fee... more Starch is the main storage carbohydrate in plants and an important natural resource for food, feed and industrial raw materials. However, the details regarding the pathway for starch biosynthesis and the diversity of biosynthetic enzymes involved in this process are poorly understood. This study uses a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of 74 sequenced plant genomes to revisit the evolutionary history of the genes encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), starch synthase (SS), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and starch de-branching enzyme (DBE). Additionally, the protein structures and expression patterns of these four core genes in starch biosynthesis were studied to determine their functional differences. The results showed that AGPase, SS, SBE and DBE have undergone complicated evolutionary processes in plants and that gene/genome duplications are responsible for the observed differences in isoform numbers. A structure analysis of these proteins suggested that the deletion/...
Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, Feb 4, 2017
Particle-size distribution, granular structure, and composition significantly affect the physicoc... more Particle-size distribution, granular structure, and composition significantly affect the physicochemical properties, rheological properties, and nutritional function of starch. Flow cytometry and flow sorting are widely considered convenient and efficient ways of classifying and separating natural biological particles or other substances into subpopulations, respectively, based on the differential response of each component to stimulation by a light beam; the results allow for the correlation analysis of parameters. In this study, different types of starches isolated from waxy maize, sweet maize, high-amylose maize, pop maize, and normal maize were initially classified into various subgroups by flow cytometer and then collected through flow sorting to observe their morphology and particle-size distribution. The results showed that a 0.25% Gelzan solution served as an optimal reagent for keeping individual starch particles homogeneously dispersed in suspension for a relatively long t...
The effect of salt concentration on swelling power, rheological properties and saltiness percepti... more The effect of salt concentration on swelling power, rheological properties and saltiness perception of waxy, normal and high amylose maize starch was investigated.
High-amylose maize starch has health benefits and special industrial uses. In this study, starche... more High-amylose maize starch has health benefits and special industrial uses. In this study, starches were isolated from normal maize and high-amylose inbred and hybrid maizes. Their molecular structure and enzymatic hydrolysis properties were investigated and analyzed. The high-amylose hybrid maize starch contained lower amylose, intermediate component, amylopectin long branch-chains, and amylopectin average chain length, and higher amylopectin short branch-chains than did high-amylose inbred maize starch. High-amylose maize starch was more resistant to a-amylase and amyloglucocidase hydrolysis and had a significantly lower hydrolysis rate coefficient than normal maize starch did. The native, gelatinized and retrograded starches of the high-amylose hybrid maize had significantly higher rapidly digestible starch and lower resistant starch than those of the high-amylose inbred maize. The retrogradation of gelatinized starch markedly increased the resistance of high-amylose starch to in vitro digestion. The high contents of amylose and intermediate component and the long branch-chains of amylopectin increased the resistance of maize starch to enzymatic hydrolysis and in vitro digestion.
BackgroundLong-acting nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) is designed to improve subj... more BackgroundLong-acting nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) is designed to improve subject regimen adherence, reduce systemic drug toxicities, and facilitate clearance of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection. While nanoART establishes drug depots within recycling and late monocyte-macrophage endosomes, whether or not this provides a strategic advantage towards viral elimination has not been elucidated.ResultsWe applied quantitative SWATH-MS proteomics and cell profiling to nanoparticle atazanavir (nanoATV)-treated and HIV-1 infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Native ATV and uninfected cells served as controls. Both HIV-1 and nanoATV engaged endolysosomal trafficking for assembly and depot formation, respectively. Notably, the pathways were deregulated in opposing manners by the virus and the nanoATV likely by viral clearance. Paired-sample z-scores, of the proteomic data sets, showed up- and down- regulation of Rab-linked endolysosomal pro...
This paper reports the effective treatment of Schistosoma japonicum in a mouse model with long-ac... more This paper reports the effective treatment of Schistosoma japonicum in a mouse model with long-acting praziquantel (PZQ)-loaded poly(e-caprolactone) implants. The implants yielded stable, high plasma PZQ concentrations ranging 100-1600 ng/mL during the 40-day investigation period. For assessment of efficacy, the implants were implanted into mice immediately after infection and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after infection to treat the schistosomes at different developmental stages. All the mice were sacrificed at 6 weeks after infection for worm and egg recovery, worm morphology examination, and histopathological analysis of implantation site tissues. The worm burdens, egg burdens, and numbers of miracidia hatched from the retrieved eggs for all the implant-treated groups (except groups T2-A, T4 and T5) were reduced by 100% when compared with the control group. From groups T2-A, T4 and T5, some schistosome debris was recovered. Eggs were found in only group T5 for which the time between infection and implantation was 4 weeks, which enabled the maturation of juvenile female schistosomes into adult ones that lay eggs. Histopathological observations of implantation tissue showed no evidence of granulomatous foreign-body or lymphoid cell aggregation, demonstrating good biocompatibility of the PZQ implants. These results demonstrate that the long-acting PZQ implants can kill schistosomes at any developmental stages and attenuate/avoid the associated liver damage.
Long-acting injectable nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) was developed with the exp... more Long-acting injectable nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) was developed with the explicit goal of improving medicine compliance and for drug targeting of viral tissue reservoirs. Prior nanoART studies completed in humanized virus-infected mice demonstrated sustained antiretroviral responses. However, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution of nanoART were not characterized. To this end, the PK and tissue distribution of nanoformulated atazanavir (ATV) and ritonavir (RTV) injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly in mice and monkeys were evaluated. Fourteen days after injection, ATV and RTV levels were up to 13-, 41-, and 4,500-fold higher than those resulting from native-drug administration in plasma, tissues, and at the site of injection, respectively. At nanoART doses of 10, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg of body weight, relationships of more- and less-than-proportional increases in plasma and tissue levels with dose increases were demonstrated with ATV and RTV. Mu...
FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 2014
Eradication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection requires daily administration of combin... more Eradication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection requires daily administration of combinations of rifampin (RIF), isoniazid [isonicotinylhydrazine (INH)], pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, among other drug therapies. To facilitate and optimize MTB therapeutic selections, a mononuclear phagocyte (MP; monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell)-targeted drug delivery strategy was developed. Long-acting nanoformulations of RIF and an INH derivative, pentenyl-INH (INHP), were prepared, and their physicochemical properties were evaluated. This included the evaluation of MP particle uptake and retention, cell viability, and antimicrobial efficacy. Drug levels reached 6 μg/10(6) cells in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) for nanoparticle treatments compared with 0.1 μg/10(6) cells for native drugs. High RIF and INHP levels were retained in MDM for >15 d following nanoparticle loading. Rapid loss of native drugs was observed in cells and culture fluids within 24 h. Antimicrobi...
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