Nonthematic details in naturalistic scenes were manipulated to produce four stimulus versions: co... more Nonthematic details in naturalistic scenes were manipulated to produce four stimulus versions: color photos, black-white copies, and elaborated and unelaborated line drawings (Experiment 1); analogous verbal descriptions of each visual version were produced for Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, two or three different versions of a scene were presented in the mixed condition; the same version of the scene was repeated either two or three times in the same condition, and a 1-presentation control condition was also included. In Experiment 2, the same presentation conditions were used across different groups of subjects who either viewed the pictures or heard the descriptions. An old/new recognition test was given in which the nonstudied versions of the studied items were used as foils. Higher false recognition performances for the mixed condition were found for the visual materials in both experiments, and in the second experiment the verbal materials produced equivalently high levels of false recognition for both same and mixed conditions. Additionally, in Experiment 2 the patterns of performances across material conditions were differentially affected by the manipulation of detail in the four stimulus versions. These differences across materials suggest that the integration of semantically consistent details across temporally separable presentations is facilitated when the stimuli do not provide visual/physical attributes to enhance discrimination of different presentations. Further, the evidence derived from the visual scenes in both experiments indicates that the semantic schema abstracted from a picture is not the sole mediator of recognition performance.
The people living on this planet are working hard for a comfortable life style and wants to safe ... more The people living on this planet are working hard for a comfortable life style and wants to safe their investment that they has made in day to day work.[3] Eventually, at the end we all need is security of life for proper lifestyle and our belongings. The most important problem is to ask your self is we really living good secure life? [3] The globe is not secured and we are victimized to the dangers that exist in our nearest environment hence the need to feel protected and safe is fulfilled by the use of "SURAKSHA YANTRA: SELF DEFENSE SYSTEM FOR PUBLIC SAFETY WITH LOCATION TRACKING AND SMS ALERTING THROUGH GSM NETWORK "[3]. The globe in which people live, faces lots of problems and goes through as a challenging super problems and an economic distress, are still under in the problem of various issues evils like molestations, dowry, crime against women, worst among all is Rape. The main issues against the women can be now brought to an end with the help of a device called suraksha.[6] Suraksha Yantra paper explains the basic idea over viewing suraksha yantra which is to give a warning to an instant location of the distressed victim to the police so that the incident could be prevented and the offender captured. This globe helps to reduce crime against women. Suraksha Yantra also summaries other significant works in this field and hence forth discussed suraksha device in a greater detail. [6]
Generalization gradients to exception patterns and the category prototype were investigated in tw... more Generalization gradients to exception patterns and the category prototype were investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants first learned categories of large size that contained a single exception pattern, followed by a transfer test containing new instances that had a manipulated similarity relationship to the exception or a nonexception training pattern as well as distortions of the prototype. The results demonstrated transfer gradients tracked the prototype category rather than the feedback category of the exception category. In Experiment 2, transfer performance was investigated for categories varying in size (5, 10, 20), partially crossed with the number of exception patterns (1, 2, 4). Here, the generalization gradients tracked the feedback category of the training instance when category size was small but tracked the prototype category when category size was large. The benefits of increased category size still emerged, even with proportionality of exception patterns held constant. These, and other outcomes, were consistent with a mixed model of classification, in which exemplar influences were dominant with small-sized categories and/or high error rates, and prototype influences were dominant with larger sized categories.
An aS88ssment of perceptual and comprehension skills was made on two speed-readers from the Ameri... more An aS88ssment of perceptual and comprehension skills was made on two speed-readers from the American Speedreading Academy who had achieved extraordinary rates of reading. Three experiments were conducted: (1, measurement of perceptual extent for briefly exposed single letters, (2, identification of words within paragraphs under controlled viewing, and (3, text comprehension. The performance of the two speed-readers on the first two tasks was indistinguishable from that of normal readers, although both speed-readers exhibited greater guessing tendencies. On the text comprehension task, the speed-readers were given three opportunities to read a college text and receive an exam given to college students over the same material. Both speed-readers read the text at rates between 15,000 and 30,000 words/min. However, both speed-readers would have failed the exam on each occasion. It was concluded that the only extraordinary talent exhibited by the two speed-readers was their extraordinary rate of pageturning.
