Commercialization of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) has been widely promoted as a means of su... more Commercialization of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) has been widely promoted as a means of sustainably developing tropical forest resources, in a way that promotes forest conservation while supporting rural livelihoods. However, in practice, NTFP commercialization has often failed to deliver the expected benefits. Progress in analyzing the causes of such failure has been hindered by the lack of a suitable framework for the analysis of NTFP case studies, and by the lack of predictive theory. We address these needs by developing a probabilistic model based on a livelihood framework, enabling the impact of NTFP commercialization on livelihoods to be predicted. The framework considers five types of capital asset needed to support livelihoods: natural, human, social, physical, and financial. Commercialization of NTFPs is represented in the model as the conversion of one form of capital asset into another, which is influenced by a variety of socioeconomic , environmental, and political factors. Impacts on livelihoods are determined by the availability of the five types of assets following commercialization. The model, implemented as a Bayesian Belief Network, was tested using data from participatory research into 19 NTFP case studies undertaken in Mexico and Bolivia. The model provides a novel tool for diagnosing the causes of success and failure in NTFP commercialization, and can be used to explore the potential impacts of policy options and other interventions on livelihoods. The potential value of this approach for the development of NTFP theory is discussed.
Supporting industrial development: overcoming market failures and providing public goods UNITED N... more Supporting industrial development: overcoming market failures and providing public goods UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Com bati n g M a rg i n a l i z ati on a n d Pove rt y th r o u gh I n d ustr i a l D e ve lo pm e nt u n i d o r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e <compid>
The architects of monetary union believed that balance of payments constraints would no longer op... more The architects of monetary union believed that balance of payments constraints would no longer operate in EMU, but this view underestimates the fact that cross-border financing will still be subject to country credit risk - the risk of widespread debt default by residents of a troubled member state, including the possibilityof secession if serious economic tensions develop at some point.
Supporting industrial development: overcoming market failures and providing public goods UNITED N... more Supporting industrial development: overcoming market failures and providing public goods UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Com bati n g M a rg i n a l i z ati on a n d Pove rt y th r o u gh I n d ustr i a l D e ve lo pm e nt u n i d o r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e <compid>
Governments in developing countries are increasingly looking for best-practice policies towards i... more Governments in developing countries are increasingly looking for best-practice policies towards inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). FDI can bring positive effects (market access, technology, finance, skills), but also negative effects and hence a substantial quantity of FDI alone is not sufficient to generate economic growth and poverty reduction. The positive effects are not automatic for host countries and depend on policies in place and other factors. The policy factors can be divided into 1) specific industrial policies and 2) macroeconomic policies and into whether they are used to 1) attract FDI 2) upgrade FDI or 3) enhance linkages and spillovers to domestic firms. Which policies are important in which country depends on how they fit in with the development strategy to achieve predefined objectives taking into account specific country characteristics. However, they are likely to be some combination of policies in each of the above categories. Whilst many of the richer countries with more public resources and local capabilities can employ a risky and costly pro-active stance towards FDI (e.g. Singapore and Ireland), poorer countries are left behind with relatively fewer local capabilities. This is particularly worrying since local capabilities play a dual role of attracting FDI and absorbing positive spillovers associated with FDI.
The Overseas Development Institute is the UK's leading independent think tank on international de... more The Overseas Development Institute is the UK's leading independent think tank on international development and humanitarian issues. ODI Background Notes provide a summary or snapshot of an issue or of an area of ODI work in progress. This and other ODI Background Notes are available from www.odi.org.uk Which countries are at risk and what can be done?
Explaining growth and poverty: institutions, geography and outward orientation 2 3 Growth, invest... more Explaining growth and poverty: institutions, geography and outward orientation 2 3 Growth, investment and poverty with reference to sub-Saharan Africa.
Commercialization of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) has been widely promoted as a means of su... more Commercialization of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) has been widely promoted as a means of sustainably developing tropical forest resources, in a way that promotes forest conservation while supporting rural livelihoods. However, in practice, NTFP commercialization has often failed to deliver the expected benefits. Progress in analyzing the causes of such failure has been hindered by the lack of a suitable framework for the analysis of NTFP case studies, and by the lack of predictive theory. We address these needs by developing a probabilistic model based on a livelihood framework, enabling the impact of NTFP commercialization on livelihoods to be predicted. The framework considers five types of capital asset needed to support livelihoods: natural, human, social, physical, and financial. Commercialization of NTFPs is represented in the model as the conversion of one form of capital asset into another, which is influenced by a variety of socioeconomic , environmental, and political factors. Impacts on livelihoods are determined by the availability of the five types of assets following commercialization. The model, implemented as a Bayesian Belief Network, was tested using data from participatory research into 19 NTFP case studies undertaken in Mexico and Bolivia. The model provides a novel tool for diagnosing the causes of success and failure in NTFP commercialization, and can be used to explore the potential impacts of policy options and other interventions on livelihoods. The potential value of this approach for the development of NTFP theory is discussed.
Supporting industrial development: overcoming market failures and providing public goods UNITED N... more Supporting industrial development: overcoming market failures and providing public goods UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Com bati n g M a rg i n a l i z ati on a n d Pove rt y th r o u gh I n d ustr i a l D e ve lo pm e nt u n i d o r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e <compid>
The architects of monetary union believed that balance of payments constraints would no longer op... more The architects of monetary union believed that balance of payments constraints would no longer operate in EMU, but this view underestimates the fact that cross-border financing will still be subject to country credit risk - the risk of widespread debt default by residents of a troubled member state, including the possibilityof secession if serious economic tensions develop at some point.
Supporting industrial development: overcoming market failures and providing public goods UNITED N... more Supporting industrial development: overcoming market failures and providing public goods UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Com bati n g M a rg i n a l i z ati on a n d Pove rt y th r o u gh I n d ustr i a l D e ve lo pm e nt u n i d o r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e <compid>
Governments in developing countries are increasingly looking for best-practice policies towards i... more Governments in developing countries are increasingly looking for best-practice policies towards inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). FDI can bring positive effects (market access, technology, finance, skills), but also negative effects and hence a substantial quantity of FDI alone is not sufficient to generate economic growth and poverty reduction. The positive effects are not automatic for host countries and depend on policies in place and other factors. The policy factors can be divided into 1) specific industrial policies and 2) macroeconomic policies and into whether they are used to 1) attract FDI 2) upgrade FDI or 3) enhance linkages and spillovers to domestic firms. Which policies are important in which country depends on how they fit in with the development strategy to achieve predefined objectives taking into account specific country characteristics. However, they are likely to be some combination of policies in each of the above categories. Whilst many of the richer countries with more public resources and local capabilities can employ a risky and costly pro-active stance towards FDI (e.g. Singapore and Ireland), poorer countries are left behind with relatively fewer local capabilities. This is particularly worrying since local capabilities play a dual role of attracting FDI and absorbing positive spillovers associated with FDI.
The Overseas Development Institute is the UK's leading independent think tank on international de... more The Overseas Development Institute is the UK's leading independent think tank on international development and humanitarian issues. ODI Background Notes provide a summary or snapshot of an issue or of an area of ODI work in progress. This and other ODI Background Notes are available from www.odi.org.uk Which countries are at risk and what can be done?
Explaining growth and poverty: institutions, geography and outward orientation 2 3 Growth, invest... more Explaining growth and poverty: institutions, geography and outward orientation 2 3 Growth, investment and poverty with reference to sub-Saharan Africa.
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