A recognition RT paradigm was used to assess a number of plausible search strategies in LTM for c... more A recognition RT paradigm was used to assess a number of plausible search strategies in LTM for categorized lists. List length was determined by factorially combining two, three, or five categories with two, three, or five words per category, and test items could be one of four types: (1) positive, (2) a repeated positive, (3) a related negative, or (4) an unrelated negative. It was found that RT increased linearly with category size for both positive and related negatives (about 30-40 msec/item); whereas the increase was much smaller for the unrelated negatives, especially for three and five categories (about 9 rnsec/item). With an increase in the number of categories, RT increased at the rate of about 40 msec/category for all three test items. A theory of high-speed scanning for categorized material was proposed in which a serial and exhaustive search-of the categories is rust undertaken. If a positive category match is found, a serial and exhaustive search within the contents of the positive category is initiated; if no category match is found, the search is simply terminated. Some evidence was presented that categories recently probed may provide for a short-circuiting of the category search.
Three experiments explored the learning of categories where the training instances either repeate... more Three experiments explored the learning of categories where the training instances either repeated in each training block or appeared only once during the entire learning phase, followed by a classification transfer (Experiment 1) or a recognition transfer test (Experiments 2 and 3). Subjects received training instances from either two (Experiment 2) or three categories (Experiments 1-3) for either 15 or 20 training blocks. The results showed substantial learning in each experiment, with the notable result that learning was not slowed in the non-repeating condition in any of the three experiments. Furthermore, subsequent transfer was marginally better in the non-repeating condition. The recognition results showed that subjects in the repeat condition had substantial memory for the training instances, whereas subjects in the non-repeat condition had no measurable memory for the training instances, as measured either by hit and false-alarm rates or by signal detectability measures. These outcomes are consistent with prototype models of category learning, at least when patterns never repeat in learning, and place severe constraints on exemplar views that posit transfer mechanisms to stored individual traces. A formal model, which incorporates changing similarity relationships during learning, was shown to explain the major results.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 1978
Two experiments using a total of 50 undergraduates investigated category abstraction for ill-defi... more Two experiments using a total of 50 undergraduates investigated category abstraction for ill-defined form patterns. In Exp I, Ss initially classified 18 different patterns into 3 categories containing 3, 6, and 9 members, followed by a transfer test containing old, new, prototype, and random patterns. In Exp II, an observational learning paradigm was used, in which categories were defined by
Evolutionary theories of religion have focused almost exclusively on anthropomorphic representati... more Evolutionary theories of religion have focused almost exclusively on anthropomorphic representations of God and of God as having a mind. However, religious beliefs extend to notions about material entities as well and, we propose, religious cognition can involve many distinct cognitive systems and social motivations including kin care, essentialist beliefs, and social exchange. We refer to the elevation of the social status of nonliving and nonhuman material entities as personification. In 3 studies we assess variability in the personification of a range of nonliving nonhuman entities. In Study 1, perceived kinship and the attribution of an inner essence, spirit, or soul to a particular target were important positive predictors of the personification of material nonliving or nonhuman entities whereas sociability was not. In Study 2, we compare personification among European Americans, Hispanic Americans, and American Indians to show that these perceptions can vary by cultural group. In Study 3, variation in personification was related to individual differences in beliefs about the soul or evolution. In all, we show the importance of perceived kinship bonds and essentialist beliefs in the personification of fetuses, the dead, animals, and objects, over and above the attribution of mental attributes-a new focus for understanding religious cognition.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning …, 2005
Category learning can be characterized as a process of discovering the dimensions that represent ... more Category learning can be characterized as a process of discovering the dimensions that represent stimuli efficiently and effectively. Categories that are overlapping when represented in 1 dimensionality may be separate in a higher dimensional cue set. The authors report 2 experiments in ...
Nonthematic details in naturalistic scenes were manipulated to produce four stimulus versions: co... more Nonthematic details in naturalistic scenes were manipulated to produce four stimulus versions: color photos, black-white copies, and elaborated and unelaborated line drawings (Experiment 1); analogous verbal descriptions of each visual version were produced for Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, two or three different versions of a scene were presented in the mixed condition; the same version of the scene was repeated either two or three times in the same condition, and a 1-presentation control condition was also included. In Experiment 2, the same presentation conditions were used across different groups of subjects who either viewed the pictures or heard the descriptions. An old/new recognition test was given in which the nonstudied versions of the studied items were used as foils. Higher false recognition performances for the mixed condition were found for the visual materials in both experiments, and in the second experiment the verbal materials produced equivalently high levels of false recognition for both same and mixed conditions. Additionally, in Experiment 2 the patterns of performances across material conditions were differentially affected by the manipulation of detail in the four stimulus versions. These differences across materials suggest that the integration of semantically consistent details across temporally separable presentations is facilitated when the stimuli do not provide visual/physical attributes to enhance discrimination of different presentations. Further, the evidence derived from the visual scenes in both experiments indicates that the semantic schema abstracted from a picture is not the sole mediator of recognition performance.
The people living on this planet are working hard for a comfortable life style and wants to safe ... more The people living on this planet are working hard for a comfortable life style and wants to safe their investment that they has made in day to day work.[3] Eventually, at the end we all need is security of life for proper lifestyle and our belongings. The most important problem is to ask your self is we really living good secure life? [3] The globe is not secured and we are victimized to the dangers that exist in our nearest environment hence the need to feel protected and safe is fulfilled by the use of "SURAKSHA YANTRA: SELF DEFENSE SYSTEM FOR PUBLIC SAFETY WITH LOCATION TRACKING AND SMS ALERTING THROUGH GSM NETWORK "[3]. The globe in which people live, faces lots of problems and goes through as a challenging super problems and an economic distress, are still under in the problem of various issues evils like molestations, dowry, crime against women, worst among all is Rape. The main issues against the women can be now brought to an end with the help of a device called suraksha.[6] Suraksha Yantra paper explains the basic idea over viewing suraksha yantra which is to give a warning to an instant location of the distressed victim to the police so that the incident could be prevented and the offender captured. This globe helps to reduce crime against women. Suraksha Yantra also summaries other significant works in this field and hence forth discussed suraksha device in a greater detail. [6]
Generalization gradients to exception patterns and the category prototype were investigated in tw... more Generalization gradients to exception patterns and the category prototype were investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants first learned categories of large size that contained a single exception pattern, followed by a transfer test containing new instances that had a manipulated similarity relationship to the exception or a nonexception training pattern as well as distortions of the prototype. The results demonstrated transfer gradients tracked the prototype category rather than the feedback category of the exception category. In Experiment 2, transfer performance was investigated for categories varying in size (5, 10, 20), partially crossed with the number of exception patterns (1, 2, 4). Here, the generalization gradients tracked the feedback category of the training instance when category size was small but tracked the prototype category when category size was large. The benefits of increased category size still emerged, even with proportionality of exception patterns held constant. These, and other outcomes, were consistent with a mixed model of classification, in which exemplar influences were dominant with small-sized categories and/or high error rates, and prototype influences were dominant with larger sized categories.
An aS88ssment of perceptual and comprehension skills was made on two speed-readers from the Ameri... more An aS88ssment of perceptual and comprehension skills was made on two speed-readers from the American Speedreading Academy who had achieved extraordinary rates of reading. Three experiments were conducted: (1, measurement of perceptual extent for briefly exposed single letters, (2, identification of words within paragraphs under controlled viewing, and (3, text comprehension. The performance of the two speed-readers on the first two tasks was indistinguishable from that of normal readers, although both speed-readers exhibited greater guessing tendencies. On the text comprehension task, the speed-readers were given three opportunities to read a college text and receive an exam given to college students over the same material. Both speed-readers read the text at rates between 15,000 and 30,000 words/min. However, both speed-readers would have failed the exam on each occasion. It was concluded that the only extraordinary talent exhibited by the two speed-readers was their extraordinary rate of pageturning.
A recognition RT paradigm was used to assess a number of plausible search strategies in LTM for c... more A recognition RT paradigm was used to assess a number of plausible search strategies in LTM for categorized lists. List length was determined by factorially combining two, three, or five categories with two, three, or five words per category, and test items could be one of four types: (1) positive, (2) a repeated positive, (3) a related negative, or (4) an unrelated negative. It was found that RT increased linearly with category size for both positive and related negatives (about 30-40 msec/item); whereas the increase was much smaller for the unrelated negatives, especially for three and five categories (about 9 rnsec/item). With an increase in the number of categories, RT increased at the rate of about 40 msec/category for all three test items. A theory of high-speed scanning for categorized material was proposed in which a serial and exhaustive search-of the categories is rust undertaken. If a positive category match is found, a serial and exhaustive search within the contents of the positive category is initiated; if no category match is found, the search is simply terminated. Some evidence was presented that categories recently probed may provide for a short-circuiting of the category search.
Three experiments explored the learning of categories where the training instances either repeate... more Three experiments explored the learning of categories where the training instances either repeated in each training block or appeared only once during the entire learning phase, followed by a classification transfer (Experiment 1) or a recognition transfer test (Experiments 2 and 3). Subjects received training instances from either two (Experiment 2) or three categories (Experiments 1-3) for either 15 or 20 training blocks. The results showed substantial learning in each experiment, with the notable result that learning was not slowed in the non-repeating condition in any of the three experiments. Furthermore, subsequent transfer was marginally better in the non-repeating condition. The recognition results showed that subjects in the repeat condition had substantial memory for the training instances, whereas subjects in the non-repeat condition had no measurable memory for the training instances, as measured either by hit and false-alarm rates or by signal detectability measures. These outcomes are consistent with prototype models of category learning, at least when patterns never repeat in learning, and place severe constraints on exemplar views that posit transfer mechanisms to stored individual traces. A formal model, which incorporates changing similarity relationships during learning, was shown to explain the major results.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 1978
Two experiments using a total of 50 undergraduates investigated category abstraction for ill-defi... more Two experiments using a total of 50 undergraduates investigated category abstraction for ill-defined form patterns. In Exp I, Ss initially classified 18 different patterns into 3 categories containing 3, 6, and 9 members, followed by a transfer test containing old, new, prototype, and random patterns. In Exp II, an observational learning paradigm was used, in which categories were defined by
Evolutionary theories of religion have focused almost exclusively on anthropomorphic representati... more Evolutionary theories of religion have focused almost exclusively on anthropomorphic representations of God and of God as having a mind. However, religious beliefs extend to notions about material entities as well and, we propose, religious cognition can involve many distinct cognitive systems and social motivations including kin care, essentialist beliefs, and social exchange. We refer to the elevation of the social status of nonliving and nonhuman material entities as personification. In 3 studies we assess variability in the personification of a range of nonliving nonhuman entities. In Study 1, perceived kinship and the attribution of an inner essence, spirit, or soul to a particular target were important positive predictors of the personification of material nonliving or nonhuman entities whereas sociability was not. In Study 2, we compare personification among European Americans, Hispanic Americans, and American Indians to show that these perceptions can vary by cultural group. In Study 3, variation in personification was related to individual differences in beliefs about the soul or evolution. In all, we show the importance of perceived kinship bonds and essentialist beliefs in the personification of fetuses, the dead, animals, and objects, over and above the attribution of mental attributes-a new focus for understanding religious cognition.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning …, 2005
Category learning can be characterized as a process of discovering the dimensions that represent ... more Category learning can be characterized as a process of discovering the dimensions that represent stimuli efficiently and effectively. Categories that are overlapping when represented in 1 dimensionality may be separate in a higher dimensional cue set. The authors report 2 experiments in ...
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Papers by Donald Homa